Bad (tour)
| World tour by Michael Jackson | |
 Promotional poster for the tour | |
| Location | |
|---|---|
| Associated album | Bad |
| Start date | September 12, 1987 |
| End date | January 27, 1989 |
| Legs | 7 |
| No. of shows |
|
| Attendance | 4,400,000 |
| Box office | $125 million ($307.25 million in 2021 dollars)[1] |
| Michael Jackson concert chronology | |
Bad was the first solo concert tour by American singer Michael Jackson, launched in support of his seventh studio album Bad (1987). The 123-show world tour began on September 12, 1987 in Japan, and concluded on January 27, 1989 in the United States, and sponsored by soft drink manufacturer Pepsi. It grossed a total of $125 million, making it the second highest-grossing tour of the 1980s after Pink Floyd's Momentary Lapse of Reason tour, and earning two new entries in the Guinness World Records for the largest grossing tour in history and the tour with the largest attended audience.[2] It was nominated for "Tour of the Year 1988" at the inaugural International Rock Awards.[3]
At the end of the Bad tour, Jackson made a public statement that he intended for it to be his last as a touring artist, as he had plans to transition to filmmaking;[4] however, it was followed by the Dangerous World Tour in 1992–1993 and the HIStory World Tour in 1996–1997. Except for two shows in Hawaii during the HIStory Tour, this would be the only time that Jackson would tour the United States as a solo artist.
Background
On June 29, 1987, Jackson's manager Frank DiLeo held a press conference in Tokyo to announce that the 29-year-old Jackson would embark on his first concert tour as a solo artist. It marked his first concerts since the Victory Tour in 1984 which he performed with his brothers as the Jacksons. DiLeo said the tour would start with a Japanese leg because of the country's loyal fans.[5] In a written statement, Jackson, who was completing Bad in Los Angeles, promised "thrilling and exciting" concerts.[6] The soft drink manufacturer Pepsi, with whom Jackson and his brothers had a deal worth an estimated $5 million per year, sponsored the tour. Sales of the drink in Japan doubled during the summer following the announcement, helped by an advertising campaign that offered free tickets and 30,000 souvenirs.[7] The entire entourage were instructed not to be seen drinking a product from rival Coca-Cola in public.[8] Marlon Brando's son Miko joined the tour as a production assistant.[9]
Auditions for the musicians, and subsequent rehearsals, were held at the Leeds facility in North Hollywood. Keyboardist Rory Kaplan, who had played on the Victory Tour, was touring with the Chick Corea Elektric Band when he was asked by Jackson's secretary to join his group as musical director, which Kaplan accepted.[10] The original idea was to bring in former Victory Tour drummer Jonathan Moffett and guitarist David Williams, but the pair were on tour with Madonna.[11] Jackson wanted the music on stage to sound like the albums, and asked Chris Currell, who had played the Synclavier synthesizer and sampler on Bad, to play it live.[11] Currell arranged to have three complete systems: two to handle the music on stage and one for his hotel room for Jackson to record ideas while travelling, plus a dismantled setup for spare parts in case of a problem, and a full time technician. Currell estimated the Synclaviers alone cost $1.4 million.[11] Since he was primarily a guitarist and not a keyboardist, he purchased a SynthAxe MIDI controller guitar to trigger cues to a computer which operated the Synclaviers.[11] The audition performances were filmed and played to Jackson at his home in the evening.[11] The band had just two weeks to rehearse at Leeds before production rehearsals followed at Universal Studios for another three, although no full production in its entirety happened until the first show.[10][8]
Overview
Japan and Australia (1987)
The tour began with a 14-date leg across Japan, marking Jackson's first performances in the country since 1973 as part of the Jackson 5.[12] Nine shows were originally announced but they sold out within hours, so five more were added due to the high demand.[13] The shows cost the sponsors $8.6 million to stage.[14] Jackson arrived at Tokyo's Narita International Airport on September 9, where over 300 reporters and photographers greeted him upon his arrival. The staging, lighting, and musical equipment for the 1987 dates weighed 110,000 lbs. Jackson assisted in the stage design, which consisted of 700 lights, 100 speakers, 40 lasers, three mirrors, and two 24-by-18 foot screens. Performers wore 70 costumes, four of which were attached with fiber optic lights.[15]
