New Jersey

New Jersey
New Jersey
State
Country	United States
Before statehood	Province of New Jersey
Admitted to the Union	December 18, 1787 (3rd)
Capital	Trenton
Largest city	Newark
Largest metro and urban areas	New York City
Government
• Governor	Chris Christie (R)
• Lieutenant Governor	Kim Guadagno (R)
Legislature	New Jersey Legislature
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	General Assembly
U.S. senators	Bob Menendez (D); Cory A. Booker (D)
U.S. House delegation	6 Democrats, 6 Republicans (list)
Population
• Total	8,899,339 (2,013 est)
• Density	1,210.10/sq mi (459/km2)
• Median household income	$71,180
• Income rank	2nd
Language
• Official language	None
• Spoken language	English (only) 71.3%; Spanish 14.6%; Other 14.1%
Traditional abbreviation	N.J.
Latitude	38° 56′ N to 41° 21′ N
Longitude	73° 54′ W to 75° 34′ W

New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York State, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state, but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the sprawling combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is also the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income, according to the 2008–2012 American Community Survey.^[18]

The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements.^[19] The English later seized control of the region,^[20] naming it the Province of New Jersey. It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. At this time, it was named after the largest of the Channel Islands, Jersey, Carteret's birthplace.^[21] New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War.

In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, and Elizabeth helped to drive the Industrial Revolution. New Jersey's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis, between Boston and New York City to the northeast, and Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C., to the southwest, fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the 1950s and beyond.

New Jersey was proud to host Super Bowl 48 on February 2, 2014.

Geography

New Jersey is bordered on the north and northeast by New York (parts of which are across the Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, the Kill Van Kull, Newark Bay, and the Arthur Kill); on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the southwest by Delaware across Delaware Bay; and on the west by Pennsylvania across the Delaware River.

New Jersey can be thought of as five regions, based on natural geography and population. Northeastern New Jersey, the Gateway Region, lies closest to Manhattan in New York City, and many^{[clarification needed]} residents commute into the city to work. Northwestern New Jersey, or the "Skylands", is, compared to the northeast, more wooded, rural, and mountainous. The "Shore", along the Atlantic Coast in the central-east and southeast, has its own natural, residential, and lifestyle characteristics owing to its location by the ocean. The Delaware Valley includes the southwestern counties of the state, which reside within the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area. The fifth region is the Pine Barrens in the interior of the southern part. Covered rather extensively by mixed pine and oak forest, it has a much lower population density than much of the rest of the state.

New Jersey also can be broadly divided into three geographic regions: North Jersey, Central Jersey, and South Jersey. Some New Jersey residents do not consider Central Jersey a region in its own right, but others believe it is a separate geographic and cultural area from the North and South.

The federal Office of Management and Budget divides New Jersey's counties into seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas, including sixteen counties in the New York City or Philadelphia metro areas. Four counties have independent metro areas, and Warren County is part of the Pennsylvania-based Lehigh Valley metro area. (See Metropolitan Statistical Areas of New Jersey for details.)

It is also at the center of the Northeast megalopolis.

Additionally, the New Jersey Commerce, Economic Growth, & Tourism Commission divides the state into six distinct regions to facilitate the state's tourism industry. The regions are:

Gateway Region, encompassing Middlesex County, Union County, Essex County, Hudson County, Bergen County, and Passaic County.
Skylands Region, encompassing Sussex County, Morris County, Warren County, Hunterdon County, and Somerset County.
Shore Region, encompassing Monmouth County and Ocean County.
Delaware River Region, encompassing Mercer County, Burlington County, Camden County, Gloucester County, and Salem County.
Greater Atlantic City Region, encompassing Atlantic County.
Southern Shore Region, encompassing Cumberland County and Cape May County.

High Point, in Montague Township, Sussex County, is the highest elevation, at 1,803 feet (550 m). The Palisades are a line of steep cliffs on the lower west side of the Hudson River.

Major rivers include the Hudson, Delaware, Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Rahway, Musconetcong, Mullica, Rancocas, Manasquan, Maurice, and Toms rivers.

Sandy Hook, along the eastern coast, is a popular recreational beach. It is a barrier spit and an extension of the Barnegat Peninsula along the state's Atlantic Ocean coast.

Long Beach Island ("LBI"), a barrier island along the eastern coast, has popular recreational beaches. The primary access point to the island is by a single bridge connection to the mainland. Barnegat Lighthouse is on the northern tip.

Areas managed by the National Park Service include:

Prominent geographic features include:

Climate

There are two climatic conditions in the state. The south, central, and northeast parts of the state have a humid mesothermal climate, while the northwest has a humid continental climate (microthermal), with much cooler temperatures due to higher elevation. New Jersey receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually.^[24]

Summers are typically hot and humid, with statewide average high temperatures of 82–87 °F (28–31 °C) and lows of 60–69 °F (16–21 °C); however, temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average 25 days each summer, exceeding 100 °F (38 °C) in some years. Winters are usually cold, with average high temperatures of 34–43 °F (1–6 °C) and lows of 16 to 28 °F (−9 to −2 °C) for most of the state, but temperatures could, for brief interludes, fall below 10 °F (−12 °C) and sometimes rise above 50 °F (10 °C). Northwestern parts of the state have significantly colder winters with sub-0 °F (−18 °C) being an almost annual occurrence. Spring and autumn may feature wide temperature variations, with lower humidity than summer. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone classification ranges from 6 in the northwest of the state, to between 7B and 8A near Cape May.^[25]

Average annual precipitation ranges from 43 to 51 inches (1,100 to 1,300 mm), uniformly spread through the year. Average snowfall per winter season ranges from 10–15 inches (25–38 cm) in the south and near the seacoast, 15–30 inches (38–76 cm) in the northeast and central part of the state, to about 40–50 inches (1.0–1.3 m) in the northwestern highlands, but this often varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation falls on an average of 120 days a year, with 25 to 30 thunderstorms, most of which occur during the summer.

During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience "nor'easters", which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States. Hurricanes and tropical storms (such as Tropical Storm Floyd in 1999^[26]), tornadoes, and earthquakes are rare, although New Jersey was severely impacted by Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012 with the storm making landfall in the state at 90 mph.

City	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Average high and low temperatures in various cities of New Jersey °C (°F)^[27]^[28]^[29]
Sussex	1/−9 (34/16)	3/−8 (38/18)	8/−4 (47/26)	15/2 (59/36)	21/7 (70/45)	25/12 (78/55)	28/16 (82/60)	27/14 (81/58)	23/10 (73/50)	17/4 (62/38)	11/−1 (51/31)	4/−6 (39/22)
Newark	4/−4 (39/24)	6/−3 (42/27)	10/1 (51/34)	17/7 (62/44)	22/12 (72/53)	28/17 (82/63)	30/20 (86/69)	29/20 (84/68)	25/15 (77/60)	18/9 (65/48)	13/4 (55/39)	6/−1 (44/30)
Atlantic City	5/−2 (42/29)	6/−1 (44/31)	10/3 (50/37)	14/8 (58/46)	19/13 (67/55)	24/18 (76/64)	27/21 (81/70)	27/21 (80/70)	24/18 (75/64)	18/11 (65/53)	13/6 (56/43)	8/1 (46/34)
Cape May	6/−2 (42/28)	7/−2 (44/29)	11/2 (51/35)	16/7 (61/44)	21/12 (70/53)	26/17 (79/63)	29/20 (85/68)	29/19 (83/67)	25/16 (78/61)	19/9 (67/50)	14/4 (57/41)	8/0 (47/32)

History

Around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains. Around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as many rivers, swamps, and gorges.^[30]

New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact. Scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey.^[31] The Lenape were several autonomous groups that practiced maize agriculture in order to supplement their hunting and gathering in the region surrounding the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. The Lenape society was divided into matrilinear clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign: Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf. They first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade.

Colonial era

The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey. The Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of land ownership was not recognized by the Lenape, Dutch West India Company policy required their colonists to purchase land which they settled. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship named Pavonia along the North River which eventually became the Bergen. Peter Minuit's purchase of lands along the Delaware River establish the colony of New Sweden. The entire region became a territory of England in 1664, when an English fleet under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into what is today New York Harbor and took control of Fort Amsterdam, annexing the entire province.

During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and gave sanctuary to the King. It was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was first proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York (later King James II), the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony (as opposed to a royal colony). James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River (the land that would become New Jersey) to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton.^[32] The area was named the Province of New Jersey.

Since the state's inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic and religious diversity. New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants. While the majority of residents lived in towns with individual landholdings of 100 acres (40 ha), a few rich proprietors owned vast estates. English Quakers and Anglicans owned large landholdings. Unlike Plymouth Colony, Jamestown and other colonies, New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of immigrants who came from other colonies instead of those who migrated directly from Europe. New Jersey remained agrarian and rural throughout the colonial era, and commercial farming only developed sporadically. Some townships, such as Burlington on the Delaware River and Perth Amboy, emerged as important ports for shipping to New York City and Philadelphia. The colony's fertile lands and tolerant religious policy drew more settlers, and New Jersey's population had increased to 120,000 by 1775.

Settlement for the first 10 years of English rule took place along Hackensack River and Arthur Kill – settlers came primarily from New England. Unlike other colonies that were settled by immigrants from Europe, New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of settlement from communities already established on the North American continent. March 18, 1673, Berkeley sold his half of the colony to Quakers in England, who settled the Delaware Valley region as a Quaker colony. (William Penn acted as trustee for the lands for a time.) New Jersey was governed very briefly as two distinct provinces, East and West Jersey, for 28 years between 1674 and 1702, at times part of the Province of New York or Dominion of New England.

In 1702, the two provinces were reunited under a royal, rather than a proprietary, governor. Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, became the first governor of the colony as a royal colony. Britain believed that he was an ineffective and corrupt ruler, taking bribes and speculating on land. In 1708 he was recalled to England. New Jersey was then ruled by the governors of New York, but this infuriated the settlers of New Jersey, who accused those governors of favoritism to New York. Judge Lewis Morris led the case for a separate governor, and was appointed governor by King George II in 1738.^[33]

Revolutionary War era

New Jersey was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. The New Jersey Constitution of 1776 was passed July 2, 1776, just two days before the Second Continental Congress declared American Independence from Great Britain. It was an act of the Provincial Congress, which made itself into the state Legislature. To reassure neutrals, it provided that it would become void if New Jersey reached reconciliation with Great Britain.

George Washington rallying his troops at the Battle of Princeton

New Jersey representatives Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, and Abraham Clark were among those who signed the United States Declaration of Independence.

During the American Revolutionary War, British and American armies crossed New Jersey numerous times, and several pivotal battles took place in the state. Because of this, New Jersey today is often referred to as "The Crossroads of the Revolution." The winter quarters of the revolutionary army were established there twice by General George Washington in Morristown, which was called the military capital of the revolution.

On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the Continental Army under George Washington crossed the Delaware River. After the crossing, he surprised and defeated the Hessian troops in the Battle of Trenton. Slightly more than a week after victory at Trenton, American forces gained an important victory by stopping General Cornwallis's charges at the Second Battle of Trenton. By evading Cornwallis's army, Washington made a surprise attack on Princeton and successfully defeated the British forces there on January 3, 1777. Emanuel Leutze's painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware became an icon of the Revolution.

