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Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)

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Breakfast at Tiffany's
Original theatrical release poster by Robert McGinnis
Directed byBlake Edwards
Screenplay byGeorge Axelrod
Based onBreakfast at Tiffany's
by Truman Capote
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyFranz F. Planer
Edited byHoward Smith
Music byHenry Mancini
Production
companies
  • Jurow-Shepherd
  • Spinel Entertainment
Distributed byParamount Pictures
Release date
  • October 5, 1961 (1961-10-05)
Running time
114 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$2.5 million
Box office$14 million

Breakfast at Tiffany's is a 1961 American romantic comedy film directed by Blake Edwards from a screenplay by George Axelrod and based on the 1958 novella of the same name by Truman Capote. It stars Audrey Hepburn, George Peppard, Patricia Neal, Buddy Ebsen, Martin Balsam, and Mickey Rooney. In the film, Holly Golightly (Hepburn), a naïve, eccentric socialite meets Paul Varjak (Peppard), a struggling writer who moves into her apartment building.

Development for the film began soon after the publication of Capote's novel, with several actors, including Marilyn Monroe, Shirley MacLaine, Kim Novak, Steve McQueen, Jack Lemmon, and Robert Wagner, considered for the lead roles prior to Hepburn and Peppard being cast. The screenplay, which deviates from Capote's novel, was originally completed by Axelrod and director John Frankenheimer, who was replaced by Edwards well into pre-production. Principal photography began on October 2, 1960, with filming taking place in New York City and at the Studios at Paramount in Hollywood, California. The film's music was composed by Henry Mancini and its theme song, "Moon River", was written by Johnny Mercer.

Breakfast at Tiffany's was released in the United States on October 5, 1961, by Paramount Pictures. It grossed $14 million worldwide and recieved critical acclaim for its music and Hepburn's style and performance, being nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Hepburn, and winning two (Music Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture and Best Song for Mancini). The film also received numerous other accolades, although, Rooney's portrayal of I. Y. Yunioshi garnered significant subsequent controversy for being racist. In 2012, the film was preserved in the U.S. National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.

Plot

Holly Golightly fends off a date from the night before after visiting the Tiffany & Co. flagship store by going inside her apartment building. Holly, who cannot find her keys, buzzes her landlord, Mr. Yunioshi, to let her into her apartment. Later, she meets her new neighbor Paul Varjak and they talk as she dresses to leave for her weekly visit to incarcerated mobster Sally Tomato. Tomato's lawyer pays her $100[a] a week to deliver "the weather report". As she is leaving, Holly is introduced to Paul's "decorator", a wealthy older woman Emily Eustace Failenson, whom Paul nicknames "2E". That night, when Holly crawls out onto the fire escape to elude an over-eager date, she peeks into Paul's apartment and sees 2E leaving money and kissing him goodbye.

Visiting Paul afterward, she learns he is a writer who has not had anything published since a book of vignettes five years earlier, and has no ribbon in his typewriter. Holly, in turn, explains she is saving money to support her brother Fred after he completes his Army service. The pair fall asleep but are awakened when Holly has a nightmare about Fred. When Paul questions her about this, Holly chides him for prying. Holly buys Paul a typewriter ribbon to apologize, and invites him to a party at her apartment. There, he meets her Hollywood agent, Berman, who describes Holly's transformation from a country girl into a Manhattan "socialite", along with wealthy Brazilian politician José da Silva Pereira and wealthy American Rusty Trawler.

Some time later, 2E enters Paul's apartment, worried about someone loitering outside the building. Paul confronts the man who explains he is Holly's husband, Doc Golightly, who says Holly ran away and he has come to bring her back to rural Texas. After Paul reunites them, she informs Paul the marriage was annulled, and she declines to return with Doc. After drinking at a club, Paul and Holly return to her apartment, where she tells him that she plans to marry Trawler for his money. A few days later, Paul learns that one of his short stories will be published. On the way to tell Holly, he sees a newspaper headline stating that Trawler has married someone else.