While in Osaka, Jackson received the key to the city by the mayor.[16] In Tokyo, Jackson donated $20,000 to the parents of Yoshiaki Hagiwara, a five-year-old boy who was kidnapped and murdered, after he watched a news report about the tragedy.[17] Attendance figures for the first 14 dates in Japan totaled a record-breaking 450,000.[13] Crowds of 200,000 were what past performers could manage to draw for a single tour.[18] Some shows were filmed by Nippon TV and the September 26 show in Yokohama was broadcast on Japanese television.[14] Jackson wrapped the Japanese leg by donating several personalised items for a charity auction, including clothes and glasses worn during the tour.[19]
Jackson left Japan for a rest period in Hong Kong and China before the Australian leg.[20][21] On October 30, a planned New Zealand leg was cancelled as local promoters were unable to meet demands that the audience be seated,[22] although dates there and Australia were also cancelled due to low ticket sales.[23] Between November 13 and 28, Jackson performed five concerts in Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane. The loud and enthusiastic crowds were a contrast to the Japanese audience, who were instructed to remain quiet and make little noise, and made it difficult for the group to hear the count-ins at the beginning of a number.[8] The November 28 show in Brisbane was recorded and broadcast. During the concert, Jackson brought Stevie Wonder on stage to sing "Bad" with him.[8]
North America (1988)
Following the 1987 dates Jackson wanted to revamp the production with a larger stage set-up, the addition of new numbers including "Smooth Criminal" and "Man in the Mirror", and new musical arrangements. Kaplan revisited the studio recordings and prepared tapes for each band member to follow. During this time Phillinganes took over as musical director and Kaplan became technical director.[10] Rehearsals for the new set-up took place at the Pensacola Civic Center in Florida from January 22 to February 18, 1988.[24] Vincent Paterson, who had worked with Jackson on several videos, was brought in to choreograph and co-direct the tour. On the final day, Jackson allowed 420 school pupils to watch him perform a full dress rehearsal after the children made him a rap music video in his honor.[25] The band rehearsed "Speed Demon" from Bad prior to Jackson's arrival two weeks in, and he liked the performance, but it was dropped from the set as he had no choreography to accompany the song.[8] Siegfried and Roy were brought in to advise on some stage illusions.[8]
The first performances were to begin in Atlanta, but Pepsi officials objected the plan as it was home to Coca-Cola.[26] For both Atlanta shows, Jackson gave 100 tickets to the Children's Wish Foundation for terminally ill children to attend.[27] The first of three concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York City in March served as a benefit to raise $500,000 to the United Negro College Fund.[28] Jackson presented a check of $600,000 to the fund.[29] He performed songs The Way You Make Me Feel and Man in the Mirror during 30th Anniversary Grammy Awards on March 2nd[30]
Europe (1988)
The European leg began in Rome on May 23, where police and security guards rescued hundreds of fans from being crushed in the crowd of 35,000.[31] Police reported 130 women had fainted at the concert in Vienna.[32] While in Switzerland, Jackson went to Vevey to meet Oona O'Neill, the widow of actor Charlie Chaplin.[33] On June 19, Jackson performed in West Berlin close to the Berlin Wall in front of the Reichstag Building. After Jackson's death it was revealed that the Stasi had kept a file on him, making extensive preparations to prevent East German fans to gather at the Brandenburg Gate to listen to the concert. The plan also involved broadcasting the concert in a stadium in East Berlin with a two-minute delay, so the East Germans could replace the live performance with a videotape of a previous performance in case Jackson made any undesirable political comments.[34]
The most successful of the European dates were those in London at Wembley Stadium, where demand for the five July dates exceeded 1.5 million, enough to fill the 72,000-capacity venue 20 times.[35] Jackson went on to perform seven sold-out shows at Wembley for a total of 504,000 people which entered him into the Guinness World Records, the first of three times from the tour alone.[36] The record surpassed the previous attendance record shared by Madonna, Bruce Springsteen, and Genesis. More shows could have been added, but the venue had reached its quota for live performances.[35] The third concert was attended by Diana, Princess of Wales and Prince Charles, and subsequently released as Live at Wembley July 16, 1988.[37] On July 30, NBC aired Michael Jackson Around the World, a 90-minute special documenting the singer on tour.[38] On August 29, after a birthday performance in Leeds, Jackson donated $130,000 to Give for Life.[36] The final European show was held in Liverpool at Aintree Racecourse, where 1,550 fans were reported injured among the crowd of 125,000, the largest show of the tour.[36][39]
