Discus throw
| Athletics Discus throw | |
|---|---|
.jpg) German 2012 Olympic champion Robert Harting | |
| World records | |
| Men |  Mykolas Alekna (LTU) 74.35 m (243 ft 11 in) (2024) |
| Women |  Gabriele Reinsch (GDR) 76.80 m (251 ft 11 in) (1988) |
| Olympic records | |
| Men |  Roje Stona (JAM) 70.00 m (229 ft 7 in) (2024) |
| Women | Martina Hellmann (GDR) 72.30 m (237 ft 2 in) (1988) |
| World Championship records | |
| Men |  Daniel Ståhl (SWE) 71.46 m (234 ft 5 in) (2023) |
| Women | Martina Hellmann (GDR) 71.62 m (234 ft 11 in) (1987) |
The discus throw (), also known as disc throw, is a track and field sport in which the participant athlete throws an oblate spheroid weight — called a discus — in an attempt to mark a farther distance than other competitors. It is an ancient sport, as demonstrated by the fifth-century-BC Myron statue Discobolus. Although not part of the current pentathlon, it was one of the events of the ancient Greek pentathlon, which can be dated back to at least 708 BC,[1] and it is part of the modern decathlon.
History
The sport of throwing the discus traces back to it being an event in the original Olympic Games of Ancient Greece.[2] The discus as a sport was resurrected in Magdeburg, Germany, by gymnastics teacher Christian Georg Kohlrausch and his students in the 1870s.[3] Organized men's competition was resumed in the late 19th century, and has been a part of the modern Summer Olympic Games since the first modern competition, the 1896 Summer Olympics. Images of discus throwers figured prominently in advertising for early modern Games, such as fundraising stamps for the 1896 Games, and the main posters for the 1920 and 1948 Summer Olympics. Today the sport of discus is a routine part of modern track-and-field meets at all levels, and retains a particularly iconic place in the Olympic Games.
The first modern athlete to throw the discus while rotating the whole body was František Janda-Suk from Bohemia (the present Czech Republic).[4] Janda-Suk invented this technique when studying the position of the famous statue of Discobolus. After only one year of developing the technique, he earned a silver medal in the 1900 Olympics.
Women's competition began in the first decades of the 20th century. Following competition at national and regional levels, it was added to the Olympic program for the 1928 games.
Regulations
The event consists of throwing a heavy disc, with the weight or size depending on the competitor. Men and women throw different sized discs, with varying sizes and weights depending on age. The weight of the discus is either governed by World Athletics for international or USA Track & Field for the United States.
In the United States, Henry Canine advocated for a lighter-weight discus in high school competition. His suggestion was adopted by the National High School Athletic Association in 1938.[5]
| Age | Men | Women |
|---|---|---|
| High School | 1.6 kg | 1 kg |
| Collegiate | 2 kg | 1 kg |
| Professional | 2 kg | 1 kg |
| Master's (35-59) | 1.5 kg | 1 kg |
| Master's (60-74) | 1 kg | 1 kg |
| Master's (75+) | 1 kg | 0.75 kg |
| Age | Men | Women |
|---|---|---|
| ≤17 | 1.5 kg | 1 kg |
| 18-19 | 1.75 kg | 1 kg |
| 20-49 | 2 kg | 1 kg |
| 50-59 | 1.5 kg | 1 kg |
| 60-74 | 1 kg | 1 kg |
| 75+ | 1 kg | 0.75 kg |
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_IAAF_certified,_side_view.jpg)
The typical discus has sides made of plastic, wood, fiberglass, carbon fiber or metal with a metal rim and a metal core to attain the weight. The rim must be smooth, with no roughness or finger holds. A discus with more weight in the rim produces greater angular momentum for any given spin rate, and thus more stability, although it is more difficult to throw. However, a higher rim weight, if thrown correctly, can lead to a longer throw. In some competitions, a solid rubber discus is used (see in the United States).
