Jump to content

Bangladeshis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 43.229.12.149 (talk) at 22:13, 29 September 2024. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about Bangladeshi people. For Bengali people as ethnic group, see Bengalis.
"Bangladeshi" redirects here. For other uses, see Bangladeshi (disambiguation).

Bangladeshis
বাংলাদেশী
Total population
c. 190 million
Regions with significant populations
 Bangladesh 174,000,000[1]
Diaspora:c. 13 million+[2]
 Saudi Arabia2,116,192[3]
 UAE1,090,000[4]
 Malaysia1,000,000[5]
 Oman680,242[6]
 United Kingdom652,535[7][8][9]
 Qatar400,000[10]
 Italy400,000[11]
 Kuwait350,000[12]
 South Africa300,000[13]
 United States304,425[14]
 Bahrain180,000[15]
 Lebanon160,000[16]
 Jordan150,000[17]
 Singapore150,000[18]
 Maldives150,000[19]
 Canada75,425[20]
 Australia51,491[21]
 Greece80,000[22]
 Portugal70,000 (2024)[23][24][25][26]
 Spain50,000[11][27]
 Brunei30,000–40,000[28]
 Japan27,962[29]
 Mauritius25,000[30]
 South Korea22,000[31]
 Libya20,000[32]
 Poland18,000[33]
 Germany16,410[34]
 Egypt15,000[35]
 France15,000[36]
 Sweden12,279[37]
 Finland7,000[38]
 Brazil6,000[39]
 Netherlands6,000[22]
 Belgium5,000[22]
 Austria3,300[40]
 New Zealand2,337[41]
 Russia2,000[42]
Languages
Bengali, various languages of Bangladesh
English[43]
Religion
Majority:
Islam[44]
Minority:
Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity[45] and others (including atheism, agnosticism and unaffiliated)[46]
Related ethnic groups
other Indo-Aryan peoples
Part of a series on
Bengalis
Bengali history
Bengali homeland
Bengali people
Bengali culture
Bengali symbols
Bengali nationalism

Bangladeshis (Template:Lang-bn[47] [ˈbaŋladeʃi]) are the citizens of Bangladesh, a South Asian country centred on the transnational historical region of Bengal along the eponymous bay.

Bangladeshi citizenship was formed in 1971, when the permanent residents of the former East Pakistan were transformed into citizens of a new republic.[48] Bangladesh is the world's eighth most populous nation. The vast majority of Bangladeshis are ethnolinguistically Bengalis, an Indo-Aryan people. The population of Bangladesh is concentrated in the fertile Bengal delta, which has been the centre of urban and agrarian civilizations for millennia. The country's highlands, including the Chittagong Hill Tracts and parts of the Sylhet Division, are home to various tribal minorities.

Bengali Muslims are the predominant ethnoreligious group of Bangladesh with a population of 150.36 million, which makes up 91.04% of the country's population as of 2022.[49][50][51] The minority Bengali Hindu population made up approximately 7.95% of the population of the country according to the 2022 Census[52][53] Non-Bengali Muslims make up the largest immigrant community; while the Tibeto-Burman Chakmas, who speak the Indo-Aryan Chakma language, are the largest indigenous ethnic group after Indo-Aryan Bengalis.[54] The Austroasiatic Santhals are the largest aboriginal community.

The Bangladeshi diaspora is concentrated in the Arab world, North America and the United Kingdom. A significant number of Non-Resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) have dual citizenship in different countries.

Terminology

Bangladesh in Asia

After Independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Bangladeshis, as a nationality, have been referred to by various terms:

  • Bangladeshis, the most widely used term to refer to the citizens of Bangladesh, comes from Bangladesh (meaning "Country of Bengal"), and can be traced to the early 20th century. Then, the term was used by Bengali patriotic songs like Namo Namo Namo Bangladesh Momo, by Kazi Nazrul Islam, and Aaji Bangladesher Hridoy, by Rabindranath Tagore.[55]
  • Bangalees, an exonym for Bengalis, was used between 1972 and 1978 by the Constitution of Bangladesh for all citizens of Bangladesh, despite 2% of the population being indigenous and immigrant non-Bengalis. Under President Ziaur Rahman, the constitutional term was changed to Bangladeshi, as part of efforts to promote Bangladeshi nationalism.[56] The term "Bangalee" is still used to denote people of Bangladesh as a nation.[57]

None of these terms should be conflated with Bengalis, the name of the predominant ethnic group in the country who make up the bulk of all Bangladeshis.