American forces under Washington met the forces under General Henry Clinton at the Battle of Monmouth in an indecisive engagement in June 1778. Washington attempted to take the British column by surprise; when the British army attempted to flank the Americans, the Americans retreated in disorder. The ranks were later reorganized and withstood the British charges.

In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall at Princeton University, making Princeton the nation's capital for four months. It was there that the Continental Congress learned of the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the war.

On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution, which was overwhelmingly popular in New Jersey, as it prevented New York and Pennsylvania from charging and keeping tariffs on goods imported from Europe. On November 20, 1789, the state became the first in the newly formed Union to ratify the Bill of Rights.

The 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to "all inhabitants" who had a certain level of wealth. This included women and blacks, but not married women, because they could not own property separately from their husbands. Both sides, in several elections, claimed that the other side had had unqualified women vote and mocked them for use of "petticoat electors" (entitled to vote or not); on the other hand, both parties passed Voting Rights Acts. In 1807, the legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal white male suffrage, excluding paupers. (This was less revolutionary than it sounds: the "constitution" was itself only an act of the legislature.)^[34]

19th century

On February 15, 1804, New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish new slavery and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery. This led to a gradual scale-down of the slave population. By the close of the Civil War about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still apprenticed freedmen. New Jersey voters initially refused to ratify the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States' black population.

In 1844, the second state constitution was ratified and brought into effect. Counties thereby became districts for the State Senate, and some realignment of boundaries (including the creation of Mercer County) immediately followed. This provision was retained in the 1947 Constitution, but was overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1962 by the decision Baker v. Carr. While the Governorship was stronger than under the 1776 constitution, the constitution of 1844 created many offices that were not responsible to him, or to the people, and it gave him a three-year term, but he could not succeed himself.

Unlike the Revolutionary War, no Civil War battles took place within the state. However, throughout the course of the Civil War, over 80,000 from New Jersey enlisted in the Northern army to defeat the Southern Confederacy.

New Jersey was one of the few Northern states (the others being Delaware and Kentucky) to select a candidate other than Abraham Lincoln twice in national elections, and sided with Stephen Douglas (1860) and George B. McClellan (1864) during their campaigns. McClellan later became governor (1878–81). During the Civil War, the state was led first by Republican Governor Charles Smith Olden, then by Democrat Joel Parker.

In the Industrial Revolution, cities like Paterson grew and prospered. Previously, the economy had been largely agrarian, which was problematically subject to crop failures and poor soil. This caused a shift to a more industrialized economy, one based on manufactured commodities such as textiles and silk. Inventor Thomas Edison also became an important figure of the Industrial Revolution, having been granted 1,093 patents, many of which for inventions he developed while working in New Jersey. Edison's facilities, first at Menlo Park and then in West Orange, are considered perhaps the first research centers in the U.S. Christie Street in Menlo Park was the first thoroughfare in the world to have electric lighting. Transportation was greatly improved as locomotion and steamboats were introduced to New Jersey.

Iron mining was also a leading industry during the middle to late 19th century. Bog iron pits in the Southern New Jersey Pinelands were among the first sources of iron for the new nation.^[35] Mines such as Mt. Hope, Mine Hill and the Rockaway Valley Mines created a thriving industry. Mining generated the impetus for new towns and was one of the driving forces behind the need for the Morris Canal. Zinc mines were also a major industry, especially the Sterling Hill Mine.

20th century

Through both World Wars, New Jersey was a center for war production, especially in naval construction. Battleships, cruisers, and destroyers were all made in this state. New Jersey manufactured 6.8 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking fifth among the 48 states.^[36] In addition, Fort Dix (1917) (originally called "Camp Dix"),^[37] Camp Merritt (1917)^[38] and Camp Kilmer (1941)^[39] were all constructed to house and train American soldiers through both World Wars. New Jersey also became a principal location for defense in the Cold War. Fourteen Nike Missile stations were constructed, especially for the defense of New York City and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. PT-109, a motor torpedo boat commanded by Lt. (j.g.) John F. Kennedy in World War II, was built at the Elco Boatworks in Bayonne. The aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6) was briefly docked at the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne in the 1950s before she was sent to Kearney to be scrapped.^[40] In 1962, the world's first nuclear-powered cargo ship, the NS Savannah, was launched at Camden.

New Jersey prospered through the Roaring Twenties. The first Miss America Pageant was held in 1921 in Atlantic City, the Holland Tunnel connecting Jersey City to Manhattan opened in 1927, and the first drive-in movie was shown in 1933 in Camden. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the state offered begging licenses to unemployed residents,^[41] the zeppelin airship Hindenburg crashed in flames over Lakehurst, and the SS Morro Castle beached itself near Asbury Park after going up in flames while at sea.

In 1951, the New Jersey Turnpike opened, permitting fast travel by car and truck between North Jersey (and metropolitan New York) and South Jersey (and metropolitan Philadelphia).

In the 1960s, race riots erupted in many of the industrial cities of North Jersey. The first race riots in New Jersey occurred in Jersey City on August 2, 1964. Several others ensued in 1967, in Newark and Plainfield. Other riots followed the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in April 1968, just as in the rest of the country. A riot occurred in Camden in 1971.

As a result of an order from the New Jersey Supreme Court to fund schools equitably, the New Jersey legislature passed an income tax bill in 1976. Prior to this bill, the state had no income tax.^[42]

21st century

Both Rutgers and Seton Hall competed in the Big East Conference until 2013, and the rivalry between the two teams has always been an intense one. In 2013, Seton Hall, along with the other non-FBS schools in the Big East, split and formed a new Big East Conference.

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.	%±
1790	184,139	—
1800	211,149	14.7%
1810	245,562	16.3%
1820	277,575	13.0%
1830	320,823	15.6%
1840	373,306	16.4%
1850	489,555	31.1%
1860	672,035	37.3%
1870	906,096	34.8%
1880	1,131,116	24.8%
1890	1,444,933	27.7%
1900	1,883,669	30.4%
1910	2,537,167	34.7%
1920	3,155,900	24.4%
1930	4,041,334	28.1%
1940	4,160,165	2.9%
1950	4,835,329	16.2%
1960	6,066,782	25.5%
1970	7,168,164	18.2%
1980	7,364,823	2.7%
1990	7,730,188	5.0%
2000	8,414,350	8.9%
2010	8,791,894	4.5%
2013 (est.)	8,899,339	1.2%
Source: 1910–2010^[43]

State population

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of New Jersey was 8,899,339 on July 1, 2013, a 1.2% increase since the 2010 United States Census.^[1] Residents of New Jersey are most commonly referred to as "New Jerseyans" or, less commonly, as "New Jerseyites". As of the 2010 census, there were 8,791,894 people residing in the state. The racial makeup of the state was:

17.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

**New Jersey Racial Breakdown of Population**
Racial composition	1990^[44]	2000^[45]	2010^[46]
White	79.3%	72.5%	68.6%
Black	13.4%	13.6%	13.7%
Asian	3.5%	5.7%	8.3%
Native	0.2%	0.2%	0.3%
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander	-	-	-
Other race	3.6%	5.4%	6.4%
Two or more races	-	2.5%	2.7%

Non-Hispanic Whites were 58.9% of the population in 2011,^[2] down from 85% in 1970.^[47]

In 2010, illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 6.4% of the population. This was the fourth highest percentage of any state in the country.^[48]^[49] There were an estimated 550,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010.^[50]

The United States Census Bureau, as of July 1, 2009^[update], estimated New Jersey's population at 8,707,739,^[51] which represents an increase of 268,301, or 3.2%, since the last census in 2000.^[52] This includes a natural increase since the last census of 343,965 people (that is, 933,185 births minus 589,220 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 53,930 people out of the state.^[52] Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 384,687 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 438,617 people.^[52] As of 2005^[update], there were 1.6 million foreign-born living in the state (accounting for 19.2% of the population).^[53]

As of 2010, New Jersey is the eleventh-most populous state in the United States, and the most densely populated, at 1,185 residents per square mile (458 per km²), with most of the population residing in the counties surrounding New York City, Philadelphia, and along the eastern Jersey Shore, while the extreme southern and northwestern counties are relatively less dense overall. It is also the second wealthiest state according to the U.S. Census Bureau.^[54]

The center of population for New Jersey is located in Middlesex County, in the town of Milltown, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike.^[55]

New Jersey is home to more scientists and engineers per square mile than anywhere else in the world.^[56]^[57]^[58]

On October 21, 2013, same-sex marriages commenced in New Jersey.^[59]

New Jersey is one of the most ethnically and religiously diverse states in the country. As of 2011, 56.4% of New Jersey's population younger than age 1 were minorities(note: children born to white hispanics are counted as a minority group).^[60] It has the second largest Jewish population by percentage (after New York);^[61] the second largest Muslim population by percentage (after Michigan); the largest population of Peruvian Americans in the United States; the largest population of Cubans outside of Florida; the third highest Asian population by percentage; and the third highest Italian population by percentage, according to the 2000 Census. African Americans, Hispanics, Arabs, and Brazilian and Portuguese Americans are also high in number. New Jersey has the third highest Asian Indian population of any state by absolute numbers.^[62]^[63]^[64]^[65] It has the third largest Korean population, fourth largest Filipino population, and fourth largest Chinese population, per the 2010 U.S. Census. The five largest ethnic groups in 2000 were: Italian (17.9%), Irish (15.9%), African (13.6%), German (12.6%), Polish (6.9%). As of March 2011, about 2,500 Japanese-Americans combined live in Edgewater and Fort Lee; this is the largest concentration of Japanese-Americans in New Jersey.^[66]

Newark was the fourth poorest of U.S. cities with over 250,000 residents in 2008,^[67] but New Jersey as a whole has the second highest median household income.^[18] This is largely because so much of New Jersey consists of suburbs, most of them affluent, of New York City and Philadelphia. New Jersey is also the most densely populated state, and the only state that has had every one of its counties deemed "urban" as defined by the Census Bureau's Combined Statistical Area.^[68]

In 2010, 6.2% of its population was reported as under age 5, 23.5% under 18, and 13.5% were 65 or older; and females made up approximately 51.3% of the population.^[71]

Languages

**Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in New Jersey**
Language	Percentage of population (as of 2010)^[72]
Spanish	14.59%
Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin)	1.23%
Italian and Portuguese (tied)	1.06%
Filipino	0.96%
Korean	0.89%
Gujarati	0.83%
Polish	0.79%
Hindi	0.71%
Arabic	0.62%
Russian	0.56%

As of 2010, 71.31% (5,830,812) of New Jersey residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 14.59% (1,193,261) spoke Spanish, 1.23% (100,217) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.06% (86,849) Italian, 1.06% (86,486) Portuguese, 0.96% (78,627) Tagalog, and Korean was spoken as a main language by 0.89% (73,057) of the population over the age of five. In total, 28.69% (2,345,644) of New Jersey's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.^[72]

A diverse stable of languages has since evolved amongst the state's population, given that New Jersey has become cosmopolitan and is home to ethnic enclaves of non-English-speaking communities:^[73]^[74]^[75]^[76]

Albanian (shqip) – Paterson
Arabic (العربية) – Paterson, Jersey City
Armenian (հայերեն) – Bergen County
Bengali (বাংলা) – Paterson
Cantonese (廣州話)
Greek (ελληνικά) – Bergen County
Gujarati (ગુજરાતી)
Hindi (हिन्दी)
Italian (italiano)
Japanese (日本語) – Edgewater and Fort Lee boroughs in Bergen County
Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ)
Korean (한국어) – Bergen County
Macedonian (македонски јазик) – Bergen County
Malayalam (മലയാളം) – Bergen County
Mandarin Chinese (官話)
Marathi (मराठी)
Polish (język polski)
Portuguese (português) – Ironbound section of Newark, Elizabeth
Punjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ)
Russian (ру́сский язы́к) – Fair Lawn borough of Bergen County
Spanish (español)
Tagalog (wikang Tagalog)
Tamil (தமிழ்)
Telugu (తెలుగు)
Turkish (türkçe) – Little Istanbul section of Paterson
Urdu (اُردُو)
Vietnamese (tiếng Việt) – Atlantic City, Camden, Edison Township, Jersey City
Yiddish (ייִדיש) – Lakewood Township, Ocean County

Paterson, known as the "Silk City",^[77] has become a prime destination for a diverse pool of international immigrants.^[78]^[79]

File:Rutgers Newark campus 003.jpg

Newark, New Jersey's largest city.

