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Jeju Air Flight 2216

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Jeju Air Flight 2216
HL8088, the aircraft involved in the accident, in 2022
Accident
Date29 December 2024 (2024-12-29)
SummaryOvershot runway to uncommon runway wall during belly landing after landing gear failure, under investigation
SiteMuan International Airport, South Jeolla, South Korea
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 737-8AS[a]
OperatorJeju Air
IATA flight No.7C2216
ICAO flight No.JJA2216
Call signJEJU AIR 2216
RegistrationHL8088
Flight originSuvarnabhumi Airport, Samut Prakan, Thailand
DestinationMuan International Airport, South Jeolla, South Korea
Occupants181
Passengers175
Crew6
Fatalities179
Injuries2
Survivors2

Jeju Air Flight 2216 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Suvarnabhumi Airport near Bangkok, Thailand, to Muan International Airport in Muan County, South Korea. On 29 December 2024, the Boeing 737-800 operating the flight overran the runway at Muan while attempting a belly landing without its main landing gear deployed. The aircraft crashed into a barrier at the end of the runway and exploded, resulting in 179 of the 181 occupants dead. Two crew members aboard the plane survived with injuries.[1]

The accident marked the deadliest aviation disaster involving a South Korean airliner since the 1997 crash of Korean Air Flight 801 in Guam and became the deadliest aviation incident on South Korean soil, surpassing the 2002 crash of Air China Flight 129.[2] It was also the first fatal accident in Jeju Air's 19-year history.[3] It is the deadliest mass casualty incident in South Korea since the sinking of MV Sewol in 2014.

This accident stands as the deadliest aviation disaster of 2024 to date,[4] the deadliest involving a Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft, surpassing the 2020 downing of Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, and the deadliest airliner crash of the 2020s.[4] It is also the deadliest aviation accident since the 2018 crash of Lion Air Flight 610.[5]

Background

Aircraft

The aircraft involved, while still in service with Ryanair, registered as EI-EFR

The aircraft involved was a Boeing 737-8AS[a] registered as HL8088, and was equipped with two CFM International CFM56-7B engines.[7][8] It first flew on 19 August 2009 and was delivered new to Ryanair as EI-EFR. Ryanair leased the aircraft until 2017, after which it was transferred to Jeju Air by the lessor, SMBC Aviation Capital.[9][10][11] Less than a month before the crash, Jeju Air had resumed regular international services at Muan International Airport following a suspension caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the aircraft involved was making four flights a week between the airport and Bangkok,[12] a service that Jeju Air had only begun on 8 December.[13]

Passengers and crew

Of the 175 passengers, two were Thai nationals and the other 173 were South Korean.[14][15] The oldest on board was born in 1946 and the youngest was born in 2021.[16] Of the 181 people on board, there were 82 men and 93 women.[17] Five passengers were under the age of 10.[18]

The captain was an employee of Jeju Air since 2019 and had accumulated over 6,820 hours of flight experience; the first officer had over 1,650 hours.[12] The crew also included four flight attendants; the two seated in the aft jump seats were the only survivors of the crash and were conscious.[19][16] They sustained moderate to serious wounds, including one with fractures to his ribs, shoulder blade and upper spine,[19] and the other with injuries to her ankle and head.[20] Both received medical treatment at separate hospitals in Mokpo before being transferred to a hospital in Seoul.[21][17] Both survivors appeared to be disoriented and were unable to remember what had happened immediately following the landing.[22]

Most of the passengers were returning home from a five-day Christmas package tour to Bangkok, with the travel agency organizing the tour having chartered the plane.[23] Thirteen passengers were reported to be active or former government officials on a provincial or local/municipal level, eight were current or former civil servants from Hwasun County, and five were administrative officers of the Jeonnam Provincial Office of Education.[24]

A total of 179 people were confirmed dead.[25] Local fire officials said that passengers were ejected from the aircraft after it hit the barrier, leaving little chance of survival.[26] Firefighters said some bodies were scattered 100 to 200 m (330 to 660 ft) from the crash site while others were found mutilated or burnt among the wreckage.[27]