Holly and Paul agree to spend the day together, taking turns doing things each has never done before. At Tiffany's, he has the ring from a box of Cracker Jack engraved as a present for her. After spending the night together, Paul awakens to find Holly gone. 2E arrives and calmly accepts when he ends their affair, realizing he loves another. Returning from a date with José, Holly learns Fred has been killed and trashes her apartment.

Months later, Holly is about to move to Brazil and marry José but is arrested in connection with a drug ring run by Sally Tomato. Berman pays her bail and Paul picks her up in a cab with all her things, including Cat—and José's written farewell. Holly decides to go to Brazil anyway, breaking bail. Paul declares that he loves her but resistant to being in a relationship, Holly chastises him and releases Cat into an alley. Paul storms out of the cab, leaving the engraved ring with her. After she puts it on, Holly runs back to the alley, where Paul is looking Cat. After Holly finds Cat, she cradles it in her coat and, smiling, walks into Paul's embrace.

Cast

Production

Development

The screenplay was written by George Axelrod, which is loosely based on the novel of the same name by Truman Capote. Changes were made to fit the medium of cinema and to correspond to the filmmakers' vision. Capote, who sold the novel's film rights to Paramount Studios, wanted Marilyn Monroe to play Holly Golightly: he considered Monroe to best reflect the character,[3] with Axelrod was hired to "tailor" the screenplay to accomodate Monroe. Monroe declined the film, opting for The Misfits (1961), after theatre director Lee Strasberg advised her that playing a "lady of the evening" would be bad for her image. The role was then offered to Shirley MacLaine, who turned it down in favor of starring in Two Loves (1961),[4] and Kim Novak also turned down the role.[5]

Capote was angry at the studio's eventual decision to cast Hepburn, remarking, "Paramount double-crossed me in every way and cast Audrey".[6][7][8] Hepburn was hesitant to star in the film, citing difficulty playing an extroverted character.[9][10] Steve McQueen was offered the role of Paul Varjak, but declined the offer due to being under contract with United Artists,[11] and Jack Lemmon was also approached, but was unavailable. Robert Wagner was also considered.[12] The film's original director, John Frankenheimer, worked with Axelrod for three months on the project before he was replaced by Edwards after Hepburn's agent requested a higher-profile director.[13]

Filming

Hepburn in film's opening sequence

Filming began on Fifth Avenue outside the Tiffany & Co. flagship store on October 2, 1960.[14] Most of the exteriors were filmed in New York City, and all of the interiors, except for portions set inside Tiffany & Co., were filmed on the Paramount Studios lot in Hollywood.[15]

According to one report, the film's on-location opening sequence outside Tiffany & Co. was extremely difficult to shoot, due to issues related to crowd control, Hepburn's dislike of pastries, and an accident that nearly resulted in the electrocution of a crew member. However, another report claims the sequence was captured rather quickly, owing to an unexpected lull in city traffic.[16]

Music

Main article: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture

It took me a long time to figure out what Holly Golightly was all about. I don't drink much, but I was sipping and it came to me one night. I wrote ["Moon River"] in half an hour.

Henry Mancini[17]

During the film, Hepburn sang the film's signature song, "Moon River", written by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer. The song was tailored to Hepburn's limited vocal range and its sequencing was inspired by songs she performed in Funny Face (1957).[18] On the Anniversary Edition home media release featuring audio commentary by co-producer Dick Shepherd, he stated that after the film's test preview in San Francisco, Martin Rankin, Paramount's head of production, wanted "Moon River" replaced with music sung by somebody else. Shepherd claimed he and Marty Jurow refused to replace it – a response attributed to Hepburn herself in another account.[19][20]

According to Time, Mancini "sets off [the] melodies with a walking bass, extends them with choral and string variations and varies them with the brisk sounds of combo jazz. "Moon River" is sobbed by a plaintive harmonica, repeated by strings, hummed and then sung by the chorus and finally resolved with the harmonica."[17] The soundtrack featured a score composed and conducted by Mancini, with several unreleased musical compositions not featuring in the final film. One piece, "Carousel Cue", appears in a deleted scene, while another piece titled "Outtake 1" also appears in a deleted scene. In 2013, Intrada Records released the complete score in its original film performance: as with many soundtrack albums from the time period, the album initially released alongside the film was a re-recording.