To make a throw, the competitor starts in a circle of 2.5 m (8 ft 2+1⁄4 in) diameter, which is recessed in a concrete pad by 20 millimetres (0.79 in). The thrower typically takes an initial stance facing away from the direction of the throw. They then spin anticlockwise (for right-handers) 1+1⁄2 times while staying within the circle to build momentum before releasing the discus. The discus must land within a 34.92º circular sector that is centered on the throwing circle.[8] The rules of competition for discus are virtually identical to those of shot put, except that the circle is larger, a stop board is not used and there are no form rules concerning how the discus is to be thrown.
The basic motion is a fore-handed sidearm movement. The discus is spun off the index finger or the middle finger of the throwing hand. In flight the disc spins clockwise when viewed from above for a right-handed thrower, and anticlockwise for a left-handed thrower. As well as achieving maximum momentum in the discus on throwing, the discus' distance is also determined by the trajectory the thrower imparts, as well as the aerodynamic behavior of the discus. Generally, throws into a moderate headwind achieve the maximum distance. Also, a faster-spinning discus imparts greater gyroscopic stability. The technique of discus throwing is quite difficult to master and needs much experience to perfect; thus most top throwers are 30 years old or more.
The discus throw is sometimes contested indoors, but it is not included at the World Athletics Indoor Championships. World Athletics used to keep "world indoor best" discus records, but since 2023 they now combine both indoor and outdoor marks.[9][10]
Phases
The discus technique can be broken down into phases. The purpose is to transfer from the back to the front of the throwing circle while turning through one and a half circles. The speed of delivery is high, and speed is built up during the throw (slow to fast). Correct technique involves the buildup of torque so that maximum force can be applied to the discus on delivery.[11]
Initially, the thrower takes up their position in the throwing circle, distributing their body weight evenly over both feet, which are roughly shoulder width apart. They crouch in order to adopt a more efficient posture to start from whilst also isometrically preloading their muscles; this will allow them to start faster and achieve a more powerful throw. They then begin the wind-up, which sets the tone for the entire throw; the rhythm of the wind-up and throw is very important.
Focusing on rhythm can bring about the consistency to get in the right positions that many throwers lack. Executing a sound discus throw with solid technique requires perfect balance. This is due to the throw being a linear movement combined with a one and a half rotation and an implement at the end of one arm. Thus, a good discus thrower needs to maintain balance within the circle.[12]
For a right handed thrower, the next stage is to move the weight over the left foot. From this position the right foot is raised, and the athlete 'runs' across the circle. There are various techniques for this stage where the leg swings out to a small or great extent, some athletes turn on their left heel (e.g. Ilke Wylluda[13]) but turning on the ball of the foot is far more common.
The aim is to land in the 'power position', the right foot should be in the center and the heel should not touch the ground at any point. The left foot should land very quickly after the right. Weight should be mostly over the back foot with as much torque as possible in the body—so the right arm is high and far back. This is very hard to achieve.[14]
The critical stage is the delivery of the discus, from this 'power position' the hips drive through hard, and will be facing the direction of the throw on delivery. Athletes employ various techniques to control the end-point and recover from the throw, such as fixing feet (to pretty much stop dead[13]), or an active reverse spinning onto the left foot (e.g. Virgilijus Alekna[15]).
Sports scientist Richard Ganslen researched the Aerodynamics of the Discus, reporting the discus will stall at an angle of 29°.[16]
Culture
The discus throw has been the subject of a number of well-known ancient Greek statues and Roman copies such as the Discobolus and Discophoros. The discus throw also appears repeatedly in ancient Greek mythology, featured as a means of manslaughter in the cases of Hyacinth, Crocus, Phocus, and Acrisius, and as a named event in the funeral games of Patroclus.
Discus throwers have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €10 Greek Discus commemorative coin, minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics. On the obverse of the coin a modern athlete is seen in the foreground in a half-turned position, while in the background an ancient discus thrower has been captured in a lively bending motion, with the discus high above his head, creating a vivid representation of the sport.