Demographics

The region of Bengal was settled by people of diverse origins, including Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic ancestry, with the most ancient settlements traced back to 4000 BCE.[58]

Religious demographics

Religions in Bangladesh (2022)[59]

  Islam (91.04%)
  Hinduism (7.95%)
  Buddhism (0.61%)
  Christianity (0.30%)
  Others (0.12%)

Bangladesh has a 2024 population of 174 million according to United Nations projections.[1] As per as 2020 estimation research, around 13 million Bangladeshis lives abroad in the various foreign nation's.[2][60] The estimated total population of all Bangladeshis including the ones who are living in their country and abroad is about 187 million as per 2020–21 estimation.[1][2][60]

Bangladesh religious diversity as per 2022 census[61][53][62]
Religion Population %
Muslims () 150,360,404 91.04%
Hindus () 13,130,109 7.95%
Buddhists () 1,007,467 0.61%
Christians () 495,475 0.30%
Others 198,190 0.12%
Total 165,158,616 100%

Bengalis

Bangladeshi artists performing in a dance show
Bangladeshi girls taking Selfie at Pohela Falgun

Approximately 99% of the Bangladeshis are Bengalis. East Bengal was a prosperous melting pot for centuries. It witnessed a synthesis of Islamic, North Indian and indigenous Bengali cultures. Today, Bengalis enjoy strong cultural homogeneity with a common standardized language and a variety of dialects.

Religions in Bangladesh (2022)[63][64]
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 91.04%
Hinduism
 
 7.95%
Buddhism
 
 0.61%
Christianity
 
 0.30%
Others
 
 0.12%

Over 91.04% of the population are Bengali Muslims (150.36 million) as of 2022. This makes Bangladesh the world's third largest Muslim majority country after Indonesia and Pakistan. Bengali Muslims also make up the world's second largest Muslim ethnic group after Arab Muslims. Most Bangladeshi Muslims are member of the Sunni branch of Islam. There are significant minorities of the Shia and Ahmadiya branches. Bengali Hindus are the largest minority of Bangladesh, with a population between 13.1 million constituting 7.95% as per 2022 Census.[53] Bangladesh has the third largest Hindu population in the world after India and Nepal. There are an estimated 400,000 Bengali Christians and 500,000 Bengali Buddhists.

The Bengali population is concentrated in Bengal delta, the coastal areas of Chittagong Division and the river valleys of Sylhet-Division.

Non-Bengali Muslims

An estimated 3 million Bangladeshi citizens are non-Bengali Muslim immigrants from different parts of South Asia. They include affluent sections of the country's merchant and business class, particularly Nizari Ismailism adherents.[65] They also include former Stranded Pakistanis and their descendants. Bangladesh's non-Bengali Muslims are usually fluent in both Bengali and Hindustani. Also there are over 1 million Rohingya Muslim refugees living in Bangladesh who came here during the period of (2016–17) crisis.[66] On 28 September 2018, at the 73rd United Nations General Assembly, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said there are 1.1–1.3 million Rohingya refugees now settled in Bangladesh.[67][68]

Tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts

Chakma dancers in a village in Chittagong hill track.

In southeastern Bangladesh, the Chittagong Hill Tracts frontier has a district history. It was an exclusive zone for Tibeto-Burman tribes in Bengal during the British Raj. Today, the area makes up 10% of Bangladesh's territory. It is home to several indigenous ethnic groups in the three hill districts of Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari. The three largest communities in the region have a Raja as their tribal chief who is recognized by the Government of Bangladesh.

Ethnic groups of North and Northeast Bangladesh

There are several Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman and Indo-Aryan ethnic groups which inhabit parts of northern and northeastern Bangladesh.