Accident

Emergency crews responding to the crash

The aircraft pushed back from Concourse F, Gate F6 from Suvarnabhumi Airport at 2:11 a.m. ICT (UTC+7) and took off from Runway 02R at 2:28 a.m.[28][9][unreliable source?] Thai Officials said neither the aircraft nor the runway had been reported as abnormal.[19] It was carrying 181 occupants: 175 passengers and six crew.[29]

As the plane was preparing to land at Muan International Airport in South Korea, it was warned at 8:57 a.m KST (UTC+9) about the potential for a bird strike. A minute later, it issued a mayday alert.[5][30] At 9:00 a.m., the plane attempted an emergency landing, being forced to go around again after the landing gear was not deployed.[30] The crash occurred between 9:03[30] and 9:07 a.m as the aircraft attempted to land again.[31] It overshot the runway while attempting a belly landing without the landing gear deployed.[32][33] The aircraft made ground contact at the middle of the runway, reducing its available braking distance.[34] Video footage showed the aircraft skidding down the runway without landing gear then colliding with an embankment holding the ILS array and exploding.[35] Local residents said that they saw flames and sparks originating from the aircraft's right wing and heard explosions and "metal scraping" prior to impact. Some reported seeing a flock of birds being ingested into the right engine, causing a fire.[36] The only survivors were two crew members rescued from the tail section of the aircraft.[31]

External videos
video icon The airplane skidding along the runway and crashing into a wall

Emergency services received multiple calls around 9:03 a.m,[29] and the fire response issued a level-3 emergency, its highest alert.[37] According to the National Fire Agency, 1,562 personnel, including 490 firefighters, 340 military personnel and 455 police officers, were dispatched.[38][12] The fire was extinguished within 43 minutes,[39][40] while the flight data recorders were retrieved within the day.[19] The flight data recorder was found partially damaged while the cockpit voice recorder was intact.[41]

By 1:36 p.m, the firefighters had switched to search operations to recover bodies.[42] A temporary morgue was set up on site to handle the bodies recovered from the wreckage, and a waiting room was created for family members of the occupants at the airport with civil servants assigned to each family for support while they awaited news from the crash.[43] Later at night, the family members were temporarily accommodated at the dormitories of Mokpo National University.[44] Some family members provided officials with DNA samples at the airport to help identify the dead.[5] On 30 December, at 12:10 a.m, South Jeolla Province Governor Kim Yung-rok said 120 bodies had been identified, 159 bodies had had their fingerprints collected, and that the remaining 20 would be identified using DNA samples.[45] The fire department, at 2:47 a.m., said 137 bodies had been identified and DNA were still being collected to identify the remaining dead.[46]

The runway of Muan International Airport was ordered closed until 1 January 2025.[19] At the time of the crash, ongoing construction work had shortened the runway's length from 2,800 to 2,500 metres (9,200 to 8,200 ft); officials dismissed the possibility of the relatively short runway length having contributed to the accident.[47]

Investigation

At a press conference, Lee Jeong-hyun, Muan County fire chief, said that the cause of the landing gear failure was presumed to have been adverse weather combined with a bird strike;[48] the weather around the airport at the time of the crash was favorable with almost no wind, rain or clouds, and visibility was 9 kilometers (5.6 mi).[49] Jeff Guzzetti, a former accident investigator for the Federal Aviation Administration and National Transportation Safety Board, stated that "the aviation industry is built on redundancy and there are very few single-point failures in airplane design or airplane operations."[50]

Six minutes before the crash, the airport traffic control issued a warning of a possible bird strike. A minute later, the pilot declared a mayday.[51] Muan International Airport has the highest rate of bird strikes of the 14 regional airports in South Korea. Although the absolute number of strikes is small in statistical terms, the strike rate of 0.09% of flights is significantly higher than other major airports like Gimpo (0.018%) and Jeju (0.013%).[52] The airport was constructed near major bird habitats and feeding grounds, such as the Yeongsan lake and the mudflats of the southwest coast.[53] Due to the development of the nearby land, local birds are taking increasingly erratic routes, and climate change has led to many species of migratory birds becoming resident birds.[54]