All-time top 25
Men
| Ath.# | Perf.# | Mark | Athlete | Nation | Date | Place | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 74.35 m (243 ft 11 in) | Mykolas Alekna | Lithuania |
14 April 2024 | Ramona | [19] |
| 2 | 2 | 74.08 m (243 ft 0 in) | Jürgen Schult | East Germany |
6 June 1986 | Neubrandenburg | |
| 3 | 3 | 73.88 m (242 ft 4 in) | Virgilijus Alekna | Lithuania |
3 August 2000 | Kaunas | |
| 4 | 4 | 73.38 m (240 ft 8 in) | Gerd Kanter |  Estonia |
4 September 2006 | Helsingborg | |
| 5 | 72.02 m (236 ft 3 in) | Kanter #2 | 3 May 2007 | Salinas | |||
| 6 | 71.88 m (235 ft 9 in) | Kanter #3 | 8 May 2008 | Salinas | |||
| 5 | 7 | 71.86 m (235 ft 9 in) | Yuriy Dumchev |  Soviet Union |
29 May 1983 | Moscow | |
| Daniel Ståhl | Sweden |
29 June 2019 | Bottnaryd | [20] | |||
| Kristjan Čeh |  Slovenia
|
16 June 2023 | Jõhvi | [21] | |||
| 8 | 10 | 71.84 m (235 ft 8 in) | Piotr Małachowski |  Poland |
8 June 2013 | Hengelo | |
| 9 | 11 | 71.70 m (235 ft 2 in) | Róbert Fazekas |  Hungary |
14 July 2002 | Szombathely | |
| 12 | 71.64 m (235 ft 0 in) | Kanter #4 | 25 June 2009 | Kohila | |||
| 13 | 71.56 m (234 ft 9 in) | V. Alekna #2 | 25 July 2007 | Kaunas | |||
| 10 | 14 | 71.50 m (234 ft 6 in) | Lars Riedel |  Germany |
3 May 1997 | Wiesbaden | |
| 11 | 15 | 71.48 m (234 ft 6 in) | Alex Rose |  Samoa |
11 May 2024 | Allendale | [22] |
| 16 | 71.47 m (234 ft 5 in) | Ståhl #2 | 21 June 2022 | Uppsala | [23] | ||
| 17 | 71.46 m (234 ft 5 in) | Ståhl #3 | 21 August 2023 | Budapest | [24] | ||
| 18 | 71.45 m (234 ft 4 in) | Kanter #5 | 29 April 2010 | Chula Vista | |||
| Ståhl #4 | 16 June 2023 | Jõhvi | [21] | ||||
| 20 | 71.40 m (234 ft 3 in) | Ståhl #5 | 10 July 2021 | Bottnaryd | |||
| 21 | 71.39 m (234 ft 2 in) | M. Alekna #2 | 6 April 2024 | Berkeley | [25] | ||
| 22 | 71.37 m (234 ft 1 in) | Ståhl #6 | 10 August 2020 | Sollentuna | |||
| 12 | 23 | 71.32 m (233 ft 11 in) | Ben Plucknett |  United States |
4 June 1983 | Eugene | |
| 24 | 71.29 m (233 ft 10 in) | Ståhl #7 | 29 June 2017 | Sollentuna | |||
| 25 | 71.27 m (233 ft 9 in) | Čeh #2 | 21 May 2022 | Birmingham | [26] | ||
| 13 | 71.26 m (233 ft 9 in) | John Powell | United States |
9 June 1984 | San Jose | ||
| Rickard Bruch | Sweden |
15 November 1984 | Malmö | ||||
| Imrich Bugár |  Czechoslovakia |
25 May 1985 | San Jose | ||||
| 16 | 71.18 m (233 ft 6 in) | Art Burns | United States |
19 July 1983 | San Jose | ||
| 17 | 71.16 m (233 ft 5 in) | Wolfgang Schmidt | East Germany |
9 August 1978 | Berlin | ||
| 18 | 71.14 m (233 ft 4 in) | Anthony Washington | United States |
22 May 1996 | Salinas | ||
| 19 | 71.06 m (233 ft 1 in) | Luis Delís |  Cuba |
21 May 1983 | Havana | ||
