Overseas Taiwanese
Total population | |
---|---|
23,944,178 | |
Regions with significant populations | |
![]() | 1,002,000[1] |
![]() | 632,000[2] |
![]() | 404,000[3] |
![]() | 340,090[1] |
![]() | 303,000[1] |
![]() | 290,200[1] |
![]() | 190,020[4] |
![]() | 173,000[5] |
![]() | 99,350[1] |
![]() | 96,000[6] |
![]() | 90,000[1] |
![]() | 89,500[1] |
![]() | 89,000[1] |
![]() | 81,000[7] |
![]() | 75,000[1] |
![]() | 69,000[1] |
![]() | 68,000[1] |
![]() | 63,000[1] |
![]() | 45,000[1] |
![]() | 31,000[citation needed] |
Others | 78,000[citation needed] |
Languages | |
Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Formosan languages |
Overseas Taiwanese (Chinese: 海外臺灣人,海外中華民國華人華僑), also called "Overseas Chinese from the Republic of China", are people of Taiwanese R.O.C. ancestry or Republic of China descent who live or were born outside of Taiwan. Overseas Taiwanese may hold R.O.C. passport or may hold passports of other countries. Some Overseas R.O.C. passport holders are decendants of former British Hong Kong nationals. In order to distinguish democratic Republic of China nationals from the People's Republic of China (a.k.a. Mainland Chinese), R.O.C. Overseas Chinese are now referred to as Taiwanese in the English documentation of their nationality in other countries.
Description
Taiwanese national identity
Taiwanese nationality was used by most countries to differentiate Taiwan R.O.C. nationals from P.R.C. Mainland Chinese nationals.
Depending on the political party they prefer, Taiwanese citizens have differing ideology of Taiwanese identity. KMT considers all democratic Overseas Chinese to be Taiwanese and keeps the historical facts that the founders of Taiwan R.O.C. government were the democratic government of Republic of China who lost the war with communists and retreated to Taiwan island. While DPP had narrowed down the Taiwanese identity to locals who are born in Taiwan and aboriginal Taiwanese. They believed that their identity emerged during Japanese occupation of Taiwan.
Following the Chinese annexation (reclamation) of Taiwan on 25 October 1945 after the 1943 Cairo Declaration, which is celebrated annually as "Retrocession Day", Taiwan has been claimed by the Republic of China.
The island of Taiwan is part of the territory of Republic of China. Kinmen, which is documented as Fujian province is also under the current territory and governance of Taiwan (Republic of China). Realistically, Taiwan R.O.C. functions independently and has an independent governance which is different from People's Republic of China since 1911, despite claims that it is a province of PRC China.
Since the end of martial law in Taiwan and the development of democratic multi-party elections under the political framework of the Republic of China, the political status of Taiwan has remained controversial. There exists within Taiwan the "Blue/Green" political division, wherein the Pan-Blue Coalition believes that the democratic ROC Republic of China must be retained as a country which is not inferior to PRC People's Republic of China and maintain Overseas Chinese economic diplomatic relations. Whereas the Pan-Green Coalition believes that Taiwan should be the new name of the country based on their own definition of local Taiwanese identity. Meanwhile, the People's Republic of China (PRC) claims Taiwan as its own "Taiwan Province".
Early Taiwanese diaspora
In 1895, Japan emerged victorious over China in the First Sino-Japanese War. As a result, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed. In this treaty, Japan outlined several of its demands, one of which was that the islands of Formosa and the Pescadores (i.e. Taiwan) should be transferred from Chinese sovereignty to Japanese sovereignty. Following the signing of the treaty, the Chinese Government abandoned Taiwan and permitted a Japanese seizure of Taiwan. A short-lived republic was established on the island in 1895, in order to deter a Japanese invasion and annexation of Taiwan, but it was defeated in the same year, and the island of Taiwan was then absorbed into Japan.
Within the Treaty of Shimonoseki, it was agreed that the inhabitants of Taiwan would be permitted to sell their property and leave the island within a two-year period from 1895 until 1897. A minuscule percentage of the population of Taiwan opted to return to China, and an unknown number fled as refugees to other countries in the Asia-Pacific Region, such as the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia). Those Taiwanese who remained on the island were, by the terms of the treaty, deemed to be Japanese subjects. They would later lose their Japanese nationality in 1952 with the signing of the Treaty of Taipei between Japan and the Republic of China in Taiwan. However, the legitimacy of the treaty is disputed.
Travel between China and Japanese Taiwan was possible. The small number of Taiwanese people living in China were re-absorbed into Chinese culture, though some became advocates of Chinese Unification. It is known that members of the early Taiwanese Communist Party were closely affiliated with the Chinese Communist Party prior to the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The failed Taiwanese Communist Party would later evolve into the Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League, one of eight officially-recognised political parties within the People's Republic of China which is ultimately subservient to the Chinese Communist Party. Many members of this party have been Taiwanese people residing in China.
During World War II, roughly 600 Taiwanese people living in the Netherlands East Indies (NEI) were arrested on the basis of their Japanese nationality or other links to the Japanese empire. Because the NEI government suspected that they would support the Japanese invasion of Indonesia or might provide the Imperial Japanese Army with sensitive information, the ~600 Taiwanese prisoners were deported to Australia in December 1941, and they were interned in Australia until March 1946. Several Taiwanese (Indonesian) children were born in Australia during the period of internment, receiving Australian citizenship at birth, and effectively creating a new "Taiwanese Australian" community. Taiwanese people had previously had a very minor presence in Australia.
Laws regarding overseas Taiwanese citizens
Overseas citizens must return to Taiwan to legally vote in elections, as Taiwan does not use absentee ballots.[8]
Taiwanese in North America (US, Canada)
In the United States, there are 230,382 to 919,000 people of Taiwanese descent living in the country. They are mostly concentrated in California, New York, and Texas.[9][10] There are over 91,000 Taiwanese people in Canada, mainly living in the provinces of British Columbia and Ontario.[11][12]
See also
- Taishang, the predominant Taiwanese population group in mainland China
- Taiwanese people
- Han Taiwanese, descendants of Han Chinese people
- Austronesian people, descendants of Taiwanese aborigines in the Pacific and Southeast Asia
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "僑委會全球資訊網". Archived from the original on 16 September 2012.
- ^ "僑委會全球資訊網". Archived from the original on 17 May 2011.
- ^ 這兩大因素影響 去年赴中國工作人數創近11年新低. United Daily News. 17 December 2019. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- ^ "International Migration Database". stats.oecd.org.
- ^ "Overseas Chinese Affairs Council - Taiwan (ROC)" (PDF). OCA Council.
- ^ "僑委會全球資訊網". www.ocac.gov.tw.
- ^ "早报". 早报.
- ^ Mackinen, Julie (13 January 2016). "Americans from Taiwan return home to vote and boost democracy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
- ^ "ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES, AND WITH ONE OR MORE ASIAN CATEGORIES FOR SELECTED GROUPS". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 2011. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
- ^ Numbers of Overseas Taiwanese Archived 2012-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, Taiwan, 2010
- ^ "CIC Facts and Figures 2003" (PDF).
- ^ "CIC Facts and Figures 2009". Archived from the original (ASP) on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016.