North America and Japan (1988–1989)
Jackson toured the United States for a second time between September 1988 and January 1989, with a return to Tokyo for nine shows in December which included a concert on Christmas Day. This would be the last time he toured his native country, aside from two shows in Hawaii in 1997 and a handful of one-off appearances in 2001 and 2002. On October 23, 1988, he donated $125,000, the net proceeds of the first show in Auburn Hills, to the city's Motown Museum.[40] This second American tour alone grossed a total of $20.3 million, the sixth largest of the year.[2] The tour was planned to end in Tokyo, but Jackson suffered from swollen vocal cords after the first of six concerts in Los Angeles in November, and the remaining five were rescheduled for January 1989. Due to this rescheduling, Phillinganes had to disembark from the tour in early January, having already made commitments to tour with Eric Clapton. Studio musician John Barnes was hired to take Phillinganes' place.[41]
During the run of shows in Tokyo, nine-year-old Ayana Takada was selected to receive a certificate by Jackson to commemorate the four millionth person to attend the tour.[42]
Five performances in Los Angeles were held to conclude the tour on January 27, 1989. Currell remembered a minor earthquake shook the stage as the band were taking their final bow at the end of the final show.[8] In 16 months, Jackson performed 123 concerts in 15 countries to an audience of 4.5 million for a total gross of $125 million.[2][43] The American tour alone grossed a total of $20.3 million, the sixth largest of the year.[2] Guinness World Records recognized the tour as the largest grossing in history and the tour to play to the most people ever.[2] In April 1989, the tour was nominated for "Tour of the Year 1988" at the inaugural International Rock Awards. It lost to Amnesty International.[44]
Concert film and other recordings
A live album and DVD of the July 16, 1988, concert in London titled Live at Wembley July 16, 1988 was released along with the special edition reissue of the Bad album titled Bad 25 on September 18, 2012, as well as a stand-alone DVD.[45] Video of the September 26, 1987, Concert in Yokohama, Japan, was broadcast on Nippon Television and is available on YouTube. A number of amateur-shot concerts and short snippets were leaked on YouTube a few years later. Half-show footage of Rome (May 23, 1988) and Brisbane (November 28, 1987), and a high-quality 30-minute segment of live footage of Tokyo (December 9, 1988), as well as full low-quality leaks of Tokyo (September 12 & 13, 1987) and Osaka (October 10, 1987) are also available online. Audio recordings of the final Los Angeles (January 27, 1989) concert have been crowdfunded and released on YouTube. Audio recordings from the rehearsal at Pensacola, Florida (February 18, 1988) have also been released as well. Atlanta (April 13, 1988), Auburn Hills (October 24, 1988), Osaka (October 12, 1987), Tokyo (September 13, 1987), have been leaked.
Opening acts
- Kim Wilde (Europe)[46]
- Taylor Dayne (Europe – August 5–23, 1988)[47]
- Gianna Nannini (Gelsenkirchen)
Setlist
- "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'"
- "Things I Do for You"
- "Off the Wall"
- "Human Nature"
- "This Place Hotel"
- "She's Out of My Life"
- The Jackson 5 Medley – "I Want You Back" / "The Love You Save" / "I'll Be There"
- "Rock with You"
- "Lovely One"
- "Bad Groove" (Musical Interlude)
- "Workin' Day and Night"
- "Beat It"
- "Billie Jean"
- "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)"
- "Thriller"
- "I Just Can't Stop Loving You"
- "Bad"
- "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'"
- "This Place Hotel"
- "Another Part of Me"
- "Human Nature"
- "Smooth Criminal"
- "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" (with Sheryl Crow)
- "She's Out of My Life"
- The Jackson 5 Medley – "I Want You Back" / "The Love You Save" / "I'll Be There"
- "Rock with You"
- "Dirty Diana" (K.C – February 23, 1988) – (L.A – November 13, 1988, only)
- "Thriller"
- "Bad Groove" (Musical Interlude)
- "Workin' Day and Night"
- "Beat It"
- "Billie Jean"
- "Bad"
- Encore
- "The Way You Make Me Feel" (selected dates only)
- "Man in the Mirror"
- "Speed Demon" and "Liberian Girl" were rehearsed for the 1988–1989 leg, but were ultimately left off the setlist.