Tribes of Southern Bangladesh

  • An Arakanese Rakhine community has resided in Barisal Division for three centuries. They arrived by the sea after escaping Burmese conquests in the 17th century.[94][95]

Rural society

The basic social unit in a village is the family (poribar or gushti), generally consisting of a complete or incomplete patrilineally extended household (chula) and residing in a homestead (bari). The individual nuclear family often is submerged in the larger unit and might be known as the house (ghor). Above the bari level, patrilineal kin ties are linked into sequentially larger groups based on real, fictional, or assumed relationships.[96]

A significant unit larger than that of close kin is the voluntary religious and mutual benefit association known as "the society" (shomaj or milat). Among the functions of a shomaj might be the maintenance of a Mosque and support of a mullah. An informal council of shomaj elders (matabdars or shordars) settles disputes taking place in the village . Factional competition between the motobdars is a major dynamic of social and political interaction.[96]

Groups of homes in a village are called Paras, and each para has its own name. Several paras constitute a mauza, the basic revenue and census survey unit. The traditional character of rural villages was changing in the latter half of the 20th century with the addition of brick structures of one or more stories scattered among the more common thatched bamboo huts.[96]

Although farming has traditionally been ranked among the most desirable occupations, villagers in the 1980s began to encourage their children to leave the increasingly overcrowded countryside to seek more secure employment in the towns. Traditional sources of prestige, such as landholding, distinguished lineage, and religious piety were beginning to be replaced by modern education, higher income, and steadier work. These changes, however, did not prevent rural poverty from increasing greatly.

View of downtown Dhaka, the largest city in Bangladesh and one of the world's most populated cities

Urban society

In 2015, 34% of Bangladeshis lived in cities.[97] Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh and one of the world's most populous megacities. Other important cities include Chittagong, Sylhet, Khulna, Rajshahi, Bogura, Jessore, Barisal, Comilla, Narayanganj and Mymensingh. Most urban centres are rural administrative towns. Urban centres grew in number and population during the 1980s as a result of an administrative decentralization program that featured the creation of upazilas.[98]

Identity

Bangladesh is noted for cultural pluralism within a Bengali Muslim majority. Secularism has been an important contributor to the nation's society and ethos. The Bengali language is a fundamental element of Bangladeshi identity. It is a secular language which evolved between the 7th and 10th centuries, with an indigenous alphabet, and unites people of different faiths and regions.[citation needed] The Bengali Language Movement sowed the seeds of East Pakistani nationalism, ultimately culminating in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Since independence, the relationship between religion and the state has been controversial. Between 1972 and 1975, Bangladesh experienced socialism under a secular parliamentary system. Military coups ushered a sixteen-year presidential regime, which restored the free market and promoted moderate Islamism. In 1988, Islam was made the state religion. In 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court reaffirmed the principle of separation of mosque and state in the constitution.[citation needed] The government generally respects freedom of religion and ensures protection for minorities.[99] Another debate on national identity concerns attitudes towards the Chittagong Hill Tracts. A low-level insurgency took place in the region to demand constitutional autonomy against Bengali settlements. Despite a peace treaty in 1997, the Bangladeshi government is yet to implement many of its commitments to protect adibashi land rights. However, the deletion in 1977 of Bangalee as the nationality term for the country's citizens, in order to be inclusive of non-Bengali minorities, also reflects attempts to build a more cosmopolitan Bangladeshi society.[citation needed]

Culture

See also: Culture of Bangladesh

The culture of Bangladesh has evolved with influences from diverse social societies. Bangladesh's main religion is Islam, which has played a critical part in influencing the country's culture.

Languages

Main article: Languages of Bangladesh
The word Wikipedia written in the Bengali script

The official language of Bangladesh is Bengali, which is shared with the neighbouring Indian states of West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura. Bengali dialects vary between different regions of Bangladesh but Standard Bengali is the most widely used.