| 20 | 70.98 m (232 ft 10 in) | Mac Wilkins | United States |
9 July 1980 | Helsinki | ||
| 21 | 70.82 m (232 ft 4 in) | Aleksander Tammert | Estonia |
15 April 2006 | Denton | ||
| 22 | 70.78 m (232 ft 2 in) | Fedrick Dacres | Jamaica
|
16 June 2019 | Rabat | [27] | |
| 23 | 70.68 m (231 ft 10 in) | Lukas Weißhaidinger |  Austria |
19 May 2023 | Schwechat | [28] | |
| 24 | 70.66 m (231 ft 9 in) | Robert Harting | Germany |
22 May 2012 | Turnov | ||
| 25 | 70.54 m (231 ft 5 in) | Dmitriy Shevchenko |  Russia |
7 May 2002 | Krasnodar |
Notable series
- Mykolas Alekna had throws of 72.71, 72.89 and 74.35, initially measured as 74.41, at the Oklahoma Throws Series in Ramona on 14 April 2024, becoming the first man to produce three throws above 72 meters (and six throws above 70 meters) in a single competition.[29]
- Kristjan Čeh had throws of 71.86, 71.70 and 71.19 in Jõhvi on 16 June 2023 becoming the first man to have three throws above 71 metres in a single competition.[21]
- At the 2019 Diamond League Meeting in Doha, Qatar, Daniel Ståhl became the first man to produce six throws beyond 69.50 in a single competition.[30]
Annulled marks
- Ben Plucknett also threw a world record of 72.34 in Stockholm on 7 July 1981. This performance was annulled due to doping offences.
- Kamy Keshmiri threw 70.84 in Salinas on 27 May 1992. This performance was annulled due to doping offences.
Non-legal marks
- Rickard Bruch also threw 72.18 at an exhibition meeting in Piteå on 23 July 1974.
- John Powell also threw 72.08 in Klagshamn on 11 September 1987, but the throw was made onto a sloping/downhill sector.
Women
| Ath.# | Perf.# | Mark | Athlete | Nation | Date | Place | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 76.80 m (251 ft 11 in) | Gabriele Reinsch | East Germany |
9 July 1988 | Neubrandenburg | |
| 2 | 2 | 74.56 m (244 ft 7 in) | Zdeňka Šilhavá | Czechoslovakia |
26 August 1984 | Nitra | |
| Ilke Wyludda | East Germany |
23 July 1989 | Neubrandenburg | ||||
| 4 | 74.44 m (244 ft 2 in) | Reinsch #2 | 13 September 1988 | Berlin | |||
| 5 | 74.40 m (244 ft 1 in) | Wyludda #2 | 13 September 1988 | Berlin | |||
| 4 | 6 | 74.08 m (243 ft 0 in) | Diana Gansky | East Germany |
20 June 1987 | Karl-Marx-Stadt | |
| 7 | 73.90 m (242 ft 5 in) | Gansky #2 | 27 June 1987 | Prague | |||
| 8 | 73.42 m (240 ft 10 in) | Reinsch #3 | 12 June 1988 | Karl-Marx-Stadt | |||
| 5 | 9 | 73.36 m (240 ft 8 in) | Irina Meszynski | East Germany |
17 August 1984 | Prague | |
| 10 | 73.32 m (240 ft 6 in) | Gansky #2 | 11 June 1987 | Neubrandenburg | |||
| 6 | 11 | 73.28 m (240 ft 5 in) | Galina Savinkova | Soviet Union |
8 September 1984 | Donetsk | |
| 12 | 73.26 m (240 ft 4 in) | Savinkova #2 | 22 May 1983 | Leselidze | |||