- "Human Nature" and "Smooth Criminal" were performed after "Rock with You" during the European dates of the tour.
- "Dirty Diana" was removed from the setlist after the first Tokyo show on December 9, 1988.
Tour dates
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| Date | City | Country | Venue | Attendance | Revenue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | |||||
| September 12, 1987 | Tokyo | Japan | Korakuen Stadium | 135,000 / 135,000 | $52,423,603[49][a] |
| September 13, 1987 | |||||
| September 14, 1987 | |||||
| September 19, 1987 | Nishinomiya | Hankyu Nishinomiya Stadium | 120,000 / 120,000 | ||
| September 20, 1987 | |||||
| September 21, 1987 | |||||
| September 25, 1987 | Yokohama | Yokohama Stadium | 240,000 / 240,000 | ||
| September 26, 1987 | |||||
| September 27, 1987 | |||||
| October 3, 1987 | |||||
| October 4, 1987 | |||||
| October 10, 1987 | Osaka | Osaka Stadium | 120,000 / 120,000 | ||
| October 11, 1987 | |||||
| October 12, 1987 | |||||
| Oceania | |||||
| November 13, 1987 | Melbourne | Australia | Olympic Park Stadium | 45,000 / 45,000 | — |
| November 20, 1987 | Sydney | Parramatta Stadium | 90,000 / 90,000 | ||
| November 21, 1987 | |||||
| November 27, 1987 | Brisbane | Brisbane Entertainment Centre | 27,000 / 27,000 | ||
| November 28, 1987 | |||||
| North America[50][51][52][53][54] | |||||
| February 23, 1988 | Kansas City | United States | Kemper Arena | 50,877 / 50,877 | $963,137 |
| February 24, 1988 | |||||
| March 3, 1988 | New York City | Madison Square Garden | 57,000 / 57,000 | $1,800,000 | |
| March 5, 1988 | |||||
| March 6, 1988 | |||||
| March 13, 1988 | St. Louis | St. Louis Arena | 17,000 / 17,000 | — | |
| March 18, 1988 | Indianapolis | Market Square Arena | 34,000 / 34,000 | ||
| March 19, 1988 | |||||
| March 20, 1988 | Louisville | Freedom Hall | 19,000 / 19,000 | ||
| March 24, 1988 | Denver | McNichols Sports Arena | 40,251 / 40,251 | $842,918 | |
| March 25, 1988 | |||||
| March 26, 1988 | |||||
| March 30, 1988 | Hartford | Hartford Civic Center | 45,188 / 45,188 | $1,071,148 | |
| March 31, 1988 | |||||
| April 1, 1988 | |||||
| April 8, 1988 | Houston | The Summit | 51,000 / 51,000 | — | |
| April 9, 1988 | |||||
| April 10, 1988 | |||||
| April 13, 1988 | Atlanta | Omni Coliseum | 51,000 / 51,000 | ||
| April 14, 1988 | |||||
| April 15, 1988 | |||||
| April 19, 1988 | Rosemont | Rosemont Horizon | 40,000 / 40,000 | ||
| April 20, 1988 | |||||
| April 21, 1988 | |||||
| April 25, 1988 | Dallas | Reunion Arena | 57,000 / 57,000 | ||
| April 26, 1988 | |||||
| April 27, 1988 | |||||
| May 4, 1988 | Bloomington | Met Center | 50,662 / 50,662 | $1,139,895 | |
| May 5, 1988 | |||||
| May 6, 1988 | |||||
| Europe | |||||
| May 23, 1988 | Rome | Italy | Stadio Flaminio | 80,000 / 80,000 | — |
| May 24, 1988 | |||||
| May 29, 1988 | Turin | Stadio Comunale | 60,000 / 60,000 | ||
| June 2, 1988 | Vienna | Austria | Praterstadion | 55,000 / 55,000 | |
| June 5, 1988 | Rotterdam | Netherlands | Stadion Feijenoord | 145,200 / 145,200 | |
| June 6, 1988 | |||||
| June 7, 1988 | |||||
| June 11, 1988 | Gothenburg | Sweden | Eriksberg | 106,000 / 106,000 | |
| June 12, 1988 | |||||
| June 16, 1988 | Basel | Switzerland | St. Jakob Stadium | 50,000 / 50,000 | |
| June 19, 1988 | West Berlin | West Germany | Platz der Republik | 43,000 / 43,000 | |
| June 27, 1988 | Paris | France | Parc des Princes | 63,000 / 63,000 | |
| June 28, 1988 | |||||