According to the Ethnologue, there are 36 indigenous living languages, which include 17 Sino-Tibetan, 10 Indo-European, 7 Austro-Asiatic and 2 Dravidian languages.[100]

The oldest literary inscription in Bangladesh dates back to the 3rd century BCE. It was found at Mahasthangarh and is written in the Brahmi script. The language is Magadhi Prakrit.[101] The Bengali language developed from Magadhi Prakrit, and it's written from Apabhramsa, between the 7th and 10th centuries. It once formed a single eastern Indo-Aryan language with Assamese and Odia, but later became distinct. It became an official language of the Sultanate of Bengal, where it was spoken as the main vernacular language. It absorbed vocabulary from Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit. Bengali is the 6th most spoken language in the world. The language was modernized during the Bengali Renaissance in the 19th century. It has influenced other languages in the region, including Chakma, Rohingya, Assamese, Odia and Nepali. The indigenous Bengali alphabets descended from Brahmi serves as the Bengali script.

The Bengali Language Movement in East Pakistan was a key catalyst for forming Bangladeshi identity. It is commemorated by UNESCO as International Mother Language Day, as part of worldwide efforts to preserve linguistic heritage.

Bangladesh is also home to number of minority indigenous languages, including Santhali, Garo, Marma, Manipuri language (Meitei language[102][84]), Chakma and Bisnupriya Manipuri.