Religion

Distributions of religions in New Jersey (2001)^[80]
Religious group	%
Catholic	37
None	15
Baptist	8
Methodist	6
Refused to identify	5
Christian (no denomination stated)	4
Jewish	2 (5.7% in 2012)^[81]
Other	4
Presbyterian	4
Lutheran	3
Episcopalian/Anglican	2
Other Protestant	2
Jehovah's Witnesses	1
Mormon/LDS	1
Muslim/Islamic	1
Non-denominational	1
Pentecostal	1
Assemblies of God	*
Buddhist	*
Church of Christ	*
Church of God	*
Congregational/UCC	*
Evangelical	*
Seventh Day Adventist	*

*Less than 0.5%

By number of adherents, the largest denominations in New Jersey according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 3,235,290; Islam with 160, 666; and the United Methodist Church with 138,052.^[82]

Prominent counties, cities, and towns

Large counties (population 500,000 or greater in 2010)^[2]

Bergen County: 905,116
Middlesex County: 809,858
Essex County: 783,969
Hudson County: 634,266
Monmouth County: 630,380
Ocean County: 576,567
Union County: 536,499
Camden County: 513,657
Passaic County: 501,226
(Note Morris County was just shy of 500,000 residents in 2010, at 492,276.)

Large cities (population 100,000 or greater in 2010)

For its overall population and nation-leading population density, New Jersey has a relative paucity of classic large cities. As of the United States 2010 Census^[update], only four municipalities had populations in excess of 100,000, although Edison and Woodbridge came very close.

Towns and small cities (population 60,000 to 100,000 in 2010)

Edison (Middlesex County): 99,967
Woodbridge Township (Middlesex County): 99,585
Lakewood Township (Ocean County): 92,843
Toms River Township (Ocean County): 91,239
Hamilton Township (Mercer County): 88,464
Trenton (Mercer County): 84,913
Clifton (Passaic County): 84,136
Camden (Camden County): 77,344
Brick Township (Ocean County): 75,072
Cherry Hill Township (Camden County): 71,045
Passaic (Passaic County): 69,781
Middletown Township (Monmouth County): 66,522
Union City (Hudson County): 66,455
Old Bridge Township (Middlesex County): 65,375
Gloucester Township (Camden County): 64,634
East Orange (Essex County): 64,270
Bayonne (Hudson County): 63,024

Wealth of municipalities

Economy

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Jersey's gross state product in 2010 was $487 billion.^[83]^[84] As of January 2012^[update], the state's unemployment rate is 9%.^[85]^[86]^[87] New Jersey's estimated taxpayer burden in 2011 was $37,000 per taxpayer, 49th in the nation.^[88]

Affluence

New Jersey's per capita gross state product in 2008 was $54,699, second in the U.S. and above the national per capita gross domestic product of $46,588.^[89] Its per capita income was the third highest in the nation with $51,358.^[89] In 2013, the state had the second-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States (ratio of 7.49%), according to a study by Phoenix Marketing International.^[90] It is ranked 2nd in the nation by the number of places with per capita incomes above national average with 76.4%. Nine of New Jersey's counties are in the wealthiest 100 of the country.

Fiscal policy

New Jersey has seven tax brackets for determining income tax rates. The rates range from 1.4 to 8.97%. The standard sales tax rate is 7%, applicable to all retail sales unless specifically exempt by law. Tax exemptions include most food items for at-home preparation, medications, clothing (except fur items), footwear, and disposable paper products for use in the home. Approximately 30 New Jersey municipalities are designated as Urban Enterprise Zones, in which shoppers are charged a 3½% sales tax rate, half of the rate charged outside the UEZs. Sections of Paterson, Elizabeth, and Jersey City are examples of communities that are subject to the lower sales tax rate.

New Jersey has the highest tax rate of all 50 states with residents paying a total of $68 billion in state and local taxes annually with a per capita burden of $7,816 at a rate of 12.9% of income.^[91] All real property located in the state is subject to property tax unless specifically exempted by statute. New Jersey does not assess an intangible personal property tax, but it does impose an inheritance tax.

Federal taxation disparity

New Jersey has the highest proportional disparity of any state in the United States between what it gives to the federal government and what it receives. In fiscal year 2005, New Jersey taxpayers gave the federal government $77 billion, while only receiving $55 billion. This difference is higher than any other state and means that for every $1 New Jersey taxpayers send to Washington, the state only receives $0.61 in return. This calculation is applied correctly after making the federal government deficit neutral, as sometimes the federal government spends more than it receives.^[92] As of 2005^[update], New Jersey has never been above 48th in rank for per capita federal spending (with a rank of 50th for the majority of that time) since 1982, while being second or third in per capita federal taxes paid to Washington.

New Jersey runs into deficits frequently^{[citation needed]} and has one of the highest tax burdens in the nation.^[93] Factors for this include the large federal tax liability which is not adjusted for New Jersey's higher cost of living and Medicaid funding formulas. As shown by the study, incomes tend to be higher in New Jersey, which puts those in higher tax brackets especially vulnerable to the alternative minimum tax.

Industries

New Jersey's economy is centered on the pharmaceutical industry, the financial industry, chemical development, telecommunications, food processing, electric equipment, printing and publishing, and tourism. New Jersey's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, horses, vegetables, fruits and nuts, seafood, and dairy products. New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production, third in cranberries and spinach, and fourth in bell peppers, peaches, and head lettuce.^[94] New Jersey harvests the fourth-largest number of acres planted with asparagus.^[95]

Although New Jersey is home to many energy-intensive industries, its energy consumption is only 2.7% of the U.S. total, and its carbon dioxide emissions are only 0.8% of the U.S. total. Its comparatively low greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to nuclear power. According to the Energy Information Administration, nuclear power dominates New Jersey's electricity market, typically supplying more than one-half of State generation. New Jersey has three nuclear power plants, including the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, which came online in 1969 and is the oldest operating nuclear plant in the country.^[96]

New Jersey has a strong scientific economy. New Jersey is home to major pharmaceutical firms such as Johnson and Johnson, Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis, Pfizer, Merck, Hoffman-LaRoche, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. New Jersey is home to major telecommunications firms such as Verizon Wireless, Avaya, Alcatel-Lucent, and AT&T Communications. Furthermore, New Jersey draws upon its large and well-educated labor pool which also supports the myriad of industries that exist today.

New Jersey is the ultimate bedroom community since the state is right next to New York City and Philadelphia. Thus, there is a strong service economy in New Jersey serving residents who work in New York City or Philadelphia. Some of these industries include retail sales, education and real estate.

Shipping is a strong industry in New Jersey because of the state's strategic location, the Port of New York and New Jersey the busiest on the East Coast. The Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal was the world's first container port and is one of the world's largest container ports. New Jersey also has a strong presence in chemical development, refining, and food processing operations.

New Jersey hosts several business headquarters, including twenty-four Fortune 500 companies.^[97] Paramus is noted for having one of the highest retail sales per person ratios in the nation. Several New Jersey counties such as Somerset (7), Morris (10), Hunterdon (13), Bergen (21), Monmouth (42) counties are ranked among the highest-income counties in the United States. Four others are also in the top 100.

Tourism

New Jersey's location as a crossroads of commerce and its extensive transportation system have put over one third of all United States residents and many Canadian residents within overnight distance by land. This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to New Jersey's record tourism revenue of nearly $40 billion in 2012,^[98] despite Superstorm Sandy occurring in October of that year.

Gambling

In 1976, a referendum of New Jersey voters approved casino gambling in Atlantic City, where the first legalized casino opened in 1978.^[99] At that time, Las Vegas was the only mega-casino resort.^[100] Many casinos lie along the Atlantic City Boardwalk,^[101] the first and longest boardwalk in the world.^[102] On February 26, 2013, Governor Chris Christie signed online gambling into law.^[103]

Natural resources

Almost half of New Jersey is wooded. The chief tree of the northern forests is the oak. Jersey oak has been used extensively in shipbuilding. A large part of the southern section is in pine.

The mineral resources in New Jersey are small. The state, however, does rank high in smelting and refining minerals from other states. Some mining activity does still take place in the area in and around the Franklin Furnace, which was long a center of zinc production (see New Jersey Zinc Company).

New Jersey is second in the nation in solar power installations, enabled by one of the country's most favorable net metering policies, and the renewable energy certificates program. The state has more than 10,000 solar installations.^[104]

Education

Watercolor of Cleveland Tower, Princeton University, seen in the noon autumn sun.

In 2010, there were 605 school districts in the state.^[106]

Secretary of Education Rick Rosenberg, appointed by Governor Jon Corzine, created the Education Advancement Initiative (EAI) to increase college admission rates by 10% for New Jersey's high school students, decrease dropout rates by 15%, and increase the amount of money devoted to schools by 10%. Rosenberg retracted this plan when criticized for taking the money out of healthcare to fund this initiative.

In 2010 the state government paid all of the teachers' premiums for health insurance.^[106]

Census data reveal that New Jersey spent more per each public school student than any other state except New York in 2009, amounting to $16,271 spent per pupil, with 41% of the revenue derived from state sources.^[107]

According to 2011 Newsweek statistics, students of High Technology High School in Lincroft, Monmouth County and Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, Bergen County registered average SAT scores of 2145 and 2100, respectively,^[108] representing the highest and second-highest scores, respectively, of all listed U.S. high schools.^[108]

Princeton University in Princeton, Mercer County, was ranked the top U.S. national university of 2014 as per U.S. News & World Report.^[109] In 2013, Rutgers University gained medical and dental schools intended to augment its profile as a national research university.^[105]

Media and communication

Newspapers

Major New Jersey newspapers including the following:

Jersey Journal
The New Jersey Herald^[111]
The News of Cumberland County
The Press of Atlantic City
The Record^[112]
The Record-Press and Suburban News
The Reporter (Somerset)
The Star-Ledger
Today's Sunbeam
Trentonian (Mercer)
The Warren Reporter
The Trenton Times

On-line news

Since 2006 there have been a growing number of hyperlocal news sites.^[113]^[114] These sites provide relevant news for their respective communities.^[115]

Radio stations

Television and film

Motion picture technology was developed by Thomas Edison, with much of his early work done at his West Orange laboratory. Edison's Black Maria was the first motion picture studio. America's first motion picture industry started in 1907 in Fort Lee and the first studio was constructed there in 1909.^[116] DuMont Laboratories in Passaic, developed early sets and made the first broadcast to the private home.

