Jump to content

User:Apollo1758/workspace

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
< User:Apollo1758

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Apollo1758 (talk | contribs) at 01:32, 17 August 2012 (→Religion). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"The Northeast" redirects here. For other uses, see Northeast.
A map of the Northeastern United States as defined by the United States Census Bureau, though other entities define the region in varying ways.

The Northeastern United States or simply the Northeast is a region of the United States as defined by the United States Census Bureau.[1]

Definition

The U.S. Census Bureau defines the region as comprising nine states: the New England states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont; and the Mid-Atlantic states of New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania.[2] The Census Bureau regions are "widely used...for data collection and analysis."[3][4][5] Not all definitions of the Northeastern United States, however, are the same as the Census Bureau's.[6][7] For example, colloquial definitions of the Northeast may include parts of Delaware, Maryland, and the District of Columbia.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

Geography

Catskill Mountains of New York

The Northeastern United States is bounded to the northwest by Canada, to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the American South, and to the west by the American Midwest. The Census-defined region occupies a total area of 181,324 sq mi (469,630 km2), making it slightly larger than Sweden.[15][16]

Topography

In the Mid-Atlantic region, the Atlantic coastal plain extends southward from the New York Bight into New Jersey, and the Piedmont runs from northern New Jersey through southeastern Pennsylvania.[17][18] The Fall Line, which crosses through Paterson, New Jersey, Trenton, New Jersey, and Philadelphia, marks the boundary between the Atlantic coastal plain and Piedmont.[19][20] The Appalachian Mountains extend across inland regions of New England and the Mid-Atlantic. Historically, the Appalachians presented a significant barrier to east-west land travel in the Northeast because of their steep valleys and ridges.[21][22]

According to the United States Geological Survey, the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division can be divided into the New England province, Piedmont, Blue Ridge Mountains, Ridge-and-Valley, Appalachian Plateau, Adirondack, and St. Lawrence Valley physiographic provinces.[18][23] The New England province consists of a plateau-like upland in New England that gradually rises inland from the coast and slopes to maximum altitudes of 2,200 feet (670 m).[24] The Blue Ridge Mountains extend south of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania into Maryland.[25] The Ridge-and-Valley province is characterized by parallel ridges, with rolling valleys in between, extending westward from southeastern New York through Pennsylvania.[26] The Appalachian Plateau stretches from southern New York across western Pennsylvania, forming the western part of the Appalachian mountains. The Allegheny Front, a rugged escarpment that forms part of the Eastern Continental Divide, separates the Appalachian Plateau and the Ridge-and-Valley provinces.[27] The Adirondack Mountains, located in northeastern New York, consist of a nearly circular dome of eroded peaks, either isolated or in groups.[28] Northwest of the Appalachians and Adirondacks, the Saint Lawrence River valley slopes downward toward the Saint Lawrence River, Lake Ontario, and Lake Erie.[18]

Mount Washington in New Hampshire is the highest peak in the Northeastern United States and the second-highest peak in the Appalachian Mountain system, at 6,288 feet (1,917 m).[29] It is the site of the second highest recorded wind speed on Earth,[30][31] and has the reputation of having the world's worst weather.[29][32]

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification scheme, the majority of the Northeast lies within the humid continental climate region (Dfa or Dfb).[33] In addition, portions of the Mid-Atlantic region occupy the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate region (Cfa), including New York City,[33][34][35] Philadelphia,[33] and parts of New Jersey.[33][36] The region has four distinct seasons, with temperatures ranging from warm to hot in the summer to below 32 °F (0 °C) in the winter.[37] The New England region has bright and colorful "fall foliage", and a seasonal tourist industry has grown up around the few weeks in autumn when the leaves are at their peak.

Especially during the winter,[38] the region can experience "nor'easters", which can produce flooding, gale force winds, beach erosion, and blizzards.[39][40] The storm, a type of extratropical cyclone, is named because the winds over coastal areas blow from a northeasterly direction and the storm travels to the northeast.[40] The strongest effects of the storm reach the major coastal cities of the Northeast.[40] Hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakes can occur but are rare.[41][42][43]

History

All of the states in the Northeast were among the original Thirteen Colonies, though Maine and Vermont were considered part of other colonies at the time.