Release

Home media

Breakfast at Tiffany's was one of the first Hepburn films to be released to the home video market in the early 1980s,[citation needed] and is also widely available on DVD. On February 7, 2006, Paramount released a 45th anniversary special edition DVD set in North America with featurettes not included on the prior DVD release:

  • Audio Commentary – with producer Richard Shepherd
  • Breakfast at Tiffany's: The Making of a Classic – a making-of featurette with interviews by Edwards, Neal, the "laughing/crying" woman from the party, and Sean Ferrer, Hepburn's son.
  • It's So Audrey! A Style Icon – a short tribute to Hepburn.
  • Brilliance in a Blue Box – a brief history of Tiffany & Co.
  • Audrey's Letter to Tiffany – an accounting of Hepburn's letter to Tiffany & Co. on the occasion of the company's 150th anniversary in 1987.
  • Original Theatrical Trailer
  • Photo Gallery

On January 13, 2009, a remastered Centennial Collection version of the film was released. In addition to the special features on the 45th anniversary edition, this version includes:

  • A Golightly Gathering – Reuniting some of the past cast members from the party with interviews on their experiences filming that segment.
  • Henry Mancini: More Than Music – A featurette about Henry Mancini, "Moon River" and interviews with Mancini's wife and children.
  • Mr. Yunioshi: An Asian Perspective – Documentary discussing the reaction and Asian perspective of the character of Mr. Yunioshi, one of the most controversial characters in film.
  • Behind the Gates – A tour through Paramount Studios

In 2011 a newly remastered HD version of the film was released on Blu-ray with many of the features from the aforementioned DVDs. The digital restoration of the film was done by Paramount Pictures. The digital pictures were frame by frame digitally restored at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt, tears, scratches and other artifacts. The film was restored to its original look for its 50th anniversary.[21][22]

Reception

Critical response

Theatrical advertisement from 1961

Breakfast at Tiffany's was theatrically released by Paramount Pictures on October 5, 1961, to critical and commercial success, grossing $14 million on a $2.5 million budget.[23] Hepburn's portrayal of Holly Golightly is generally considered to be one of her most memorable and identifiable roles. She regarded it as one of her most challenging roles, since she was an introvert required to play an extrovert.[18]

The film received five nominations at the 34th Academy Awards; Best Actress (for Hepburn), Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Production Design, winning Best Original Score and Best Original Song for "Moon River". It was considered "culturally, historically or aesthetically" significant by the U.S. Library of Congress and selected to be preserved in the National Film Registry in 2012.[24]

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 88% based on 56 reviews, with an average score of 7.50/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "It contains some ugly anachronisms, but Blake Edwards is at his funniest in this iconic classic, and Audrey Hepburn absolutely lights up the screen."[25] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 77 out of 100 based on 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[26]

Variety called it "a bright box office contender".[27] Time magazine noted "for the first half hour or so, Hollywood's Holly (Hepburn) is not much different from Capote's. She has kicked the weed and lost the illegitimate child she was having, but she is still jolly Holly, the child bride from Tulip, Texas, who at 15 runs away to Hollywood to find some of the finer things of life—like shoes." It pointed out that "after that out-of-Capote beginning, director Blake Edwards ... goes on to an out-of-character end."[28] Almost a half century later, Time commented on the pivotal impact of Hepburn's portrayal of Golightly:[29]

Breakfast at Tiffany's set Hepburn on her [19]60s Hollywood course. Holly Golightly, small-town Southern girl turned Manhattan trickster, was the naughty American cousin of Eliza Doolittle, Cockney flower girl turned My Fair Lady. Holly was also the prototype for the Hepburn women in Charade, Paris When It Sizzles, and How to Steal a Million: kooks in capers. And she prepared audiences for the ground-level anxieties that Hepburn characters endured in The Children's Hour, Two for the Road and Wait Until Dark.