A number of television shows and films have been filmed in New Jersey. Since 1978, the state has maintained a Motion Picture and Television Commission to encourage filming in-state.^[117] New Jersey has long offered tax credits to television producers. Governor Chris Christie suspended the credits in 2010, but the New Jersey State Legislature in 2011 approved the restoration and expansion of the tax credit program. Under bills passed by both the state Senate and Assembly, the program offers 20 percent tax credits (22% in urban enterprise zones) to television and film productions that shoot in the state and meet set standards for hiring and local spending.^[118]^[119]

Transportation

Roadways

The New Jersey Turnpike is one of the most prominent and heavily traveled roadways in the United States. This toll road carries interstate traffic between Delaware and New York, and the East Coast in general. Commonly referred to as simply "the Turnpike," it is known for its numerous rest-areas named after prominent New Jerseyans as diverse as inventor Thomas Edison; United States Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton; United States Presidents Grover Cleveland and Woodrow Wilson; writers James Fenimore Cooper, Joyce Kilmer, and Walt Whitman; patriot Molly Pitcher; Red Cross advocate Clara Barton; and football coach Vince Lombardi.

The Garden State Parkway, or simply "the Parkway," carries more in-state traffic and runs from the town of Montvale along New Jersey's northern border to its southernmost tip at Cape May for 172.4 miles (277.5 km). It is the trunk that connects the New York metropolitan area to Atlantic City and is consistently one of the safest roads in the nation. With a total of 15 travel lanes and 6 shoulder lanes, the Driscoll Bridge on the Parkway, spanning the Raritan River in Middlesex County, is the widest motor vehicle bridge in the world by number of lanes^[122] as well as one of the busiest.

New Jersey is connected to New York City via various bridges and tunnels. The double-decked George Washington Bridge carries the heaviest load of motor vehicle traffic of any bridge in the world,^[120]^[121] at 102 million vehicles per year, over fourteen lanes, from Fort Lee, New Jersey in Bergen County across the Hudson River to the Trans-Manhattan Expressway in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan in New York City; Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1/9 cross the Hudson River via the "GWB", while U.S. Route 46, which lies entirely within New Jersey, ends halfway across the bridge at the state border with New York. The Lincoln Tunnel connects to Midtown Manhattan carrying New Jersey State Route 495 and the Holland Tunnel connects to Lower Manhattan carrying I-78. These are the three major Hudson River crossings that see heavy vehicular traffic. New Jersey is also connected to Staten Island by three bridges - from south to north: the Outerbridge Crossing, Goethals Bridge, and Bayonne Bridge.

Other expressways in New Jersey include the Atlantic City Expressway, the Palisades Interstate Parkway, Interstate 76, Interstate 78, Interstate 80, Interstate 95, Interstate 195, Interstate 278, Interstate 280, Interstate 287, Interstate 295, and Interstate 676. Other major roadways include U.S. 1, New Jersey Route 4, U.S. 9, New Jersey Route 10, and New Jersey Route 17.

New Jersey has interstate compacts with all three neighboring states. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the Delaware River Port Authority (with Pennsylvania), and the Delaware River and Bay Authority (with Delaware) operate most of the major transportation routes into and out of New Jersey. Bridge tolls are collected in one direction only – it is free to cross into New Jersey, but motorists must pay when exiting the state. Exceptions to this are the Dingman's Ferry Bridge and the Delaware River – Turnpike Toll Bridge where tolls are charged both ways. The Washington Crossing and Scudders Falls (on I-95) bridges near Trenton, as well as Trenton's Calhoun Street and Bridge Street ("Trenton Makes") bridges, are toll-free. In addition, * Riverton-Belvidere Bridge, Northampton Street Bridge, Riegelsville Bridge, and Upper Black Eddy-Milford Bridge are free Delaware River bridges into and out of NJ.

Uhlerstown-Frenchtown Bridge – (NJ 12)
Lumberville-Raven Rock Bridge – (pedestrian)
Centre Bridge-Stockton Bridge – (PA 263 / CR 523)

New Jersey is one of only two states (along with Oregon) where all fuel dispensing stations are required to sell gasoline full-service to customers. It is unlawful for a customer to serve himself/herself.

Airports

File:NewarkIntAirport.jpg

New York City skyline from Continental (now United) Terminal C in Newark Liberty Airport.

Newark Liberty International Airport is one of the busiest airports in the United States. Operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which runs the other two major airports in the New York metropolitan area (John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport), it is one of the main airports serving the New York City area. United Airlines is the facility's largest tenant, operating an entire terminal at Newark, which it uses as one of its primary hubs. FedEx Express operates a large cargo hub. The adjacent Newark Airport railroad station provides access to the trains of Amtrak and New Jersey Transit along the Northeast Corridor Line.

Two smaller commercial airports, Atlantic City International Airport and Trenton-Mercer Airport, also operate in other parts of New Jersey. Teterboro Airport, in Bergen County, is a general aviation airport popular with private and corporate aircraft, due to its proximity to New York City. Millville Municipal Airport, in Cumberland County, is a general aviation airport popular with private and corporate aircraft, due to its proximity to the shore.

Rail and bus

The New Jersey Transit Corporation (NJ Transit) operates extensive rail and bus service throughout the state. NJ Transit is a state-run corporation that began with the consolidation of several private bus companies in North Jersey. In the early 1980s, it acquired the commuter train operations of Conrail that connect towns in northern and central New Jersey to New York City. NJ Transit has eleven lines that run throughout different parts of the state. Most of the trains start at various points in the state and most end at either Pennsylvania Station, in New York City, or Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken. NJ Transit began service between Atlantic City and Lindenwold in 1989 and extended it to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the 1990s.

NJ Transit also operates three light rail systems in the state. The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail connects Bayonne to North Bergen, with planned expansion into Bergen County communities. The Newark Light Rail is the only subway system entirely in the state, but it is only partially underground. Its Main Line connects Newark Penn Station in Downtown Newark with outer parts of the city, ending at Grove Street station in Bloomfield. The Broad Street Line of the subway, the first component of the Newark-Elizabeth Rail Link, connects Newark Broad Street Station to Newark Penn Station. The last of the three light rail lines is the River Line which connects Trenton and Camden.

The PATH is a subway and above-ground railway which links Hoboken, Jersey City, Harrison and Newark with New York City. The PATH operates four lines that connect various points in North Jersey and New York. The lines all terminate in Hudson County, Essex County or Manhattan in New York City.

The PATCO High Speedline links Camden County and Philadelphia. PATCO operates a single elevated and subway line that runs from Lindenwold to Center City Philadelphia. PATCO operates stations in Lindenwold, Voorhees, Cherry Hill, Haddonfield, Haddon Township, Collingswood, and Camden, along with four stations in Philadelphia.

Amtrak also operates numerous long-distance passenger trains in New Jersey to and from neighboring states and around the country. In addition to the Newark Airport connection, other major Amtrak railway stations include Trenton Rail Station, Metropark, and the grand historic Newark Penn Station.

SEPTA also has two lines that operate into New Jersey. The Trenton Line terminates at the Trenton Transit Center, and the West Trenton Line terminates at the West Trenton Rail Station in Ewing.

AirTrain Newark is a monorail connecting the Amtrak/NJ Transit station on the Northeast Corridor to the airport's terminals and parking lots.

Some private bus carriers still remain in New Jersey. Most of these carriers operate with state funding to offset losses and state owned buses are provided to these carriers of which Coach USA companies make up the bulk. Other carriers include private charter and tour bus operators that take gamblers from other parts of New Jersey, New York City, Philadelphia, and Delaware to the casino resorts of Atlantic City.

Ferries

On the Delaware Bay, the Delaware River and Bay Authority operates the Cape May-Lewes Ferry. The agency also operates ferries between Fort Mott (New Jersey) and Fort Delaware and Fort DuPont in Delaware. The Delaware River Port Authority operates the RiverLink Ferry between the Camden waterfront and Penn's Landing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

In the Port of New York and New Jersey, New York Waterway has ferry terminals at Belford Harbor, Jersey City, Hoboken and Weehawken, and Edgewater Landing. There are slips at Port Liberte, Liberty Harbor, Exchange Place in Jersey City, Port Imperial and Lincoln Harbor in Weehawken, Hoboken Terminal and 14th Street in Hoboken. Manhattan terminals are located at Wall Street/Pier 11, Battery Park City (BPC) or West Midtown Ferry Terminal. Liberty Water Taxi in Jersey City has ferries from Paulus Hook and Liberty State Park to (BPC). Statue Cruises has service from Liberty State Park and Statue of Liberty National Monument, including Ellis Island. (Although there is a bridge from Ellis Island to the park built for renovations on the island it is not open for public use.) SeaStreak offers services from the Raritan Bayshore to Manhattan and during the Met's season to Shea Stadium. The ferries on leave from Atlantic Highlands and two terminals in Highlands. Ferry service from Keyport and Perth Amboy have been also been proposed. Service from Elizabeth at Newark Bay is proposed in conjunction with re-development plans on the shore near Jersey Gardens.^[123]

Private bus carriers

Several private bus lines provide transportation service in the state of New Jersey. Below is a list of major carriers and their areas of operation:

Academy – commuter bus service from Burlington, Middlesex, Monmouth, and Ocean counties to lower and midtown Manhattan
Broadway Bus – local bus service in Bayonne
Coach USA
- Community Coach – commuter bus service from Essex and Morris counties
- ONE Bus/Olympia Trails – local bus service in Essex and Union counties, commuter bus service from the Raritan Valley to Manhattan
- Red & Tan in Hudson County – local bus service in Hudson County
- Rockland Coaches – commuter and local bus service from Bergen County to Manhattan
- Suburban Trails – commuter bus service from Middlesex County to Manhattan, local bus service in Middlesex County
DeCamp Bus Lines – commuter bus service from Essex County to Manhattan
Greyhound – interstate bus service from terminals in Newark, Atlantic City, and Mount Laurel
Lakeland Bus Lines – commuter and local bus service from Morris, Somerset, Union, and Sussex counties to Manhattan
Martz Trailways – service from Warren County to Manhattan
Montgomery & West Side IBOA—local bus service in Jersey City
Trans-Bridge Lines – service from the Skylands Region to and from Manhattan

Governance

Executive

The position of Governor of New Jersey has been considered one of the most powerful in the nation. Until 2010 the governor was the only statewide elected office in the state appointed numerous government officials. Formerly, an Acting Governor was even more powerful as he simultaneously served as President of the New Jersey State Senate, thus directing half of the legislative and all of the executive process. In 2002 and 2007, President of the State Senate Richard Codey held the position of Acting Governor for a short time, and from 2004 to 2006 Codey became a long-term Acting Governor due to Jim McGreevey's resignation. A 2005 amendment to the state Constitution prevents the Senate President from becoming Acting Governor in the event of a permanent gubernatorial vacancy without giving up her or his seat in the state Senate. Chris Christie (Republican) is the Governor.

The governor's mansion is Drumthwacket, located in Princeton.

Before 2010, New Jersey was one of the few states without a lieutenant governor. Republican Kim Guadagno was elected the first Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey and took office on January 19, 2010. She was elected on the Republican ticket with Governor-Elect Chris Christie in the November 2009 NJ gubernatorial election. The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters on November 8, 2005 and effective as of January 17, 2006.