| July 1, 1988 | Hamburg | West Germany | Volksparkstadion | 50,000 / 50,000 | |
| July 3, 1988 | Cologne | Müngersdorfer Stadion | 70,000 / 70,000 | ||
| July 8, 1988 | Munich | Olympiastadion | 72,000 / 72,000 | ||
| July 10, 1988 | Hockenheim | Hockenheimring | 80,000 / 80,000 | ||
| July 14, 1988 | London | England | Wembley Stadium | 504,000 / 504,000[b] | |
| July 15, 1988 | |||||
| July 16, 1988 | |||||
| July 22, 1988 | |||||
| July 23, 1988 | |||||
| July 26, 1988 | Cardiff | Wales | Cardiff Arms Park | 55,000 / 55,000 | |
| July 30, 1988 | Cork | Ireland | Páirc Uí Chaoimh | 130,000 / 130,000 | |
| July 31, 1988 | |||||
| August 5, 1988 | Marbella | Spain | Estadio Municipal de Marbella | 28,000 / 28,000 | |
| August 7, 1988 | Madrid | Vicente Calderón Stadium | 60,000 / 60,000 | ||
| August 9, 1988 | Barcelona | Camp Nou | 95,000 / 95,000 | ||
| August 12, 1988 | Montpellier | France | Stade Richter | 35,000 / 35,000 | |
| August 14, 1988 | Nice | Stade Charles-Ehrmann | 35,000 / 35,000 | ||
| August 19, 1988 | Lausanne | Switzerland | Stade olympique de la Pontaise | 45,000 / 45,000 | |
| August 21, 1988 | Würzburg | West Germany | Talavera Mainwiesen | 43,000 / 43,000 | |
| August 23, 1988 | Werchter | Belgium | Werchter Festivalpark | 55,000 / 55,000 | |
| August 26, 1988 | London | England | Wembley Stadium | —[b] | |
| August 27, 1988 | |||||
| August 29, 1988 | Leeds | Roundhay Park | 90,000 / 90,000 | ||
| September 2, 1988 | Hannover | West Germany | Niedersachsenstadion | 40,000 / 40,000 | |
| September 4, 1988 | Gelsenkirchen | Parkstadion | 52,000 / 52,000 | ||
| September 6, 1988 | Linz | Austria | Linzer Stadion | 40,000 / 40,000 | |
| September 10, 1988 | Milton Keynes | England | Milton Keynes Bowl | 60,000 / 60,000 | |
| September 11, 1988 | Liverpool | Aintree Racecourse | 125,000 / 125,000 | ||
| North America[55][56][57][58] | |||||
| September 26, 1988 | Pittsburgh | United States | Civic Arena | 48,694 / 48,694 | $1,144,917 |
| September 27, 1988 | |||||
| September 28, 1988 | |||||
| October 3, 1988 | East Rutherford | Brendan Byrne Arena | 61,061 / 61,061 | $1,600,755 | |
| October 4, 1988 | |||||
| October 5, 1988 | |||||
| October 10, 1988 | Richfield | Richfield Coliseum | 38,000 / 38,000 | — | |
| October 11, 1988 | |||||
| October 13, 1988 | Landover | Capital Centre | 69,883 / 69,883 | $1,747,075 | |
| October 17, 1988 | |||||
| October 18, 1988 | |||||
| October 19, 1988 | |||||
| October 24, 1988 | Auburn Hills | The Palace of Auburn Hills | 50,010 / 50,010 | — | |
| October 25, 1988 | |||||
| October 26, 1988 | |||||
| November 7, 1988 | Irvine | Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre | 45,000 / 45,000 | ||
| November 8, 1988 | |||||
| November 9, 1988 | |||||
| November 13, 1988 | Los Angeles | Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena | 93,198 / 93,198[c] | $2,423,603[c] | |
| Asia | |||||
| December 9, 1988 | Tokyo | Japan | Tokyo Dome | 450,000 / 450,000[59] | —[a] |
| December 10, 1988 | |||||
| December 11, 1988 | |||||
| December 17, 1988 | |||||
| December 18, 1988 | |||||
| December 19, 1988 | |||||
| December 24, 1988 | |||||
| December 25, 1988 | |||||
| December 26, 1988 | |||||
| North America | |||||
| January 16, 1989 | Los Angeles | United States | Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena | —[c] | —[c] |
| January 17, 1989 | |||||
| January 18, 1989 | |||||
| January 26, 1989 | |||||
| January 27, 1989 | |||||