The Chicago Tribune review was positive: "In the wrong hands, the unconventional, disorganized, sophisticated, innocent, utterly contradictory character created by Truman Capote could be a tiresome idiot. Audrey makes her as sweet as she is silly, as appealing as she is affected, a playgirl without scruples, a moth who doesn't quite deserve to die in a flame. While Audrey is gifted, she also has everything to work with, including a perceptive, slick script and a fine supporting cast. George Peppard is just right....Buddy Ebsen gives a moving performance...and Martin Balsam as a typical agent is hilarious. Mickey Rooney adds to the fun as a toothy Japanese."[30]

The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewer was complimentary overall as well: "Breakfast at Tiffany's shines like a gem from that famed institution....much of the iridescence comes from the richly impulsive performace [sic?] of Audrey Hepburn as the scatterbrained, now pathetic, now fiercely independent peri of Truman Capote's novella....[George Peppard's role] is played with understanding....Buddy Ebsen appears briefly, but to good effect....Mickey Rooney is too slapstick as the Japanese photographer disturbed by Holly's antics. Director Blake Edwards keeps things moving with a lilt."[31]

It was shown at Radio City Music Hall, and The New York Times called the film a "completely unbelievable but wholly captivating flight into fancy composed of unequal dollops of comedy, romance, poignancy, funny colloquialisms and Manhattan's swankiest East Side areas captured in the loveliest of colors". In reviewing the performances, the newspaper said Holly Golightly is:

as implausible as ever. But in the person of Miss Hepburn, she is a genuinely charming, elfin waif who will be believed and adored when seen. George Peppard is casual and, for the most part, a subdued citizen who seems to like observing better than participating in the proceedings. Martin Balsam makes a properly brash, snappy Hollywood agent. Mickey Rooney's bucktoothed, myopic Japanese is broadly exotic. Patricia Neal is simply cool and brisk in her few appearances as Mr. Peppard's sponsor and Vilallonga, is properly suave and Continental as Miss Hepburn's Brazilian, while Buddy Ebsen has a brief poignant moment as Miss Hepburn's husband.[32]

Capote disliked Hepburn's performance and his biographer, Gerald Clarke, deemed the film a "valentine" to free-spirited women rather than a cautionary tale about a little girl lost in the big city. "The movie is a confection — a sugar and spice confection."[33] In later years, American Film Institute ranked the film No. 61 in 100 Years ... 100 Passions and "Moon River" as No. 4 in 100 Years ... 100 Songs. The film was also ranked No. 486 on Empire's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list for 2008.[34]

Accolades

Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref.
Academy Awards Best Actress Audrey Hepburn Nominated [35]
[36]
Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium George Axelrod Nominated
Best Art Direction – Color Art Direction: Hal Pereira and Roland Anderson;
Set Decoration: Samuel M. Comer and Ray Moyer 		Nominated
Best Music Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture Henry Mancini Won
Best Song "Moon River"
Music by Henry Mancini;
Lyrics by Johnny Mercer 		Won
Bambi Awards Best Actress – International Audrey Hepburn Nominated
David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Actress Won [37]
Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Blake Edwards Nominated [38]
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Comedy Nominated [39]
Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Audrey Hepburn Nominated
Grammy Awards Album of the Year (Other Than Classical) Breakfast at Tiffany's – Henry Mancini Nominated [40]
Record of the Year "Moon River" – Henry Mancini Won
Song of the Year "Moon River" – Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer Won
Best Arrangement "Moon River" – Henry Mancini Won
Best Performance by an Orchestra – for Other Than Dancing Breakfast at Tiffany's – Henry Mancini Won
Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Score from Motion Picture or
Television 		Won
International Film Music Critics Association Awards Best Archival Release of an Existing Score – Re-Release or Re-Recording Music by Henry Mancini;
Album Produced by Douglass Fake and Roger Feigelson;
Liner Notes by Jeff Bond;
Album Art Direction by Joe Sikoryak 		Nominated [41]
Laurel Awards Top Comedy Nominated
Top Female Comedy Performance Audrey Hepburn Nominated
Top Musical Score Henry Mancini Nominated
Top Song "Moon River"
Music by Henry Mancini;
Lyrics by Johnny Mercer 		Won
National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry Inducted [42]
Online Film & Television Association Awards Film Hall of Fame: Productions Inducted [43]
PATSY Awards The poor slob without a name [citation needed] Orangey Won
Satellite Awards Best Classic DVD Nominated [44]
Writers Guild of America Awards Best Written American Comedy George Axelrod Won [45]