New England

The Landing of the Pilgrims (1877) by Henry A. Bacon
Main article: History of New England

The first Europeans to settle New England were Pilgrims from England, who landed in present-day Massachusetts in 1620.[44] The Pilgrims arrived by the Mayflower and founded Plymouth Colony so they could practice religion freely.[44] Ten years later, a larger group of Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston to form Massachusetts Bay Colony.[45] In 1636, the colonies of Connecticut and Providence were established.[46][47] Providence was founded by Roger Williams, who was banished by Massachusetts for his beliefs in freedom of religion, and it was the first colony to guarantee all citizens freedom of worship.[47] Anne Hutchinson, who was also banished by Massachusetts, formed the town of Portsmouth.[47] Providence, Portsmouth, and two other towns consolidated to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.[47]

New England played a prominent role in early American education, literature, and philosophy. Starting in the 17th century, the larger towns in New England opened grammar schools, the forerunner of the modern high school. The most famous was the Boston Latin School, which was founded in 1635 as the first public school in the English colonies.[48] In 1636, the colonial legislature of Massachusetts founded Harvard College, the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.[49]

In the late 18th century, the New England Colonies initiated the resistance to the British Parliament's efforts to impose new taxes without the consent of the colonists. The Boston Tea Party was a protest that angered Great Britain, which responded with the "Intolerable Acts", stripping the colonies of self-government. The confrontation led to open warfare in 1775, the expulsion of the British from New England in spring 1776, and the Declaration of Independence in July 1776.

Mid-Atlantic

Since colonial times, the region was home to a wider variety of European cultures. Henry Hudson explored the area of present-day New York in 1609 and claimed it for the Dutch. His journey stimulated Dutch interest, and the area became known as New Netherland. In 1625, the city of New Amsterdam (the location of present-day New York City) was designated the capital of the province.[50] The Dutch New Netherland settlement along the Hudson River and, for a time, the New Sweden settlement along the Delaware River divided the English settlements in the north and the south. In 1664, Charles II of England formally annexed New Netherland and incorporated it into the English colonial empire.[51] The territory became the colonies of New York and New Jersey.[51] New Jersey was originally split into East Jersey and West Jersey until the two were united as a royal colony in 1702.[51] In 1681, William Penn, who wanted to give Quakers a land of religious freedom, founded Pennsylvania and extended freedom of religion to all religions.[52]

Philadelphia was the meeting place of the Founding Fathers of the United States, who signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776 and adopted the United States Constitution on September 17, 1787.

Culture

Religion

While some regions of the United States are predominantly Protestant, six of the states in the Northeast are predominantly Roman Catholic, with Rhode Island having the highest percentage of Catholics in the Continental United States.[53] This is largely due to substantial levels of immigration the region received in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from Ireland, Italy, Quebec, and other Catholic regions. It has the largest concentration and percentage of Jews in the United States. The region also has the highest number of Hindus and Sikhs in the nation. This is due to the fact that the Northeast has more people of Indian descent than any other part of the country, and in the world outside India.

Although the first settlers of New England were motivated by religion, New England has become one of the least religious parts of the United States. In Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts, less than 50% of residents view religion as an important part of their daily life, according to a 2009 Gallup poll.[54]

Ethnic diversity

Manhattan's Chinatown is home to the largest enclave of Chinese people in the Western hemisphere.[55][56][57][58][59]

The Northeast is one of the most ethnically diverse regions in the United States.

Cuisine

The New England cuisine is characterized by extensive use of seafood and dairy products.

Cuisine of New England: clam chowder, baked beans, lobster, Apple cider, Apple pie

The cuisine of the Mid-Atlantic states has been influenced by the region's immigrant population.

New York City cuisine: Hot dogs, Manhattan clam chowder, New York-style pizza, Italian Ice, Ice Cream Cone

Philadelphia cuisine: cheesesteak, hoagie, soft pretzel, scrapple, tasty cake, water ice

Media

Accents

Sports

Politics

The Northeast region is known for its political liberalism. For example, every state in the region voted for John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election. Pennsylvania, however, is considered a state that either a Republican or Democratic presidential candidate could win.

Historical

Present

Economy

The Northeast is the wealthiest region of the United States. In 2007, the wealthiest states included New Jersey (second), Connecticut (third), and Massachusetts (fifth), according to the U.S. Census Bureau. New York alone accounts for nearly 8 percent of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) as of 2005.