| Total | 4,559,065 / 4,559,065 (100%) | $63,212,402 | |||
Known planned dates
| Date | City | Country | Venue | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| October 17, 1987 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | Hong Kong Coliseum | Cancelled for unknown reasons[60] |
| October 18, 1987 | ||||
| November 3, 1987 | Perth | Australia | WACA Ground | Cancelled for unknown reasons |
| November 8, 1987 | Adelaide | Thebarton Oval | ||
| December 2, 1987 | Wellington | New Zealand | Athletic Park | |
| December 6, 1987 | Auckland | Mount Smart Stadium | ||
| March 14, 1988 | St. Louis | United States | St. Louis Arena | Laryngitis |
| April 1, 1988 | Cincinnati | Riverfront Coliseum | Tour restructuring[61] There were also initial plans to take the tour to Birmingham, AL and Chapel Hill, NC[62] | |
| April 2, 1988 | ||||
| May–June, 1988 | Milan | Italy | San Siro | Tour restructuring (Jackson was initially planned to do 2 concerts in Milan between late May and early June, but the San Siro stadium was unusable due to renovations) |
| June 23, 1988 | Lyon | France | Stade de Gerland | Low ticket sales |
| October 31, 1988 | Tacoma | United States | Tacoma Dome | Laryngitis[63] |
| November 1, 1988 | ||||
| November 2, 1988 | ||||
| 1988–1989 | N/A | Canada | N/A | Planned concerts did not take place due to unknown reasons[64] |
Personnel
Band
- Michael Jackson – co-director, co-choreographer, lead vocals, dancing
- Greg Phillinganes – musical director, keyboards
- Rory Kaplan – keyboards
- Christopher Currell – Synclavier synthesizers, digital guitar, sound effects
- Ricky Lawson – drums, percussion
- Jennifer Batten – rhythm and lead guitar[65]
- Jon Clark – lead and rhythm guitar
- Don Boyette – bass guitar, synth bass
- John Barnes – keyboards (1989 shows only)
Vocals
- Darryl Phinnessee – vocal music director, backing vocals
- Dorian Holley – backing vocals
- Sheryl Crow – backing vocals
- Kevin Dorsey – backing vocals
Dancers
- Randy Allaire
- Eddie Garcia
- Dominic Lucero
- LaVelle Smith Jr.
- Tatiana Thumbzten (Kansas City and first New York City show only)
- Keith "DJ Proper" Jordan (1989 shows only)
Wardrobe and crew
- Karen Faye – hair and makeup
- Tommy Simms – stylist
- Bill Frank Whitten – costume design
- Dennis Tompkins – costume design
- Michael Bush – costume design
- Jolie Levine – Jackson's personal assistant
- Meredith Besser – assistant
Production and management
- Jaun C. Marin – assistant director
- Vincent Paterson – co-director, choreographer
- Tom McPhillips – set designer
- Allen Branton – lighting designer
- Frank DiLeo – Jackson's manager
- Sal Bonafede – tour co-ordinator
- John Draper – tour manager
- Benny Collins – production manager
- Nelson Hayes – production co-ordinator
- Rob Henry – production co-ordinator
- Gerry Bakalian – stage manager
- Tait Towers, Inc. – set construction
- Clair Bros. – sound
- Kevin Elison – house sound engineer
- Rick Coberly – monitor engineer
- Ziffren, Brittenham and Branca – attorneys
- Gelfand, Rennert and Feldman – business management
- Solters/Roskin, Friedman Inc. – public relations
- Bob Jones – VP of communications
- Glen Brunman – media relations
- Michael Mitchell – tour publicist
- Gretta Walsh of Revel Travel – travel agent
- Patrick "Bubba" Morrow – Nocturne Video
- Mo Morrison – production team
See also
Notes
References
Citations
- ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Campbell 1993, p. 236.