Legislative

The current version of the New Jersey State Constitution was adopted in 1947. It provides for a bicameral New Jersey Legislature, consisting of an upper house Senate of 40 members and a lower house General Assembly of 80 members. Each of the 40 legislative districts elects one State Senator and two Assembly members. Assembly members are elected for a two-year term in all odd-numbered years; State Senators are elected in the years ending in 1, 3, and 7 and thus serve either four- or two-year terms.

New Jersey is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd-numbered years. (The others are Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Virginia.) New Jersey holds elections for these offices every four years, in the year following each federal Presidential election year. Thus, the last year when New Jersey elected a Governor was 2009; the next gubernatorial election will occur in 2013, with future gubernatorial elections to take place in 2017, 2021, 2025, etc.

Judicial

The New Jersey Supreme Court^[124] consists of a Chief Justice and six Associate Justices. All are appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the State Senate. Justices serve an initial seven-year term, after which they can be reappointed to serve until age 70.

Most of the day-to-day work in the New Jersey courts is carried out in the Municipal Courts, where simple traffic tickets, minor criminal offenses, and small civil matters are heard.

More serious criminal and civil cases are handled by the Superior Court for each county. All Superior Court judges are appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the State Senate. Each judge serves an initial seven-year term, after which he or she can be reappointed to serve until age 70.

New Jersey's judiciary is unusual in that it still has separate courts of law and equity, like its neighbor Delaware but unlike most other U.S. states. The New Jersey Superior Court is divided into Law and Chancery Divisions at the trial level.

The Superior Court also has an Appellate Division, which functions as the state's intermediate appellate court. Superior Court judges are assigned to the Appellate Division by the Chief Justice.

There is also a Tax Court, which is a court of limited jurisdiction. Tax Court judges hear appeals of tax decisions made by County Boards of Taxation. They also hear appeals on decisions made by the Director of the Division of Taxation on such matters as state income, sales and business taxes, and homestead rebates. Appeals from Tax Court decisions are heard in the Appellate Division of Superior Court. Tax Court judges are appointed by the Governor for initial terms of seven years, and upon reappointment are granted tenure until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70. There are 12 Tax Court judgeships.

Counties

New Jersey is divided into 21 counties; 13 date from the colonial era. New Jersey was completely divided into counties by 1692; the present counties were created by dividing the existing ones; most recently Union County in 1857. New Jersey is the only state in the nation where elected county officials are called "Freeholders," governing each county as part of its own Board of Chosen Freeholders. The number of freeholders in each county is determined by referendum, and must consist of three, five, seven or nine members.

Depending on the county, the executive and legislative functions may be performed by the Board of Chosen Freeholders or split into separate branches of government. In 16 counties, members of the Board of Chosen Freeholders perform both legislative and executive functions on a commission basis, with each Freeholder assigned responsibility for a department or group of departments. In the other 5 counties (Atlantic, Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Mercer), there is a directly elected County Executive who performs the executive functions while the Board of Chosen Freeholders retains a legislative and oversight role. In counties without an Executive, a County Administrator (or County Manager) may be hired to perform day-to-day administration of county functions.

Municipalities

New Jersey has 565 municipalities; the number was 566 before Princeton Township and Princeton Borough merged to form the municipality of Princeton on January 1, 2013. Unlike states in the west and south, all New Jersey land is part of a municipality. In 2008, Governor Jon Corzine proposed cutting state aid to all towns under 10,000 people, to encourage mergers to reduce administrative costs.^[125] In May 2009, the Local Unit Alignment Reorganization and Consolidation Commission (LUARC) began a study of about 40 small communities in South Jersey to decide which ones might be good candidates for consolidation.^[126]

Types of government

When the types of government were devised in the 19th century, the intention was that cities would be large built-up areas, with progressively smaller boroughs, towns, and villages; the rural areas in between would be relatively large townships. This is still often true, although Shrewsbury Township has been divided over the years; today it is less than a square mile, consisting only of a single housing development. Some townships – notably Brick, Hamilton, Middletown, and Toms River – have, without changing their boundaries, become large stretches of suburbia, as populous as cities, often focused around shopping centers and highways rather than traditional downtowns and main streets.

Short Hills, Murray Hill, and many other locations in New Jersey are not municipalities but rather neighborhoods, with no exact boundaries. Often the cluster of houses, the traditional neighborhood, the postal district, and the census-designated place will differ.

Forms of government

The five types of municipality differ mostly in name. Originally, each type had its own form of government but more modern forms are available to any municipality, even though the original type is retained in its formal name. Only boroughs can (but are not required to) have the "borough form" of government.

Starting in the 20th century, largely driven by reform-minded goals, a series of six modern forms of government was implemented. This began with the Walsh Act, enacted in 1911 by the New Jersey Legislature, which provided for a 3- or 5-member commission elected on a non-partisan basis. This was followed by the 1923 Municipal Manager Law, which offered a non-partisan council, provided for a weak mayor elected by and from the members of the council, and introduced a Council-Manager government structure with an appointed manager responsible for day-to-day administration of municipal affairs.

The Faulkner Act, originally enacted in 1950 and substantially amended in 1981, offers four basic plans: Mayor-Council, Council-Manager, Small Municipality, and Mayor-Council-Administrator. The act provides many choices for communities with a preference for a strong executive and professional management of municipal affairs and offers great flexibility in allowing municipalities to select the characteristics of its government: the number of seats on the Council; seats selected at-large, by wards, or through a combination of both; staggered or concurrent terms of office; and a mayor chosen by the Council or elected directly by voters. Most large municipalities and a majority of New Jersey's residents are governed by municipalities with Faulkner Act charters. Municipalities can also formulate their own unique form of government and operate under a Special Charter with the approval of the New Jersey Legislature.

While municipalities retain their names derived from types of government, they may have changed to one of the modern forms of government, or further in the past to one of the other traditional forms, leading to municipalities with formal names quite baffling to the general public. For example, though there are four municipalities that are officially of the village type, Loch Arbour is the only one remaining with the village form of government. The other three villages – Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter) – have all migrated to other non-village forms.

Politics

Social attitudes and issues

Socially, New Jersey is considered one of the more liberal states in the nation. Polls indicate that 60% of the population are self-described as pro-choice, although a majority are opposed to late trimester and Partial Birth Abortion and public funding of Abortion.^[127]^[128] In a 2009 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll, a plurality supported same-sex marriage 49% to 43% opposed,^[129] while the proportion supporting gay marriage continued to increase thereafter. On October 18, 2013, the New Jersey Supreme Court rendered a provisional, unanimous (7-0 vote) order authorizing same-sex marriage in the state, pending a legal appeal by Governor Chris Christie,^[130] who then withdrew this appeal hours after the inaugural same-sex marriages took place on October 21, 2013.^[59]

New Jersey also has some of the most stringent gun control laws in the U.S. These include bans on assault firearms, hollow-nose bullets and even slingshots. No gun offense in New Jersey is graded less than a felony. BB guns and black-powder guns are all treated as modern firearms. New Jersey does not recognize out-of-state gun licenses and aggressively enforces its own gun laws.^[131]

Elections

**Presidential election results**^[132]
Year	Republican	Democratic
2012	40.62% 1,478,088	58.34% 2,122,786
2008	41.61% 1,613,207	57.14% 2,215,422
2004	46.24% 1,670,003	52.92% 1,911,430
2000	40.29% 1,284,173	56.13% 1,788,850
1996	35.86% 1,103,078	53.72% 1,652,329
1992	40.58% 1,356,865	42.95% 1,436,206
1988	56.24% 1,743,192	42.60% 1,320,352
1984	60.09% 1,933,630	39.20% 1,261,323
1980	51.97% 1,546,557	38.56% 1,147,364
1976	50.08% 1,509,688	47.92% 1,444,653
1972	61.57% 1,845,502	36.77% 1,102,211
1968	46.10% 1,325,467	43.97% 1,264,206
1964	33.86% 963,843	65.61% 1,867,671
1960	49.16% 1,363,324	49.96 1,385,415
1956	64.68% 1,606,942	34.23% 850,337
1952	56.81% 1,374,613	41.99% 1,015,902
1948	50.33% 981,124	49.96% 1,385,415

In past elections, New Jersey was a Republican bastion, but recently has become a Democratic stronghold. Currently, New Jersey Democrats have majority control of both houses of the New Jersey Legislature (Senate, 24–16, and Assembly, 47–33), a 6-6 split of the state's twelve seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and both U.S. Senate seats. Although the Democratic Party is very successful statewide, the state had a Republican governor from 1994 to 2002, as Christie Todd Whitman won twice with 47% and 49% of the votes, and in the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie defeated incumbent Democrat Jon Corzine with 48%. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Christie won reelection with over 60% of the votes. Because each candidate for lieutenant governor runs on the same ticket as the party's candidate for governor, the current Governor and Lieutenant Governor are members of the Republican Party. The governor's appointments to cabinet and non-cabinet positions may be from either party; for instance, the Attorney General is a Democrat.

In federal elections, the state leans heavily towards the Democratic Party. For many years in the past, however, it was a Republican stronghold, having given comfortable margins of victory to the Republican candidate in the close elections of 1948, 1968, and 1976. New Jersey was a crucial swing state in the elections of 1960, 1968, and 1992. The last elected Republican to hold a Senate seat from New Jersey was Clifford P. Case in 1979. Newark Mayor Cory Booker was elected in October 2013 to join Robert Menendez to make New Jersey the first state with concurrent serving black and Latino senators.^[133]

The state's Democratic strongholds include Camden County, Essex County (including Newark, the state's largest city), Hudson County (including Jersey City, the state's second-largest city); Mercer County (especially around Trenton and Princeton), Middlesex County, and Union County (including Elizabeth, the state's fourth-largest city).

The suburban northwestern and southeastern counties of the state are reliably Republican: Republicans have support along the coast in Ocean County and in the mountainous northwestern part of the state, especially Morris County, Sussex County, and Warren County. Other suburban counties, especially Bergen County and Burlington County had the majority of votes go to the Democratic Party. In the 2008 election, President Barack Obama won New Jersey with approximately fifty-seven percent of the vote, compared to McCain's forty-one percent. Independent candidate Ralph Nader garnered less than one percent of the vote.

About one-third of the state's counties are considered "swing" counties, but some go more one way than others. For example, Salem County, the same is true with Passaic County, with a highly populated Hispanic Democratic south (including Paterson, the state's third-largest city) and a rural, Republican north. Other "swing" counties like Monmouth County, Somerset County, and Cape May County tend to go Republican, as they also have population in conservative areas.

To be eligible to vote in a U.S. election, all New Jerseyans are required to start their residency in the state 30 days prior to an election and register 29 days prior.

Capital punishment

On December 17, 2007, Governor Jon Corzine signed into law a bill that would eliminate the death penalty in New Jersey. New Jersey is the first state to pass such legislation since Iowa and West Virginia eliminated executions in 1965.^[134] Corzine also signed a bill that would downgrade the Death Row prisoners' sentences from "Death" to "Life in Prison with No Parole."^[135]

Points of interest

Museums

New Jersey has many museums of all kinds. A few major museums in the state are listed.