Until World War II, the economy of the Northeast was largely driven by industry. The Northeast's rapid industrialization followed the British Industrial Revolution, starting in 1789 when Samuel Slater emigrated from England to Rhode Island in hopes of making a fortune. Slater, known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution", opened the first American water-powered textile mill in 1793 with a design that replicated a British model.

New York City has the largest regional economy in the United States and the second largest city economy in the world after Tokyo.[60] Anchored by Wall Street, New York City is the financial capital of the United States and one of the world's two premier financial centers, alongside London.[61][62][63][64][65] New York City is home to the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ, the world's largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and trading activity.

Education

Colleges and universities

Location of Ivy league institutions

The Northeast is home to the eight Ivy League institutions: Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University. Although the term Ivy League was coined to describe an athletic conference,[66][67] the phrase has connotations of academic prestige, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism.[68] The U.S. News and World Report ranks all eight Ivy League schools rank within the top fifteen colleges and universities in the United States.[69] Seven of the Ivy League schools, in addition to Rutgers University (formerly named Queen's College), were chartered before the United States became a sovereign nation.[70]. The Northeast is also home to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which is considered one of the top universities nationally and globally,[71][72][73][74] and Carnegie Mellon University, which consistently ranks among the top 25 universities in the nation.[69][75]

The region contains the "Little Ivies", an informal group of old, academically elite liberal arts colleges comparable to the Ivy League. Although the term is sometimes synonymous with the "Little Three"—Amherst, Wesleyan, and Williams[76][77][78]—the term can also refer to schools of the modern-day New England Small College Athletic Conference.[79][80] The schools of the "Seven Sisters", historically women's colleges, are also in the Northeast.[81][82]

Demography

New York, the most populated city of the United States
Philadelphia, the second most populated city in the Northeast and the fifth most populated city in the United States
Boston, the most populated city in New England and the third most populated in the Northeast

The region accounts for approximately 25% of U.S. gross domestic product as of 2007.[83] As of the 2010 Census, the population of the region totaled 55,317,240.[84]

Rank Metropolitan Area State(s) and/or Territory 2010 Census Population
1 New York CT, NJ, NY 18,897,109
2 Philadelphia DE, MD, NJ, PA 5,965,343
3 Boston MA, NH, RI 4,552,402
4 Pittsburgh PA 2,356,285
5 Providence MA, RI 1,600,852
6 Hartford CT 1,212,381
7 Buffalo NY 1,135,509
8 Rochester NY 1,054,323

[85]

Rank City State(s) and/or Territory 2010 Census Population
1 New York City NY 8,175,133
2 Philadelphia PA 1,526,006
3 Boston MA 617,594
4 Pittsburgh PA 305,704
5 Newark NJ 277,140
6 Buffalo NY 261,310
7 Jersey City NJ 247,597
8 Rochester NY 210,565
9 Yonkers NY 195,976