- ^ Halstead, Craig; Cadman, Chris (July 2003). Michael Jackson The Solo Years. England: New Generation Publishing. p. 85. ISBN 978-0755200917.
- ^ "Why Michael Jackson Stopped Performing at His Peak? | the detail". YouTube.
- ^ "Jackson set for his first solo world tour". Desert Dispatch. June 30, 1987. p. 9. Retrieved February 10, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Michael Jackson sets new concert tour dates". The Daily Advertiser. July 5, 1987. p. 28. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Jones, Terril (September 20, 1987). "Jackson tour gives boost to Pepsi sales in Japan". Daily Record. p. D14. Retrieved February 10, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g Currell, Christopher (May 26, 2015). "The Event Horizon – "Synclavier, Music and Michael Jackson" – Part 4". Headphone Guru.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ Kaplan, Lisa Faye (July 9, 1987). "Brando's son is behind the 'Bad' concerts". Mount Vernon Argus. p. C1. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c Darter, Sibyl (March 1989). "Rory Kaplan" (PDF). After Touch. Vol. 5, no. 3. pp. 10–11. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Currell, Christopher (May 26, 2015). "The Event Horizon – "Synclavier, Music and Michael Jackson" – Part 3". Headphone Guru.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ "Michael Jackson's new tour to start in Japan". Manila Standard. July 2, 1987. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
- ^ a b Campbell 1993, p. 208.
- ^ a b "Michael Jackson arrives in Tokyo". Asbury Park Press. September 11, 1987. p. C8. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Michael Jackson craze hits Japan". New Straits Times. September 12, 1987. Retrieved September 29, 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Jackson gets key". Courier-Post. September 19, 1987. p. 8C. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Michael Jackson 'horrified' by killing of Japanese boy". The Leader-Post. September 28, 1987. p. C6. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Richard Harrington (January 12, 1988). "Jackson to Make First Solo U.S. Tour". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
- ^ "Michael Jackson ends tour of Japan". The Daily Item. October 20, 1987. p. 14. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Jackson in Hong Kong". Victoria Advocate. October 21, 1987. p. 7D. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Michael Jackson cancels holiday". Red Deer Advocate. October 26, 1987. p. 4B. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Briefly: Michael Jackson cancels tour". Detroit Free Press. October 30, 1987. p. 14D. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Some rock, some roll in show biz". Sydney Morning Herald. November 14, 1987. Retrieved February 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Snider, Eric (January 15, 1988). "'Bad' tour: Pensacola is southern limit". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on February 9, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
- ^ "Jackson entertains kids". The Dispatch. Lexington, North Carolina. February 20, 1988. p. 2. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
- ^ Campbell 1993, p. 212.
- ^ Campbell 1993, p. 213.
- ^ Decurtis, Anthony (February 10, 1988). "Michael Jackson plans U.S., European tours". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved September 30, 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Campbell 1993, p. 189.
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- ^ a b c Halstead 2003, p. 80.
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- ^ Halstead 2003, p. 85.
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He was scheduled to appear at the Tacoma Dome in October 1988—selling more than 70,000 tickets over three nights—but canceled the day before the opening show, due to the flu.
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Sources
- Campbell, Lisa D. (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop (first ed.). Branden Books. ISBN 978-0-8283-1957-7.
- Halstead, Craig (2003). Michael Jackson The Solo Years (first ed.). Authors On Line, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7552-0091-7.
- Michael Jackson concert tours
- 1987 concert tours
- 1988 concert tours
- 1989 concert tours
- Concert tours of North America
- Concert tours of the United States
- Concert tours of Europe
- Concert tours of the United Kingdom
- Concert tours of France
- Concert tours of Germany
- Concert tours of Ireland
- Concert tours of Oceania
- Concert tours of Australia
- Concert tours of Asia
- Concert tours of Japan