Museum	Location	Year Opened	Type
New Jersey State Museum	Trenton	1895	General Education
Liberty Science Center	Liberty State Park, Jersey City	1993	Science museum
Maywood Station Museum	Maywood	2004	Railroad museum
Montclair Art Museum	Montclair	1914	Art museum
Newark Museum	Newark	1909	Natural Science & Art museum
Princeton University Art Museum	Princeton	1884	Art museum
Thomas Edison Museum	Menlo Park	1938	Thomas Edison museum

Entertainment and concert venues

Visitors and residents take advantage of and contribute to performances at the numerous music, theater, and dance companies and venues located throughout the state, including:

Venue	Type	Location	Year Opened
Prudential Center	Arena	Newark	2007
Izod Center	Arena	Meadowlands Sports Complex	1981
PNC Bank Arts Center	Amphitheater	Holmdel	1977
NJPAC	Concert Hall	Newark	1997
Paper Mill Playhouse	Regional Theater	Millburn	1968
State Theater	Regional Theater	New Brunswick	1921
Boardwalk Hall	Arena	Atlantic City	1926
Susquehanna Bank Center	Amphitheater	Camden	1995
Sun National Bank Center	Arena	Trenton	1999

Theme parks

Skyline of Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, Ocean County, slated to become the world's largest theme park in 2013.^[136] To the far left is Kingda Ka, the world's tallest roller coaster.^[137]

Main Park	Other Parks	Location	Year Opened
Six Flags Great Adventure	Six Flags Wild Safari, Six Flags Hurricane Harbor	Jackson	1974
Clementon Amusement Park	Splash World	Clementon	1907
Land of Make Believe	Pirate's Cove	Hope	1958
Morey's Piers	Raging Waters and Ocean Oasis Waterparks	Wildwood	1969
Mountain Creek Waterpark	None	Vernon	1998
Casino Pier	None	Seaside Heights	1960

Jersey Shore

Belmar, on the Jersey Shore.

Sports

Professional sports

New Jersey currently has four teams from major professional sports leagues playing in the state, although the Major League Soccer team and two National Football League teams identify themselves as being from New York.

The Prudential Center in Newark, home of the NHL's New Jersey Devils.

File:Le Red Bull Arena.jpg

Red Bull Arena in Harrison, Hudson County, home of the MLS's New York Red Bulls.

The National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils, based in Newark at the Prudential Center, is the only major league franchise to bear the state's name. The Metropolitan Area's two National Football League teams, the New York Giants and the New York Jets, both play in East Rutherford, Bergen County, at MetLife Stadium.^[139] At completion, with a construction cost of approximately $1.6 billion,^[140] the venue is the most expensive stadium ever built.^[138] On February 2, 2014, MetLife Stadium is scheduled to host Super Bowl XLVIII.

The New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer play in Red Bull Arena, a soccer-specific stadium located in Harrison outside of downtown Newark.

The sports complex is also home to the Meadowlands Racetrack, one of three major harness racing tracks in the state. The Meadowlands Racetrack along with Freehold Raceway in Freehold are two of the major harness racing tracks in North America. Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport is also a popular spot for thoroughbred racing in New Jersey and the northeast. It hosted the Breeders' Cup in 2007, and its turf course was renovated in preparation.

Club	Sport	League	Stadium
New Jersey Devils	Ice Hockey	National Hockey League	Prudential Center
New York Giants	Football	National Football League	MetLife Stadium
New York Jets	Football	National Football League	MetLife Stadium
New York Red Bulls	Soccer	Major League Soccer	Red Bull Arena
Lakewood Blue Claws	Baseball	South Atlantic League	FirstEnergy Park
New Jersey Jackals	Baseball	Canadian American Association of Professional Baseball	Yogi Berra Stadium
Sussex Skyhawks	Baseball	Minor League Baseball	Skylands Park
Trenton Thunder	Baseball	Eastern League	Arm & Hammer Park
Camden Riversharks	Baseball	Atlantic League of Professional Baseball	Campbell's Field
Newark Bears	Baseball	Canadian American Association of Professional Baseball	Bears & Eagles Riverfront Stadium
Somerset Patriots	Baseball	Atlantic League of Professional Baseball	TD Bank Ballpark

Collegiate sports teams

New Jerseyans' collegiate allegiances are predominately split among the three major NCAA Division I programs in the state – the Rutgers University (New Jersey's largest state university) Scarlet Knights, the Seton Hall University (which is the state's largest Roman Catholic university) Pirates, and the Princeton University (the state's Ivy League university) Tigers. Rutgers remained in the old Big East, which became the American Athletic Conference, however they will leave that conference in 2014 to join the Big Ten Conference.

Rutgers and Princeton likewise have an intense rivalry – stemming from the first intercollegiate football game in 1869 – though the two schools have not met on the football field since 1980. They continue to play each other annually in all other sports offered by the two universities.

Rutgers, which fields 24 teams in various sports, is nationally known for its excellent football and women's basketball programs. The university is planning a large expansion to the on-campus Rutgers Stadium – to accommodate the rising number of fans – and the teams play in Piscataway, which is adjacent to the New Brunswick campus. The university also fields rising basketball and baseball programs. Rutgers' fan base is mostly derived from the western parts of the state and Middlesex County, not to mention its alumni base, which is the largest in the state.

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, also has campuses in Camden and Newark (in addition to its main campus in New Brunswick). The Rutgers–Camden athletic teams are called the Scarlet Raptors. The Rutgers–Newark athletic teams are called the Scarlet Raiders. The Scarlet Raiders and the Scarlet Raptors both compete within NCAA Division III.

Seton Hall, unlike Rutgers, does not field a football team. Its basketball team, however, has been one of the most storied programs in the Big East, and it plays its home games at the state-of-the-art Prudential Center, located in downtown Newark. The Pirates, while lacking as large an alumni base as the state university, have a large well of support in the predominately Roman Catholic areas of the northern part of the state and the Jersey Shore.

The state's other Division I schools include the Monmouth University Hawks (West Long Branch), the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Highlanders (Newark), the Rider University Broncs (Lawrenceville), and the Saint Peter's College Peacocks and Peahens (Jersey City).

Fairleigh Dickinson University competes in both Division I and Division III. It has two campuses, each with its own sports teams. The teams at the Metropolitan Campus are known as the FDU Knights, and compete in the Northeast Conference and NCAA Division I. The College at Florham (FDU-Florham) teams are known as the FDU-Florham Devils and compete in the Middle Atlantic Conferences' Freedom Conference and NCAA Division III.

Among the various Division III schools in the state, the Stevens Institute of Technology Ducks have fielded the longest continuously running collegiate men's lacrosse program in the country. 2009 marked the 125th season.

High-school sports

New Jersey high schools are divided into divisions under the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association.(NJSIAA) ^[141]'^[142] Founded in 1918, the NJSIAA currently represents 22,000 schools, 330,000 coaches, and almost 4.5 million athletes. Sports are divided between 3 seasons (fall, winter, and spring).

Academies and Clubs

New Jersey also features a collection of sports leagues, clubs, and academies for athletic training. Like many suburban communities, most New Jersey towns have individual leagues for America's most popular sports - baseball, softball, football, cheerleading, basketball, soccer, etc.^[143]

Culture

General

Like every state, New Jersey has its own cuisine, religious communities, museums, and halls of fame.

New Jersey is the birthplace of modern inventions such as: FM radio, the motion picture camera, the lithium battery, the light bulb, transistors, and the electric train. Other New Jersey creations include: the drive-in movie, the cultivated blueberry, cranberry sauce, the postcard, the boardwalk, the zipper, the phonograph, saltwater taffy, the dirigible, the seedless watermelon,^[144] the first use of a submarine in warfare, and the ice cream cone.

There are mineral museums in Franklin and Ogdensburg.

Diners are common in New Jersey. The state is home to many diner manufacturers and has more diners than any other state: over 600. There are more diners in the state of New Jersey than any other place in the world.^[145]

New Jersey is the only state without a state song. "I'm From New Jersey" is incorrectly listed on many websites as being the New Jersey State Song, but wasn't even a contender when in 1996 the New Jersey Arts Council submitted their suggestions to the New Jersey Legislature.^[146]

Music

New Jersey has long been an important area for both rock and rap music. Some prominent musicians from or with significant connections to New Jersey are:

Singer Frank Sinatra was born in Hoboken. He sang with a neighborhood vocal group, the Hoboken Four, and appeared in neighborhood theater amateur shows before he became an entertainment legend as an Academy Award winning actor and one of the most famous male vocalists of all time.
Bruce Springsteen, who has sung of New Jersey life on most of his albums, hails from Freehold and is the most popular rock musician to ever come out of the state. Some of his songs that represent New Jersey life are "Born to Run", "Spirit In The Night," "Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)", "Thunder Road", "Atlantic City", and "Jungleland".
The Jonas Brothers all reside in Wyckoff, New Jersey, where the eldest brother of the group, Kevin Jonas was born, as well as the youngest Jonas, Frankie.
Irvington's Queen Latifah was the first female rapper to succeed in music, film, and television.
Lauryn Hill is from South Orange, New Jersey. Her 1998 debut solo album, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, sold 10 million copies internationally. She also sold millions with The Fugees second album The Score.
Redman (Reggie Noble) was born, raised, and resides in Newark. He is the most successful African-American solo hip-hop artist out of New Jersey.
All members of The Sugarhill Gang were born in Englewood.
Roc-A-Fella Records rap producer Just Blaze hails from Paterson, New Jersey.
Jon Bon Jovi, who hails from Sayreville, reached fame in the 1980s with hard rock outfit Bon Jovi. The band has also written many songs about life in New Jersey including "Livin' On A Prayer" and even named one of his albums after the state. (see New Jersey)
Singer Dionne Warwick was born in East Orange.
Singer Whitney Houston (who is Dionne Warwick's cousin) was born in Newark, and grew up in neighboring East Orange.
Jazz pianist and bandleader Count Basie was born in Red Bank in 1904. In the 1960s, he collaborated on several albums with fellow New Jersey native Frank Sinatra. The Count Basie Theatre in Red Bank is named in his honor.
Parliament-Funkadelic, the pioneering funk music collective, was formed in Plainfield by George Clinton.
Asbury Park is home of The Stone Pony, which Bruce Springsteen and Bon Jovi frequented early in their careers and is still considered by many to be a "Mecca" for up-and-coming Jersey Shore musicians.
Hip-hop pioneers Naughty By Nature hail from East Orange.
In 1964, the Isley Brothers founded the record label T-Neck Records, named after Teaneck, their home at the time.
The Broadway musical "Jersey Boys" is based on the lives of the members of the Four Seasons, three of whose members were born in New Jersey (Tommy DeVito, Frankie Valli, and Nick Massi)
Jazz pianist Bill Evans was born in Plainfield in 1929.
Post-hardcore band Thursday was formed in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Numerous songs reference the city.
Horror punk band The Misfits hail from Lodi, as well as their founder Glenn Danzig.
Punk rock poet Patti Smith is from Mantua.
Indie rock veterans Yo La Tengo are based in Hoboken. They also have a song called "The Night Falls on Hoboken".
New Jersey was the East Coast hub for ska music in the 1990s. Some of the most popular ska bands, such as Catch 22 and Streetlight Manifesto, come from East Brunswick.
Black Label Society's and Ozzy Osbourne's famed guitarist Zakk Wylde was born in Bayonne and raised in Jackson
The Bouncing Souls original four members grew up in Basking Ridge and formed in New Brunswick in the late 1980s.
My Chemical Romance's Frank Iero, Gerard Way, Mikey Way, and Ray Toro all hail from New Jersey.
Cobra Starship frontman Gabe Saporta is from New Jersey
Punk band The Gaslight Anthem hails from New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Experimental metal band The Dillinger Escape Plan are from Morris Plains, NJ.
Debbie Harry, born in Miami, Florida, in 1945 but raised by her adoptive parents in Hawthorne.