[86]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States" (PDF). US Census Bureau.
  2. ^ http://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf US Regional Divisions], accessed 16 Apr 2008
  3. ^ "The National Energy Modeling System: An Overview 2003" (Report #:DOE/EIA-0581, October 2009). United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration.
  4. ^ "The most widely used regional definitions follow those of the U.S. Bureau of the Census." Seymour Sudman and Norman M. Bradburn, Asking Questions: A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design (1982). Jossey-Bass: p. 205.
  5. ^ "Perhaps the most widely used regional classification system is one developed by the U.S. Census Bureau." Dale M. Lewison, Retailing, Prentice Hall (1997): p. 384. ISBN 978-0-13-461427-4
  6. ^ "Northeast", MSN Encarta dictionary.
  7. ^ American Heritage Dictionary on dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/northeast {{citation}}: |section= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ^ "Regions of the United States". American Memory. The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2012-08-16.
  9. ^ "Region 3: The Mid-Atlantic States". www.epa.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2012-08-16.
  10. ^ "Your Local FBI Office". www.fbi.gov. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 2012-08-16.
  11. ^ "Routes Serving the Northeast". National Railroad Passenger Corporation. Retrieved 2012-08-16.
  12. ^ "Best Regional Colleges". www.princetonreview.com. The Princeton Review. Retrieved 2012-08-16.
  13. ^ Leonardo, Victoria (2005). The Northeast region. Pelham. N.Y.: Benchmark Education Co. ISBN 9781410846129.
  14. ^ McIlwraith, ed. by Thomas F. (2001). North America : the historical geography of a changing continent (2. ed. ed.). Lanham [u.a.]: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742500198. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); |first= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts, Census 2000 Geography Glossary, U.S. Census Bureau. Accessed 2012-08-15.
  16. ^ "Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density" (Document). United Nations Statistics Division. 2010. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |format= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  17. ^ "Atlantic Coastal Plain". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  18. ^ a b c "A Tapestry of Time and Terrain: The Union of Two Maps - Geology and Topography". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  19. ^ "The Fall Line". National Atlas of the United States. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  20. ^ Freitag, Bob (2009). Floodplain Management: A New Approach for a New Era. Island Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-59726-635-2. Retrieved August 16, 2012. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Siepel, Kevin H. (2006). Joseph Bennett of Evans and the growing of New York's Niagara Frontier. Angola, N.Y.: Spruce Tree Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780978646615.
  22. ^ O'Kelly, Edward J. Taaffe, Howard L. Gauthier, Morton E. (1996). Geography of transportation (2nd ed. ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 9780133685725. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ "Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S." United States Geologic Survey. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  24. ^ "Geomorphic Provinces and Sections of the New York Bight Watershed". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Conservation Library. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  25. ^ Taylor, Janis L.; Kurtz, Rachel. "Blue Ridge Mountains". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  26. ^ "Geology of the Valley and Ridge". National Park Service. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  27. ^ Hurst, Dave (2009). Pennsylvania's Allegheny Mountains : the first frontier. Charleston, SC: History Press. ISBN 9781596297241.
  28. ^ Ryan, James (2008). Adirondack wildlife : a field guide. Durham, N.H.: University of New Hampshire Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN 9781584657491.
  29. ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". Mount Washington Observatory. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  30. ^ "The Story of the World Record Wind". Mount Washington Observatory. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  31. ^ "World Record Wind Gust: 408 km/h". World Meteorological Organization. January 22, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  32. ^ Hrin, Eric (March 26, 2011). "Wolfe turns love of books into career; One-hundredth anniversary of library in Troy approaching". The Daily Review. Towanda, PA. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  33. ^ a b c d Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. "World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification". The University of Melbourne. Retrieved 2012-08-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ "New York Polonia Polish Portal in New York". Copyright © 2010-2012 NewYorkPolonia.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  35. ^ Travel New York. Boston: MobileReference.com. 2006. ISBN 9781605010281.
  36. ^ "New Jersey State Climate". AtoZtheUSA.com. World Trade Press. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  37. ^ Boyden, Jennifer. "Climate Regions of the United States". Demand Media. USA Today. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  38. ^ Multi-Community Environmental Storm Observatory (2006). "Nor'easters" (PDF). Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  39. ^ McDanal-Piemme, Rick Schwartz ; editors, Al Karr, Kevin Myatt ; graphic designers, Tracylee Hertzog, Meredith (2007). Hurricanes and the Middle Atlantic States (1st ed. ed.). Springfield, Va.: Blue Diamond Books. ISBN 9780978628000. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ a b c "Know the Dangers of Nor'easters". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  41. ^ Dolce, Chris; Ballisty, Tim. "Heed the Warnings, Irene a Rare but Dangerous Hurricane". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 16 August 2012. There is historical precedence for a hurricane impacting the major metropolitan areas of the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast but these hurricanes are rare.