Surnames

Main article: Bengali name

Bangladeshi Muslims typically carry surnames that have Arabic, Persian, and Sanskrit origins. Bangladeshi Hindus have Sanskritized Bengali surnames. Many Bangladeshi Christians have Portuguese surnames. Buddhists have a mixture of Bengali and Tibeto-Burman surnames.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Total population by sex". Data Portal. United Nationsl Population Division. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Migrants' contribution to the 50-year journey of Bangladesh". The Daily Star. 26 March 2021. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  3. ^ "Non-Saudi Population". Saudi Census 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  4. ^ "Migration Profile – UAE" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  5. ^ "Abuse of Bangladeshi Workers: Malaysian rights bodies for probe". The Daily Star. 10 December 2018. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  6. ^ "Bangladeshis top expatriate force in Oman". Gulf News. 12 July 2018. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  7. ^ "Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  8. ^ "Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data". Scotland's Census. National Records of Scotland. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024. Alternative URL 'Search data by location' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group'
  9. ^ "Census 2021 Ethnic group - full detail MS-B02". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  10. ^ "Population of Qatar by nationality - 2019 report". Priya Dsouza. 15 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  11. ^ a b Monem, Mobasser (November 2017). "Engagement of Non-resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) in National Development: Strategies, Challenges and Way Forward" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme.
  12. ^ "Bangladeshi Workers: Around 2 lakh may have to leave Kuwait". The Daily Star. 15 July 2020. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  13. ^ "Over 400 Bangladeshis murdered in South Africa in 4yrs". Dhaka Tribune. Agence France-Presse. 1 October 2019. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  14. ^ "US Census Data". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  15. ^ "More illegal Bangladeshi workers enter Bahraini labor market". Xinhua News Agency. 12 March 2017. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  16. ^ "Economic crisis in Lebanon: job losses, low pay hit expats". The Daily Star. 8 February 2020. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  17. ^ "Help at hand for Bangladeshi workers in Middle East". Arab News. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  18. ^ "Bangladeshis in Singapore". The Straits Times. 15 February 2020. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  19. ^ Shamsi, Tasdidaa; Al-Din, Zaheed (December 2015). Lifestyle of Bangladeshi Workers in Maldives. 13th Asian Business Research Conference. Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  20. ^ "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". 26 October 2022.
  21. ^ "2021 People in Australia who were born in Bangladesh, Census Country of birth QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics".
  22. ^ a b c Monem, Mobasser (July 2018). "Engagement of Nonresident Bangladshis in National Development: Strategies, Challenges and Way Forward" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  23. ^ "Bangladeshi immigrants now at forefront at Portugal's Lisbon neighbourhood".
  24. ^ "Momen urges Portugal to open mission in Dhaka".
  25. ^ "Imigrantes da Índia e Bangladesh contestam alterações à lei de estrangeiros".
  26. ^ "Comunidade do Bangladesh em Portugal: três décadas de luta pela integração".
  27. ^ Mahmud, Jamil (3 April 2020). "Bangladeshis in Spain suffering". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  28. ^ Mahbub, Mehdi (16 May 2016). "Brunei, a destination for Bangladeshi migrant workers". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  29. ^ "令和５年末現在における在留外国人数について" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  30. ^ "Bangladeshi workers facing difficulty in sending money from Mauritius". The Daily Star. 4 May 2021. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  31. ^ Mahmud, Ezaz (17 April 2021). "South Korea bans issuing visas for Bangladeshis". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  32. ^ "Fighting in Libya: Condition of thousands of Bangladeshis gets worse, says Bangladesh ambassador". Dhaka Tribune. 19 November 2019. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  33. ^ "Poland is cocking up migration in a very European way". The Economist. 22 February 2020. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  34. ^ "Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  35. ^ "Stay in safer places". The Daily Star. 17 August 2013. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  36. ^ "Étrangers – Immigrés : pays de naissance et nationalités détaillés". Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
  37. ^ "Sweden: Asian immigrants by country of birth 2020". February 2021. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  38. ^ "Finland – A country of curiosity". The Daily Star. 14 October 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  39. ^ "Livelihoods of Bangladeshis at stake in Covid-19 hit Brazil". The Daily Star. 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  40. ^ "Bangladeshi Migrants in Europe 2020" (PDF). International Organization for Migration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  41. ^ "2018 Census ethnic group summaries | Stats NZ".
  42. ^ Mannan, Kazi Abdul; Kozlov, V.V. (1995). "Socio-economic life style of Bangladeshi man married to Russian girl: An analysis of migration and integration perspective". doi:10.2139/ssrn.3648152. SSRN 3648152.
  43. ^ Ethnologue. "Bangladesh". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  44. ^ "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012.
  45. ^ "Bangladesh". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  46. ^ Bangladesh: Country profile. Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBEIS).
  47. ^ ৬। নাগরিকত্ব – গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  48. ^ "UNHCR | Bangladesh Citizenship (Temporary Provisions) Order, 1972". Archived from the original on 7 October 2012.
  49. ^ "Census 2022: Bangladesh population now 165 million". Dhaka Tribune. 27 July 2022.
  50. ^ "Projected Changes in the Global Muslim Population". 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  51. ^ "Bangladesh 2015 International Religiou Freedom Report" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  52. ^ "Census 2022: Bangladesh population now 165 million". Dhaka Tribune. 27 July 2022.
  53. ^ a b c Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2011). "Population & Housing Census" (PDF). Bangladesh Government. p. xiii. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2015. Population By Religion (%) Muslim 90.39 Hindu 8.54 Buddhist 0.60 Christian 0.37 Others 0.14