| Gansky #3 | 6 June 1986 | Neubrandenburg | |||||
| 14 | 73.24 m (240 ft 3 in) | Gansky #4 | 29 May 1987 | Leipzig | |||
| 7 | 15 | 73.22 m (240 ft 2 in) | Tsvetanka Khristova |  Bulgaria |
19 April 1987 | Kazanlak | |
| 16 | 73.16 m (240 ft 0 in) | Wyludda #3 | 13 September 1988 | Berlin | |||
| 8 | 17 | 73.10 m (239 ft 9 in) | Gisela Beyer | East Germany |
20 July 1984 | Berlin | |
| 9 | 18 | 73.09 m (239 ft 9 in) | Yaime Pérez | Cuba
|
13 April 2024 | Ramona | [33] |
| 19 | 73.04 m (239 ft 7 in) | Gansky #5 | 6 June 1987 | Potsdam | |||
| Wyludda #4 | 5 August 1989 | Gateshead | |||||
| 21 | 72.96 m (239 ft 4 in) | Savinkova #3 | 23 June 1985 | Erfurt | |||
| 22 | 72.94 m (239 ft 3 in) | Gansky #6 | 9 July 1988 | Neubrandenburg | |||
| 10 | 23 | 72.92 m (239 ft 2 in) | Martina Hellmann | East Germany |
20 August 1987 | Potsdam | |
| 24 | 72.78 m (238 ft 9 in) | Hellmann #2 | 11 June 1987 | Neubrandenburg | |||
| Reinsch #4 | 29 June 1988 | Berlin | |||||
| 11 | 72.14 m (236 ft 8 in) | Galina Murashova | Soviet Union
|
17 August 1984 | Prague | ||
| 12 | 71.80 m (235 ft 6 in) | Mariya Vergova | Bulgaria
|
13 July 1980 | Sofia | ||
| 13 | 71.68 m (235 ft 2 in) | Xiao Yanling |  China
|
14 March 1992 | Beijing | ||
| 14 | 71.58 m (234 ft 10 in) | Ellina Zvereva | Soviet Union
|
12 June 1988 | Leningrad | ||
| 15 | 71.50 m (234 ft 6 in) | Evelin Jahl | East Germany
|
10 May 1980 | Potsdam | ||
| 16 | 71.46 m (234 ft 5 in) | Valarie Allman | United States
|
8 April 2022 | San Diego | [34] | |
| 17 | 71.41 m (234 ft 3 in) | Sandra Perković |  Croatia
|
18 July 2017 | Bellinzona | [35] | |
| 18 | 71.30 m (233 ft 11 in) | Larisa Korotkevich |  Russia
|
29 May 1992 | Sochi | ||
| 19 | 71.22 m (233 ft 7 in) | Ria Stalman |  Netherlands
|
15 July 1984 | Walnut | ||
| 20 | 70.88 m (232 ft 6 in) | Hilda Ramos | Cuba
|
8 May 1992 | Havana | ||
| 21 | 70.80 m (232 ft 3 in) | Larisa Mikhalchenko | Soviet Union
|
18 June 1988 | Kharkiv | ||
| 22 | 70.68 m (231 ft 10 in) | Maritza Martén | Cuba
|
18 July 1992 | Seville | ||
| 23 | 70.65 m (231 ft 9 in) | Denia Caballero | Cuba
|
20 June 2015 | Bilbao | [36] | |
| 24 | 70.50 m (231 ft 3 in) | Faina Melnik | Soviet Union
|
24 April 1976 | Sochi | ||
| 25 | 70.34 m (230 ft 9 in) | Silvia Madetzky | East Germany
|
16 May 1988 | Athens |
Annulled marks
- Daniela Costian of Romania threw a best of 73.48 in Bucharest on 30 April 1988. This performance was annulled due to doping offences.
- Darya Pishchalnikova of Russia threw a best of 70.69 in Cheboksary on 5 July 2012. This performance was annulled due to doping offences.
Non-legal marks
- Martina Hellmann also threw 78.14 at an unofficial meeting in Berlin on 6 September 1988.