Comics and video games

The Lost and Damned (2009), The Ballad of Gay Tony and Max Payne 3 (2012) take place in New Jersey.
The Grand Theft Auto series has parodied the state multiple times, with "New Guernsey" and "Alderney City" appearing as locations in games in the series.
Some incarnations of DC Comics's fictional Gotham City are located in New Jersey.

Legends and ghosts

A long-circulated legend says a creature, the Jersey Devil or the Leeds Devil, terrorizes the population of the Pine Barrens. The New Jersey Devils are named for this mythical creature. New Jersey is also home to several other legends, such as the ghost of Annie's Road – a section of Riverview Drive between Totowa Road and Union Boulevard in Totowa, which is said to be haunted by a "Lady in White";^[147] and the haunted and demon-possessed Clinton Road in West Milford. Cooper Road in Middletown is said to be haunted by strange, ghostly people who jump out from behind trees at cars traveling down the unpaved portion of the road. The unpaved section has no street lights and thus is very dangerous as it has sharp turns where the ghostly people are said to jump in front of the cars from behind trees, causing them to crash. There is also the Atco Ghost – the ghost of a little boy who runs across the street late at night in Atco. It is also rumored that Jimmy Hoffa, the late leader of the Teamsters Union, is buried beneath Giants Stadium or the New Jersey Turnpike. However, on the popular television show MythBusters, the myth of Jimmy Hoffa being buried under Giants Stadium was debunked using ground penetrating radar.

The magazine Weird NJ (the creators of which later started Weird U.S.) was started to catalog and explore the ghosts, legends, and prevalence of otherwise "weird" things in the state.

State symbols

State animal	Horse (Equus caballus)^[10]
State bird	American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis)^[11]
State freshwater fish	Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)^[12]
State folk dance	Square dance^[14]
State insect	European honey bee (Apis mellifera)^[16]
State flower	Common meadow violet (Viola sororia)^[13]
State motto	"Liberty and Prosperity"
State song	None^[148]
State tree	Northern Red Oak (Quercus borealis maxima) (syn. Quercus rubra)^[17]
State dinosaur	Hadrosaurus foulkii^[15]
State soil	Downer
State color	Buff and Jersey Blue^[149]
State ship	A. J. Meerwald^[150]
State fruit	Northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)^[151]
State vegetable	Jersey tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
State shell	Knobbed whelk (Busycon carica gmelin)^[152]
State memorial tree	Dogwood (Cornus Florida)^[17]
State slogan	Come See For Yourself

Notable people

References

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^ "New Jersey". Tax Foundation. New Jersey's State and Local Tax Burden Above National Average. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Judith H. Dobrzynski (June 24, 2010). "A Garden Crawl Through the Garden State". New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2010. Nowadays New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production, third in cranberries and spinach and fourth in bell peppers, peaches and head lettuce, the official state Web site, nj.gov, boasts.
^ "It's No Tomato, but a Stalk Gets Some Respect". New York Times. May 4, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2012. ... New Jersey harvests the fourth-largest number of acres dedicated to asparagus in the nation. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ "EIA State Energy Profiles: New Jersey". June 12, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
^ "Fortune 500 2007 – States: New Jersey". CNN. March 30, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
^ "NJ tourism took in record revenue of nearly $40B in 2012". Gannett. March 21, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
^ Brett Avery (February 5, 2008). "30 and Counting: Legalized Gambling". New Jersey Monthly. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
^ "Gambling Becomes Legal In New Jersey". Associated Press. May 26, 1978. Retrieved November 4, 2010. The nation's only legal gambling casino outside Nevada won state approval Thursday night and planned Friday morning opening ...^{[dead link]}
^ "Atlantic City Boardwalk". The Atlantic City Convention & Visitors Authority. ¶1. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)^{[self-published source?]}
^ "Boardwalk". The State of New Jersey, Division of Travel and Tourism. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)^{[self-published source?]}
^ Ryan Hutchins (February 27, 2013). "Gov. Christie signs internet gambling into law". NJ.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ Solar Shore: Jersey Hits 10,000 Installations
^ ^a ^b Patricia Alex (July 2, 2013). "Rutgers a 'world-class university,' school president says at merger ceremony". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Will, George F. (April 22, 2010). "The thunder from New Jersey". Washington Post. Washington, D.C. pp. A19.
^ "The States That Spend The Most And Least On Each Student". 2011 24/7 Wall St. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "America's Best High Schools 2011". Newsweek. June 19, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.^{[dead link]}
^ "National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
^ "New Jersey Advertising". NJ.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.^{[dead link]}
^ "The New Jersey Herald: Top Stories". Njherald.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
^ "providing local news, sports & classifieds for Northern New Jersey!". NorthJersey.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
^ Moskowitz, Gary (August 2, 2010). "Are Hyperlocal News Sites Replacing Newspapers?". Time. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
^ Jessica Durkin. "Meet the New Jersey Hyperlocal News Association". Block by Block Practitioners' Blog. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
^ Tammy La Gorce (October 13, 2009). "Dateline: Maplewood". NJ Monthly. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
^ "Fort Lee Film Commission | Fort Lee, NJ". Fortleefilm.org. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ "NJ Motion Picture & Television Commission". Njfilm.org. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ Wright, E. Assata (February 20, 2011). "Getting the film crews back to NJ Gov. to decide future of tax credit that benefited Hudson County". Hudson Reporter. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ Ross, Michael (August 7, 1988). "State Seeks Bigger Role In Making Of Movies". New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "George Washington Bridge". The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Bod Woodruff, Lana Zak, and Stephanie Wash (November 20, 2012). "GW Bridge Painters: Dangerous Job on Top of the World's Busiest Bridge". ABC News. Retrieved September 13, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Peter Samuel (April 11, 2006). "Garden State Parkway opens world's widest bridge – 15 lanes". TOLLROADSnews. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
^ Harrison, Brianne (February 11, 2008). "$2B MXD Planned for Elizabeth Waterfront". Globest.com. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ "Supreme Court of New Jersey". Judiciary.state.nj.us. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
^ "Small Towns in N.J. Told to Merge or Face Cuts". Npr.org. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
^ "N.J. town mergers could start in 18 months"^{[dead link]} by Jan Hefler, The Philadelphia Inquirer, May 29, 2009. Retrieved on May 29, 2009
^ "Poll says majority of Americans opposed to abortion funding in health care bill :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
^ "SurveyUSA Pro-Life vs. Pro Choice Sorted by State". Surveyusa.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
^ "Poll: NJ voters support gay marriage". Abclocal.go.com. April 23, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
^ Salvador Rizzo (October 18, 2013). "Same-sex weddings can begin pending appeal, N.J. Supreme Court rules". New Jersey On-Line LLC. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
^ NRAILA.org^{[dead link]}
^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison – New Jersey". US Election Atlas. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
^ David Giambusso (October 20, 2013). "Booker and Menendez form historic duo as first black and Latino senators from the same state". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
^ Google.com^{[dead link]} Hester Jr., Tom (2007) "N.J. Bans Death Penalty," Associated Press.
^ Peters, Jeremy W. "Corzine Signs Bill Ending Executions, Then Commutes Sentences of Eight." The New York Times. December 18, 2007. Retrieved on December 25, 2009.
^ "Six Flags Great Adventure To Become The World's Largest Theme Park In 2013". Copyright © 2012 njtoday.net – Everything New Jersey. All Rights Reserved. August 30, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
^ KarlFabricius (September 20, 2010). "10 Highest Roller Coasters on Earth". © 2011 EntertainmentDesigner.com. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Esteban (October 27, 2011). "11 Most Expensive Stadiums In The World". Total Pro Sports. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
^ New Meadowlands Stadium official website New Meadowlands Stadium Corporation. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
^ Belson, Ken (April 8, 2010). "New Stadium, a Football Palace, Opens Saturday With Lacrosse". The New York Times. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
^ NJSIAA
^ New Jersey High School News and Sports. iHigh.com, Inc – The High School Internet Network. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
^ Jersey Club Sports - Have Fun. Play Sports. Be Social!
^ "New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame". Njinvent.njit.edu. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2010.^{[dead link]}
^ "New Jersey Facts and Trivia". 50states.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
^ "The History of the New Jersey State Song?". Aboutnewjersey.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
^ Moran, Mark; Sceurman, Mark (2009). Weird N.J.: Your Travel Guide to New Jersey's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 216–217. ISBN 978-1-4027-6685-5.
^ "State of New Jersey – FAQs". State.nj.us. November 20, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
^ "New Jersey State Flag". The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey. The State of New Jersey. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
^ "A.J. Meerwald - NJ's Official Tall Ship". The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey. The State of New Jersey. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
^ "New Jersey's State Fruit". The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey. The State of New Jersey. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
^ "New Jersey State Shell". The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey. The State of New Jersey. Retrieved June 5, 2013.

External links

State Government

Official New Jersey state web site
New Jersey State Databases – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by New Jersey state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
Descriptions of NJ forms of government (e.g., township, borough, etc.) from NJ State League of Municipalities

U.S. Government

Other

Template:Succession

40°00′N 74°30′W / 40°N 74.5°W / 40; -74.5

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[48] Slevin, Peter (April 30, 2010). "New Arizona law puts police in 'tenuous' spot". Washington Post. Washington, DC. pp. A4.

[49] Nevada, Arizona, California, but ahead of Texas and Florida

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[54] Les Christie (August 31, 2007). "The richest (and poorest) places in the U.S.: 2007". CNN. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

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[60] Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer.

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[64] Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity (Microsoft Excel)

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[66] Stirling, Stephen. "Japanese-Americans in Fort Lee, Edgewater describe frantic calls to loved ones in quake's wake." The Star-Ledger. March 12, 2011. Retrieved on June 19, 2013.

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[books.google.com-69] Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues Second Edition, Edited by Pyong Gap Min. Pine Forge Press – An Imprint of Sage Publications, Inc. 2006. ISBN 9781412905565. Retrieved July 17, 2011.

[70] KAREN SUDOL AND DAVE SHEINGOLD (October 12, 2011). "Korean language ballots coming to Bergen County". © 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved June 19, 2013.

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[81] "Vital Statistics: Jewish Population in the United States, by State (1899 - Present)". American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Sources: Ira M. Sheskin and Arnold Dashefsky (Editors) . “Jewish Population in the United States, 2012.” American Jewish Year Book (2012) (Dordrecht: Springer) p. 143-211; American Jewish Year Book (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1899): 284. The estimates are based on the tables of Mr. D. Sulzberger; For more information, see the Jewish Databank. Retrieved January 12, 2014.

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[94] Judith H. Dobrzynski (June 24, 2010). "A Garden Crawl Through the Garden State". New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2010. Nowadays New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production, third in cranberries and spinach and fourth in bell peppers, peaches and head lettuce, the official state Web site, nj.gov, boasts.

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[96] "EIA State Energy Profiles: New Jersey". June 12, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2008.

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[98] "NJ tourism took in record revenue of nearly $40B in 2012". Gannett. March 21, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.