  54. ^ "Chakmas, the". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  55. ^ "Lyric aaji bangladesher hridoy". Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  56. ^ Murshid, Tazeen M. (2001). "State, Nation, Identity: The Quest for Legitimacy in Bangladesh". In Shastri, Amita; Jeyaratnam Wilson, A. (eds.). The Post-Colonial States of South Asia: Political and Constitutional Problems. Curzon Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-136-11866-1. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  57. ^ "Part I ¶ The Republic ¶ The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh". Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. 2010. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  58. ^ Minahan, James B. (2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-59884-659-1. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  59. ^ "Census 2022: Bangladesh population now 165 million". Dhaka Tribune. 27 July 2022.
  60. ^ a b "US overtakes UAE as second biggest remittance hotspot for Bangladeshis". The Financial Express. 18 August 2020. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  61. ^ "Census 2022: Bangladesh population now 165 million". Dhaka Tribune. 27 July 2022.
  62. ^ Data Archived 4 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Census – Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
  63. ^ "Census 2022: Bangladesh population now 165 million". Dhaka Tribune. 27 July 2022.
  64. ^ Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2011). "Population & Housing Census" (PDF). Bangladesh Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2015. p. xxiii: Population By Religion (%) Muslim 90.39 Hindu 8.54 Buddhist 0.60 Christian 0.37 Others 0.14
  65. ^ "New Dhaka Jamatkhana seen as a symbol of confidence in Bangladesh". Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  66. ^ "Bangladesh is now home to almost 1 million Rohingya refugees". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  67. ^ "Bangladesh point finger at Myanmar for Rohingya 'genocide'". Fox News. 27 September 2018. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  68. ^ "WHO appeals for international community support; warns of grave health risks to Rohingya refugees in rainy season - Bangladesh". ReliefWeb. 29 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  69. ^ "Chakma | people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  70. ^ "Marma | people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  71. ^ "Hill people ready to welcome Boisabi". The Daily Star. 13 April 2017. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  72. ^ "Banglapedia baffles all with wrong information about small nationalities". bdnews24.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  73. ^ "Tanchangya People". utacf.org. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  74. ^ a b "Cultural exchange programme held in port city". The Daily Star. 9 December 2015. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  75. ^ "Coffee from the Hill Tracts | Dhaka Tribune". Dhaka Tribune. 17 September 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  76. ^ Chakravarty, Ipsita. "Tripura vs Twipra: An old identity politics may feed into new political rivalries". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  77. ^ "Tripuri, the son of the soil of Tripura state". tripura.org.in. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  78. ^ "Indigenous culture needs a shot in the arm". The Daily Star. 25 August 2008. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  79. ^ "In the land of the Bangalis". The Daily Star. 21 February 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  80. ^ "The many shades of Boisabi". The Daily Star. 14 April 2017. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  81. ^ "Kuki | people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  82. ^ "Meitei | people". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 February 2023. Meitei, also spelled Meetei or Meithei, also called Manipuri, ...
  83. ^ a b "Manipuri language". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 February 2023. Manipuri language, Manipuri Meiteilon, also called Meitei (Meetei), a Tibeto-Burman language spoken predominantly in Manipur, a northeastern state of India. Smaller speech communities exist in the Indian states of Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura, as well as in Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma). ... Manipuri has its own script, locally known as Meitei Mayek.
  84. ^ a b "Meitei | Ethnologue". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019.
  85. ^ "Manipuri | History, Characteristics, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  86. ^ "Classical Dances: Manipuri Raas Leela, and its exploration of love — both romantic and spiritual-Art-and-culture". Firstpost. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2023. While Manipuri adheres to Bharat Muni's Natya Shastra in its formalised classical structure, it can nonetheless be traced to the ancient period when the dance was simply a part of the Meitei community's cultural practice. ... It was the Meitei monarch, King Bhagya Chandra who for the first time adopted Gaudiya Vaishnavism or the worship of Krishna [an avatar of Vishnu], and subsequently composed the very first Raas Leelas to effective give Manipuri its present structure.
  87. ^ Singh, Sinam Basu (2020), "Pre-Vaishnavite and Post-Vaishnavite Dance Forms of Manipur", Himalayan Bridge, pp. 321–335, doi:10.4324/9781003105718-26, ISBN 9781003105718, S2CID 225278131, retrieved 12 February 2023
  88. ^ "Santhal | people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  89. ^ "Santals, The". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  90. ^ "Garo | people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  91. ^ "Garo, The". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  92. ^ Moseley, Christopher (1 January 2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. UNESCO. p. 139. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2.
  93. ^ Asher, R. E.; Moseley, Christopher (19 April 2018). Atlas of the World's Languages. Routledge. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-317-85108-0.
  94. ^ "'Sakhina' set to become a mum". The Daily Star. 7 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  95. ^ "Far from madding crowd on Pahela Baishakh". Prothom Alo. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  96. ^ a b c Rahim, Enayetur. "Rural Society". In Heitzman & Worden.
  97. ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  98. ^ Rahim, Enayetur. "Urban Society". In Heitzman & Worden.
  99. ^ "United States Department of State" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  100. ^ "Bangladesh". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  101. ^ "Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  102. ^ "Manipuri language". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 February 2023. Manipuri language, Manipuri Meiteilon, also called Meitei (Meetei), a Tibeto-Burman language spoken predominantly in Manipur, a northeastern state of India. Smaller speech communities exist in the Indian states of Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura, as well as in Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladeshis&oldid=1248506919"