- Ilke Wyludda also threw 75.36 at an unofficial meeting in Berlin on 6 September 1988.
Olympic medalists
Men
Women
World Championships medalists
Men
Women
Season's bests
Men
|
Women
|
See also
- List of discus throw national champions (men)
- United States champions in women's discus throw
Sport of athletics portal
Notes and references
- ^ "Sports – List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports". olympic.org. 14 January 2018.
- ^ "Discus Throwing | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
- ^ "History of Discus". www.discusnada.org. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
- ^ "Discus Throw". site.dev.aws.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
- ^ "Henry E. Canine resigns as mentor at high school in Aledo". The Daily Times (Davenport, Iowa). August 30, 1938. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
- ^ "Track and Field Throwing Implement Weight Requirements Rules". www.everythingtrackandfield.com. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
- ^ "Book of Rules | Official Documents". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
- ^ "The Rules and Regulations Every Discus Thrower Should Be Aware Of". Sports Aspire. 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
- ^ "Kanter throws 69.51m world indoor best in Växjö | NEWS | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
- ^ "Indoor track to be renamed short track by World Athletics". NBC Sports. 2023-05-23. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
- ^ Rosenbaum, Mike (2018-12-11). "How to Throw a Discus Step-By-Step". LiveAbout. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
- ^ Cappos, Scott. "Shot Put and Discus Technique and Training". Digital Track and Field.
- ^ a b throwhammer (13 September 2010). "wyludda discus throw 1996 olympics". Archived from the original on 2021-10-31 – via YouTube.
- ^ Power position Archived 2015-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, about.com
- ^ ntujavelin (26 December 2008). "2005 World Championship Men's Discus - 1st Virgilijus Alekna". Archived from the original on 2021-10-31 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Discus Throw - men - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-20.
- ^ "All-time men's best Discus Throw". alltime-athletics.com. 21 July 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
- ^ "FLASH: Alekna breaks discus world record with 74.35m in Oklahoma | REPORT | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
- ^ "Stahl goes to equal fourth on the world all-time discus list with 71.86m". European Athletics. 29 June 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
- ^ a b c "Ceh and Stahl throw beyond 71 metres in Jöhvi". World Athletics. 17 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- ^ "Ta Lou-Smith among athletes to shine at Jamaica Athletics Invitational". World Athletics. 12 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ^ "Daniel Ståhl with the best new year in the world in Uppsala". rockedbuzz.com. 21 June 2022. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ "Discus Throw Final Result" (PDF). World Athletics. 21 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
- ^ "European U23 record! Alekna launches a massive 71.39m discus". European Athletics. 7 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ Jess Whittington (21 May 2022). "Ceh and Mihambo fabulous in the field in Birmingham". World Athetlics. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ "Discus Throw Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 16 June 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-06-23. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
- ^ Helmut Baudis (20 May 2023). "Lukas Weißhaidinger schreibt mit 70,68 m Sportgeschichte". ÖLV (in German). Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ "FLASH: Alekna breaks discus world record with 74.35m in Oklahoma". 15 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
- ^ Bob Ramsak (3 May 2019). "Stahl sends discus beyond 70 metres in Doha – IAAF Diamond League". IAAF. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
- ^ Discus Throw - women - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-20.
- ^ "All-time women's best Discus Throw". alltime-athletics.com. 23 June 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
- ^ "Perez launches discus 73.09m, Sears clocks 10.77 for 100m | REPORT | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Diego Sampaolo (9 April 2022). "Allman breaks North American discus record with 71.46m in La Jolla". World Athletics. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ Diego Sampaolo (19 July 2017). "Perkovic throws 71.41m in Bellinzona, world's best discus mark since 1992". IAAF. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ^ "Denia Caballero sets Discus world lead of 70.65, Pichardo debuts in long jump". watchathletics.com. 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
- ^ Day 2 of IOC Executive Board meeting in St. Petersburg . Olympic (2013-05-30). Retrieved on 2014-04-19.
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