  42. ^ "Northeast of U.S. quivers in rare quake". CNN. April 20, 2002. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  43. ^ "Deadly twisters rare in northeast: US". Agence France-Presse. June 2, 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2012. Deadly tornadoes like the one that struck Massachusetts are unusual but not unheard of in the northeastern United States
  44. ^ a b Arenstam, Peter (2007). Mayflower 1620 : a new look at a pilgrim voyage. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. ISBN 9780792262763. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ "A Brief History of Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA". Cambridge Historical Commission. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  46. ^ Kelly, Martin. "Connecticut Colony". About.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  47. ^ a b c d Kelly, Martin. "Rhode Island Colony". About.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  48. ^ Jenks, Henry Fitch (1880). The Boston Public Latin School. 1635-1880. M. King. Retrieved August 16, 2012. {{cite book}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)
  49. ^ "Harvard University Founded". CelebrateBoston.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  50. ^ Barreveld, Drs. Dirk J. (2001). From New Amsterdam to New York : the founding of New York by the Dutch in July 1625. New York: Writers Club Press. ISBN 9780595198900.
  51. ^ a b c "The Middle Colonies". Radford University. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  52. ^ Forrest, Tuomi J. "William Penn - Introduction". Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  53. ^ Newport, Frank (August 7, 2009). "Religious Identity: States Differ Widely". Gallup. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  54. ^ Newport, Frank. "State of the States: Importance of Religion". Gallup. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  55. ^ "Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet" (PDF). www.explorechinatown.com. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  56. ^ "Chinatown". Indo New York. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  57. ^ Sarah Waxman. "The History of New York's Chinatown". Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  58. ^ David M. Reimers. "Still the golden door: the Third ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  59. ^ Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz. "BEYOND CHINATOWN: DUAL IMMIGRATION AND THE CHINESE POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN NEW YORK CITY, 2000, Page 4" (PDF). Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 110-119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
  60. ^ "London ranked as world's six largest economy". ITWeek. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  61. ^ "The World's Most Expensive Real Estate Markets". CNBC. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  62. ^ Review, Princeton; Gilbert, Nedda (2009-10-06). The Best 301 Business Schools 2010 by Princeton Review, Nedda Gilbert. ISBN 978-0-375-42959-0. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  63. ^ "Financial Capital of the World: NYC". Wired New York/Bloomberg. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  64. ^ "The Tax Capital of the World". The Wall Street Journal. 2009-04-11. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  65. ^ "JustOneMinute – Editorializing From The Financial Capital Of The World". Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  66. ^ "What is the origin of the term, Ivy League?". Retrieved 2012-08-14.
  67. ^ "A Brief History of the Ivy League". Dartmouth College. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  68. ^ Eisenmann, ed. by Linda (1998). Historical dictionary of women's education in the United States (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313293238. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  69. ^ a b "National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  70. ^ Stoeckel, Althea (1). "Presidents, professors, and politics: the colonial colleges and the American revolution". Conspectus of History. 1 (3): 45. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  71. ^ "America's Best Colleges". Forbes. 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  72. ^ "National Universities Rankings". America's Best Colleges 2012. U.S. News & World Report. September 13, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  73. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities: Global". Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
  74. ^ "QS World University Rankings". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
  75. ^ "Top 400 – The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2011–2012". The Times Higher Education. 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  76. ^ Tyre, Peg & William Lee Adams (2005), "Prep Chic," Newsweek, May 4, 2005 "23 percent of Taft graduates attended one of the Ivies or little Ivies (Wesleyan, Williams and Amherst)."
  77. ^ Union-News (Springfield, MA), December 5, 1988, p. 13 (quotes a Bryn Mawr official: "If the Seven Sisters were now Siblings, she asked, did that mean that Wesleyan, Williams and Amherst colleges, referred to as the 'Little Ivies,' were cousins?")
  78. ^ The New York Times (1970): "Students decline Wesleyan offers," June 15, 1970, p. 28: "Amherst College, a member with Williams and Wesleyan in the Little Ivy League..."
  79. ^ As of 2005, the NESCAC (website) includes: Amherst, Bates, Bowdoin, Colby, Connecticut College, Hamilton, Middlebury, Trinity, Tufts, Wesleyan, and Williams.
  80. ^ An explanation of "Little Ivy" at athletesadvisor.com
  81. ^ Irene Harwarth. "Women's Colleges in the United States: History, Issues, and Challenges". U.S. Department of Education National Institute on Post-secondary Education, Libraries, and Lifelong Learning. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  82. ^ Robert A. McCaughey (Spring 2003). "Women and the Academy". Higher Learning in America, History BC4345x. Barnard College.
  83. ^ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State [dead link]
  84. ^ http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf
  85. ^ "Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico more information 2010 Census National Summary File of Redistricting Data". 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 14, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  86. ^ "American FactFinder". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2011.


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Apollo1758/workspace&oldid=507772628"