Kim In-gyu, director of the Korea Aerospace University Flight Education Center, stated that it was unusual for all three landing gears to fail and that "it is difficult to conclude that a bird strike alone was responsible". Other experts said that even if one engine failed, the second engine should have been able to supply power to lower the landing gear.[55]

Professor Choi Kee-young of Inha University noted that reverse thrusters and wing flaps seemingly did not work.[55] After reviewing the footage of the crash, Professor Shawn Pruchnicki of Ohio State University commented that "a reverse thruster appeared to be in use on only one engine."[50] Keith Tonkin of Aviation Projects in Brisbane, Australia said the wing flaps had not been extended during the landing, and the aircraft was traveling down the runway faster than the typical landing speed.[5]

Both black boxes (the cockpit voice recorder and the flight data recorder) have been recovered, and the crash is being investigated by the Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board (ARAIB), with assistance from the NTSB, FAA and Boeing.[56][57]

Aftermath

The government declared Muan a special disaster zone and issued a period of national mourning until 5 January 2025.[19] Acting president and acting prime minister Choi Sang-mok, who acceded to the presidency two days prior following his acting predecessor Han Duck-soo's impeachment, ordered rescue efforts.[58] Korail announced a dedicated KTX train service, departing from Seoul for Mokpo at 3:00 p.m., free of charge for the family members of the passengers to reach Muan airport.[59][60]

A briefing was held in a conference room at the Muan International Airport, where first responders from the Muan Fire Department provided information to family members of the passengers. Several attendees expressed anger for not receiving hourly updates promised by government officials, for not being allowed near the accident site, and for being given inconsistent reports on which passengers had died. Many also expressed anger at Jeju Air for holding their press conference in Seoul, with no company officials present at the Muan Airport briefing. Acting President and acting Prime Minister Choi Sang-mok visited the site of the disaster, where several family members of passengers expressed dissatisfaction to him regarding the lack of real-time updates for those affected.[61][62]

The government of Gwangju designated a week-long mourning period from 29 December to 4 January 2025, with several new year events and celebrations being cancelled.[63] The governments of Jeonju, Jangheung County, Wando County, Haenam County, and South Jeolla Province also cancelled their regional New Year's Eve–associated events and instituted periods of mourning in response to the tragedy.[64][65] The announcement of South Korea's direction for its economic policy in 2025 was postponed due to the disaster.[66]

Reactions

Domestic

Suspended president Yoon Suk Yeol, who had been impeached for his botched martial law imposition earlier in the month,[67] expressed his condolences through social media.[68]

Jeju Air released a statement on its website apologizing for the accident and temporarily removed links to purchase tickets.[69][70] Its CEO, Kim E-bae,[19] released an apology on the Jeju Air website.[71][72] Chang Young-shin, the chair of Jeju Air's parent company Aekyung Group, also issued an apology. The airline deployed 260 employees to assist families of the victims in Muan.[73]

An emergency text message was sent by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety two hours and forty-five minutes after the disaster, leading to criticism from Muan County locals at its belatedness and an apology from county officials. Two emergency text messages sent by the Yeonggwang County government also drew criticism for relaying irrelevant information that included messages of condolence and support instead of disaster and response information, as standardized by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety.[74]

International

Thai Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra,[75] German Chancellor Olaf Scholz,[76] Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy,[77] Japanese Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba,[78] Chinese President Xi Jinping,[79] Turkish President Recep Erdogan, Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic,[80] German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier[81] and US President Joe Biden[82] expressed sympathy to the families of the dead and injured. Multiple diplomatic missions in South Korea and Boeing also expressed their condolences to victims' families.[83][84] The Saudi Arabian foreign ministry expressed its condolences to the families of those who died.[85] The Holy See also sent condolences.[86]

The United States announced it was dispatching investigators from the National Transportation Safety Board, Federal Aviation Administration and manufacturer, Boeing, to South Korea so they can assist in the Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board's inquiry into the crash.[87]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b The airliner was a Boeing 737-800 model; for aircraft made up to 2016, Boeing assigns a unique code for each company that buys one of its airliners, which is applied as a suffix to the model number at the time the aircraft is built, hence "737-8AS" designates a 737-800 built for Ryanair (customer code AS).[6]

References

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