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[100] "Gambling Becomes Legal In New Jersey". Associated Press. May 26, 1978. Retrieved November 4, 2010. The nation's only legal gambling casino outside Nevada won state approval Thursday night and planned Friday morning opening ...^{[dead link]}

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[103] Ryan Hutchins (February 27, 2013). "Gov. Christie signs internet gambling into law". NJ.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.

[104] Solar Shore: Jersey Hits 10,000 Installations

[RutgersRef-105] Patricia Alex (July 2, 2013). "Rutgers a 'world-class university,' school president says at merger ceremony". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved July 2, 2013.

[wp100422-106] Will, George F. (April 22, 2010). "The thunder from New Jersey". Washington Post. Washington, D.C. pp. A19.

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[112] "providing local news, sports & classifieds for Northern New Jersey!". NorthJersey.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[113] Moskowitz, Gary (August 2, 2010). "Are Hyperlocal News Sites Replacing Newspapers?". Time. Retrieved June 22, 2011.

[Jersey_Hyperlocals-114] Jessica Durkin. "Meet the New Jersey Hyperlocal News Association". Block by Block Practitioners' Blog. Retrieved June 22, 2011.

[NJMonthly-115] Tammy La Gorce (October 13, 2009). "Dateline: Maplewood". NJ Monthly. Retrieved June 22, 2011.

[116] "Fort Lee Film Commission | Fort Lee, NJ". Fortleefilm.org. Retrieved May 17, 2012.

[117] "NJ Motion Picture & Television Commission". Njfilm.org. Retrieved May 17, 2012.

[crewsback-118] Wright, E. Assata (February 20, 2011). "Getting the film crews back to NJ Gov. to decide future of tax credit that benefited Hudson County". Hudson Reporter. Retrieved February 21, 2011.

[biggerrole-119] Ross, Michael (August 7, 1988). "State Seeks Bigger Role In Making Of Movies". New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2011.

[panynj.gov-120] "George Washington Bridge". The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved September 13, 2013.

[abcgwb-121] Bod Woodruff, Lana Zak, and Stephanie Wash (November 20, 2012). "GW Bridge Painters: Dangerous Job on Top of the World's Busiest Bridge". ABC News. Retrieved September 13, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[122] Peter Samuel (April 11, 2006). "Garden State Parkway opens world's widest bridge – 15 lanes". TOLLROADSnews. Retrieved June 6, 2011.

[123] Harrison, Brianne (February 11, 2008). "$2B MXD Planned for Elizabeth Waterfront". Globest.com. Retrieved May 17, 2012.

[124] "Supreme Court of New Jersey". Judiciary.state.nj.us. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[125] "Small Towns in N.J. Told to Merge or Face Cuts". Npr.org. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[126] "N.J. town mergers could start in 18 months"^{[dead link]} by Jan Hefler, The Philadelphia Inquirer, May 29, 2009. Retrieved on May 29, 2009

[127] "Poll says majority of Americans opposed to abortion funding in health care bill :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[128] "SurveyUSA Pro-Life vs. Pro Choice Sorted by State". Surveyusa.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[129] "Poll: NJ voters support gay marriage". Abclocal.go.com. April 23, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2011.

[130] Salvador Rizzo (October 18, 2013). "Same-sex weddings can begin pending appeal, N.J. Supreme Court rules". New Jersey On-Line LLC. Retrieved October 19, 2013.

[131] NRAILA.org^{[dead link]}

[132] Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison – New Jersey". US Election Atlas. Retrieved December 28, 2009.

[133] David Giambusso (October 20, 2013). "Booker and Menendez form historic duo as first black and Latino senators from the same state". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved October 20, 2013.

[134] Google.com^{[dead link]} Hester Jr., Tom (2007) "N.J. Bans Death Penalty," Associated Press.

[135] Peters, Jeremy W. "Corzine Signs Bill Ending Executions, Then Commutes Sentences of Eight." The New York Times. December 18, 2007. Retrieved on December 25, 2009.

[136] "Six Flags Great Adventure To Become The World's Largest Theme Park In 2013". Copyright © 2012 njtoday.net – Everything New Jersey. All Rights Reserved. August 30, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.

[137] KarlFabricius (September 20, 2010). "10 Highest Roller Coasters on Earth". © 2011 EntertainmentDesigner.com. Retrieved September 2, 2012.

[Esteban-138] Esteban (October 27, 2011). "11 Most Expensive Stadiums In The World". Total Pro Sports. Retrieved September 2, 2012.

[139] New Meadowlands Stadium official website New Meadowlands Stadium Corporation. Retrieved June 14, 2010.

[Belson-140] Belson, Ken (April 8, 2010). "New Stadium, a Football Palace, Opens Saturday With Lacrosse". The New York Times. Retrieved March 21, 2011.

[141] NJSIAA

[142] New Jersey High School News and Sports. iHigh.com, Inc – The High School Internet Network. Retrieved January 26, 2011.

[143] Jersey Club Sports - Have Fun. Play Sports. Be Social!

[144] "New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame". Njinvent.njit.edu. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2010.^{[dead link]}

[145] "New Jersey Facts and Trivia". 50states.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[146] "The History of the New Jersey State Song?". Aboutnewjersey.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[147] Moran, Mark; Sceurman, Mark (2009). Weird N.J.: Your Travel Guide to New Jersey's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 216–217. ISBN 978-1-4027-6685-5.

[148] "State of New Jersey – FAQs". State.nj.us. November 20, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[NJFlag-149] "New Jersey State Flag". The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey. The State of New Jersey. Retrieved June 5, 2013.

[NJShip-150] "A.J. Meerwald - NJ's Official Tall Ship". The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey. The State of New Jersey. Retrieved June 5, 2013.

[NJBerry-151] "New Jersey's State Fruit". The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey. The State of New Jersey. Retrieved June 5, 2013.

[NJShell-152] "New Jersey State Shell". The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey. The State of New Jersey. Retrieved June 5, 2013.

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v t e State of New Jersey
Trenton (capital)
Topics	Index Geography climate climate change Government elections Governor Lieutenant Governor Delegations Senators Representatives History Law Media Municipalities Music Parks People Sports Symbols Transportation
Society	Abortion Cuisine Crime Gambling Gun laws LGBT rights Politics
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Counties	Atlantic Bergen Burlington Camden Cape May Cumberland Essex Gloucester Hudson Hunterdon Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Morris Ocean Passaic Salem Somerset Sussex Union Warren
Major cities and towns	Atlantic City Bayonne Brick Township Camden Cherry Hill Clifton East Orange Edison Elizabeth Franklin Township (Somerset) Hackensack Hamilton Township (Mercer) Hoboken Jersey City Lakewood Township Newark New Brunswick Ocean City Paterson Perth Amboy Toms River Trenton Union City Vineland Woodbridge Township
New Jersey portal

v t e Sports teams based in New Jersey
Baseball	EL Somerset Patriots SAL Jersey Shore BlueClaws FL New Jersey Jackals Sussex County Miners MLBDL Trenton Thunder
Basketball	ABA Jersey Express
Football	NFL New York Giants New York Jets
Hockey	NHL New Jersey Devils NAHL New Jersey Titans Philadelphia Rebels
Roller derby	WFTDA Garden State Rollergirls Jersey Shore Roller Girls
Soccer	MLS New York Red Bulls MLSNP New York Red Bulls II USL2 Cedar Stars Rush Morris Elite SC FC Motown New Jersey Copa FC New York Red Bulls U-23 Ocean City Nor'easters Real Central New Jersey NPSL Atlantic City FC FC Monmouth NWSL NJ/NY Gotham FC
College athletics (NCAA Division I)	Fairleigh Dickinson Knights Monmouth Hawks NJIT Highlanders Princeton Tigers Rider Broncs Rutgers Scarlet Knights Saint Peter's Peacocks Seton Hall Pirates
College athletics (NCAA Division II)	Bloomfield Bears Caldwell Cougars Felician Golden Falcons Georgian Court Lions
College athletics (NCAA Division III)	Centenary Cyclones Drew Rangers Fairleigh Dickinson Florham Devils Kean Cougars Montclair State Red Hawks New Jersey Lions New Jersey City Gothic Knights Ramapo Roadrunners Rowan Profs Rutgers Camden Scarlet Raptors Rutgers Newark Scarlet Raiders Saint Elizabeth Screaming Eagles Stevens Ducks Stockton Ospreys William Paterson Pioneers
Former	Defunct sports clubs and teams in New Jersey

v t e Thirteen Colonies
New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Tobacco Colonies Southern Colonies United Colonies
Virginia (1607–1776) New Hampshire (1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776) Maryland (1632–1776) Connecticut (1636–1776) Rhode Island (1636–1776) Delaware (1664–1776) New Jersey (1664–1673; 1702–1776) New York (1664–1776) Pennsylvania (1681–1776) Massachusetts Bay (1691–1776) North Carolina (1712–1776) South Carolina (1712–1776) Georgia (1732–1776)
Other British colonial entities in the contemporary United States
Roanoke (1585–1590) Popham (1607–1608) Jamestown (1607–1699) Berkeley Hundred (1619) Plymouth (1620–1686; 1689–1691) Maine (1622–1658) Saint Croix (1625–1650) Carolana (1629–1663) Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629–1686; 1689–1691) Saybrook (1635–1644) New Haven (1638–1664) New England Confederation (1643–1654; 1675–c. 1680) Carolina (1663–1712) Rupert's Land (1670–1811) North-Western Territory (1670–1870) East Jersey (1674–1702) West Jersey (1674–1702) Dominion of New England (1686–1689) Indian Reserve (1763–1783) Quebec (1763–1783) East Florida (1763–1783) West Florida (1763–1783) New Ireland (1779–1783; 1814–1815) Columbia District (1810–1846) Red River Colony (1811–1818) Stickeen Territories (1862–1863) Colony of British Columbia (1863–1866) Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island (1866–1871) Province of British Columbia (1871–1903)
Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States
Columbian Viceroyalty (1492–1535) New Spain 1521–1821; Spanish Florida, 1565–1763 New Navarre, 1565–1821 Captaincy General of the Philippines, 1565–1898 Captaincy General of Puerto Rico, 1580–1898 Santa Fe de Nuevo México, 1598–1821 Captaincy General of Cuba, 1607–1801 Spanish Saint Croix, 1650–1651 Spanish Texas, 1690–1821 Las Californias, 1767–1804 Spanish Louisiana, 1769–1801 Provincias Internas, 1776–1821 Spanish East Florida, 1783–1821 Spanish West Florida, 1783–1821 Alta California, 1804–1821 New France 1534–1763; French Florida, 1562–1565 Hospitaller Saint Croix, 1651–1665 French Saint Croix, 1665–1733 French Louisiana, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803 New Netherland (1614–1667) Dutch Virgin Islands (1625–1672) New Sweden (1638–1655) Danish West Indies (1672–1917) Brandenburger Saint Thomas (1685–1754) Krabbeninsel (1689–1693) Scottish Darien Company (1698) Russian America (1799–1867)
Related Documents
Discourse Concerning Western Planting (1584) Mayflower Compact (1620) Mourt's Relation (1622) Of Plymouth Plantation (1630–1651) Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1638) Quintipartite Deed (1676)
Category

v t e Political divisions of the United States
List of states and territories
States	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Federal district	Washington, D.C.
Territories	American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Outlying islands	Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island
Indian reservations	List of Indian reservations
International concessions	Guantanamo Bay Pituffik