Influence

Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly in the film's trailer

Hepburn as Holly, with her hair in a high chignon and carrying an oversized cigarette holder, is considered one of the most iconic images of 20th century American cinema.[46] Another iconic item throughout the movie is Holly's sunglasses. Often misidentified as Ray-Ban, they are Manhattan sunglasses designed and manufactured in London by Oliver Goldsmith. In 2011 the model was re-released to mark the 50th anniversary of Breakfast at Tiffany's.[47] One of three dresses designed by Givenchy for Hepburn for possible use in the film sold at auction by Christie's[48] on December 5, 2006, for £467,200 (~US$947,000), about seven times the reserve price.[49]

The "Little Black Dress" by Givenchy, worn by Hepburn in the beginning of the film, is cited as one of the most iconic items of clothing in the history of the twentieth century and is, perhaps, the most famous little black dress of all time.[50][51][52][53] A second "little black dress" in Breakfast at Tiffany's, along with its wide-brimmed hat, was worn by Hepburn as Holly when she goes to visit mobster Sally Tomato at Sing Sing Prison. This dress was paid homage as one of the dresses worn by Anne Hathaway's character Selina Kyle, Catwoman's alter ego, in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Rises; the comic book Catwoman drawn by artist Adam Hughes, was based on Hepburn, creating a double homage to Hepburn's Holly Golightly in Hathaway's Catwoman.[54]

The film rejuvenated the career of 1930s movie song-and-dance man Buddy Ebsen, who had a small but effective role in this film as Doc Golightly, Holly's ex-husband. His success here led directly to his best-known role as Jed Clampett on The Beverly Hillbillies.[55]

A diamond necklace at Tiffany's that Hepburn scorned as too flashy was the Tiffany Yellow Diamond, which she wore in publicity photos for the film. Tiffany's profile as a pre-eminent luxury retailer, while already established, was further boosted by the film.[56]

Mr. Yunioshi controversy

Mickey Rooney as I. Y. Yunioshi
Main articles: I. Y. Yunioshi and Portrayal of East Asians in American film and theater

For his portrayal of I. Y. Yunioshi, Mickey Rooney wore makeup and a prosthetic mouthpiece to change his features to a caricatured approximation of a Japanese man. Since the 1990s, this portrayal has been subject to increasing protest by Asian Americans, among others. For instance, in the film Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (1993), Breakfast at Tiffany's is used as an illustration of Hollywood's racist depiction of Asian people when Bruce Lee and his future wife, Linda, see the film and Linda suggests they leave when she notices that Bruce is upset at Rooney's caricatured performance.[57]

In his audio commentary for the DVD release, producer Richard Shepherd said that at the time of production as well as in retrospect, he wanted to recast the role "not because he [Rooney] didn't play the part well" but because Shepherd thought the part of Mr. Yunioshi should be performed by an actor of Japanese ethnicity; it was director Blake Edwards' decision to keep Rooney.[58] In a "making-of" for the 45th anniversary edition DVD release, Shepherd repeatedly apologizes, saying, "If we could just change Mickey Rooney, I'd be thrilled with the movie."[59] Director Blake Edwards stated, "Looking back, I wish I had never done it ... and I would give anything to be able to recast it, but it's there, and onward and upward."[59]

In a 2008 interview about the film, 87-year-old Rooney said he was heartbroken about the criticism:

It breaks my heart. Blake Edwards ... wanted me to do it because he was a comedy director. They hired me to do this overboard, and we had fun doing it ... Never in all the more than 40 years after we made it — not one complaint. Every place I've gone in the world people say, "God, you were so funny." Asians and Chinese come up to me and say, "Mickey you were out of this world."[60]

Rooney also said that if he had known the portrayal would have offended people so much, "I wouldn't have done it. Those that didn't like it, I forgive them and God bless America, God bless the universe, God bless Japanese, Chinese, Indians, all of them and let's have peace."[60]

The film continues to draw criticism for this character, now widely considered to be a racist caricature, particularly when the movie is selected as a "classic" screened in public spaces, supported by tax dollars. In 2011, a SyFy and Brooklyn Bridge Park Corporation screening inspired petitions.[61]

Film historian and Turner Classic Movies host Robert Osborne stated in a Q&A that he would recast Rooney from the picture saying, "that was such a racial slur, out of nowhere, and I blame Blake Edwards for that decision, the caricature was totally embarrassing".[62]

In 2022 in the UK, Channel 5 broadcast an edited version of the film in which all the shots of Mr Yunioshi were deleted, though Mickey Rooney's credit remained in the main titles, leading to accusations of censorship.[63] Channel 5 is wholly-owned subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Paramount Global, which owns the rights to the film.

Adaptations

In 2004, a musical adaptation of the film made its world debut at The Muny in St. Louis.[64]

In May 2009, Anna Friel starred in a London adaptation that opened in September 2009 at the Haymarket Theatre.[65]

A new stage adaptation made its debut in March 2013 at the Cort Theater in New York City with Emilia Clarke in the role of Holly Golightly.[66]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ $1000 in 2023[2]

References

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  2. ^ "Calculate the Value of $100 in 1960. How much is it worth today?". DollarTimes. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  3. ^ "Breakfast at Tiffany's: When Audrey Hepburn won Marilyn Monroe's role". The Guardian. September 4, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  4. ^ Foerster, Jonathan (February 9, 2011). "Shirley MacLaine isn't getting old, she's just advanced". Naples Daily News. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
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  11. ^ 18 Hearty Facts About 'Breakfast at Tiffany's'
  12. ^ "Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films.
  13. ^ Wasson, Sam Fifth Avenue, 5 A.M.: Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany's Aurum Press, 25 Sep 2011
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  19. ^ Erwin, Ellen; Diamond, Jessica Z. (October 2006). The Audrey Hepburn Treasures. New York: Atria Books. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-7432-8986-3.
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  31. ^ Murdock, Henry T. "Audrey Hepburn Stars in Role of Party Girl." Philadelphia Inquirer, 28 October 1961, 15.
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  61. ^ "'Breakfast At Tiffany's' Brooklyn Screening Sparks Protests From Asian-American Group". July 13, 2011 – via Huff Post.
  62. ^ "Robert Osborne recasts Breakfast at Tiffany's". thefilmsinmylife. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  63. ^ McGleenon, Brian (February 20, 2022). "Breakfast at Tiffany's censorship row erupts after Channel 5 cut ENTIRE character". Express Newspapers. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  64. ^ "Show Archives". The Muny. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
  65. ^ "Entertainment | West End Breakfast for Anna Friel". BBC News. May 15, 2009. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
  66. ^ "Breakfast At Tiffany's—The Official Broadway Site". Retrieved April 12, 2013.

Further reading

  • Spoto, Donald (2006). Enchantment: The Life of Audrey Hepburn. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-307-23758-3.
  • Breakfast at Tiffany's, by George Axelrod. Published by Paramount Home Entertainment (UK), 1960. (film script)
  • Breakfast at Tiffany's: A Short Novel and Three Stories, by Truman Capote. Published by Random House, 1958.
  • Wasson, Sam (August 30, 2011). Fifth Avenue, 5 A.M.: Audrey Hepburn, Breakfast at Tiffany's, and the Dawn of the Modern Woman. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0061774164.
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