Immigration to Portugal

For Immigration from African countries to Portugal, see Afro-Portuguese people.

As of 2022, Portugal had 798,480 inhabitants that were born in a foreign country, accounting for about 7.6 % of its total population.

Dealing with foreign nationals (inhabitants without Portuguese citizenship, regardless of their country of birth or ethnic background) in 2019 there were above 590,000 foreigners in Portugal. With the COVID-19 pandemic, that number went up to 661,000 at the end of 2020. By January 2023 their number had soared to 781,915 people. These figures do not include naturalized foreign-born residents (about 342,521 resident foreigners acquired Portuguese citizenship from 2008 to 2022, of whom 20,844 did so in 2022) as well as illegal immigrants. The number of illegal immigrants, or so-called imigrantes irregulares, is difficult to determine, and is thought to be around 300,000.

Of the 781,915 legal residents not holding Portuguese citizenship living in Portugal in January 2023, 409,523 identified as male (52.37%), and 372,392 as female (47.63%).

The distribution of foreigners is largely uneven in Portugal: 65% of foreign citizens lived in Lisbon, Faro or Setúbal districts: these districts account for 35% of the country's population.

Immigrants in Portugal largely come from Latin America, Eastern Europe, Lusophone nations in Africa, and South Asia. Major groups of immigrants to Portugal include Brazilians, Ukrainians, Moldovans, Americans, Romanians, Russians, Chinese, Venezuelans, Angolans, Bissau-Guineans, Nepalis, Indians, Cape Verdeans, and São Toméans. Brazilians made up the largest foreign community in the country (239,744) followed by Britons (45,265) and Cape Verdeans (36,748). The fourth largest, but the fastest growing, community of foreign residents in Portugal was represented by Indians; as of 2023 there were 35,416 foreigners holding Indian citizenship, a 626% increase since 2012. It is worth noting that almost 9,000 Indians living in Portugal have acquired Portuguese citizenship since 2012: more than the number of Indians living in the country in 2012. The majority of Indians living in Portugal are from the former Portuguese colony of Goa or from Gujarat.

Portuguese and foreign born population pyramid in 2021

As of 2023, foreign citizens' origins were subdivided as follows: Europe (33.5%), America (33.1%), Asia (17.3%), Africa (16%) and Oceania (0.1%).

The share of children born in Portugal to foreign resident mothers stood at 10.3% in 2011, 9.7% in 2017 and 16.7% in 2022. Dealing with children born from foreign-born mothers, their share reached 25% in 2022.

Due to population ageing, immigration is the only factor that has made the Portuguese population grow in recent years. For instance, despite the natural change from 2018 to 2022 being -176,021 people (meaning that in the given timespan the number of deaths exceeded the number of newborns by almost 180 thousand people) the overall population grew by 133,870 people, from 10,333,496 inhabitants as of 2018 to 10,467,366 in 2022. It is safe to say that the 1.3% growth rate experienced by the population of Portugal in the last five years was entirely due to immigration. Many scholars have pointed that, without immigration, the country's population could shrink to as low as 7 million people by 2100. Moreover, Catarina Reis Oliveira, the director of the Migration Observatory, highlights in a study that without immigrants, certain sectors of society would face collapse. Immigrants are essential for labor market efficiency, with foreigners in countries like Portugal displaying higher activity rates than nationals, as per the 2022 Annual Statistical Report of the Observatory.

History

Portugal, for long a country of emigration, has become a meeting country of net immigration, and not just from the last Portuguese overseas territories in India (until 1961), Africa (until 1975), and Far East Asia (until 1999).

Retornados, return migration and first immigrant communities: 1954–1989

In 1954, India annexed the Portuguese territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and, in 1961, Daman and Diu and Goa. In the same year, the authorities of the newly independent Benin expelled the small Portuguese garrison holding the Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá, in Ouidah. Some people, especially white Portuguese settlers and people of mixed Portuguese descent, started migrating towards Portugal immediately after these events. An important share of those coming from India and settling in Portugal flew via Karachi, a city hosting an important Goan community. Among those moving to Portugal there were also 3,000 Portuguese military officers. According to a 2017 estimate by Casa de Goa - the association of Goans in Portugal - there were around 20,000 people of Goan descent living in the European country, although other estimates claim the community may have as much as 50,000 members. The overwhelming majority of Goan-Portuguese speak Portuguese as native language and are Catholic, thus easing the integration process that occurred manly in the 1960s and in the 1970s, following the annexation of Goa by the Indian Union. Despite being just a fraction of the total number of Indians in Portugal (around 16% of the overall Indian community) Goans in Portugal are known for being fairly well integrated: already in the 19th century there were Goan MPs (e.g. Francisco Gomes) and in 1958 there were 23 university professors and 19 politicians of Goan descent. Interestingly, of the 14 Prime Ministers in Portuguese democratic history, 2 were of Goan descent (Alfredo Nobre da Costa and António Costa). Unlike in the United Kingdom, Goans in Portugal are mainly of upper class extraction and are highly qualified, who migrated on merit, before and in the years after liberation. Later, they were joined by migrants of Goan descent from the African colonies, especially Mozambique. On the other hand, Gujarati speakers from Daman and Diu tend to show lower level of integration, with a large community found in Marvila, Lisbon.

Terreiro do Paço in 1975, during the retornados crisis

A major immigrant influx was recorded starting in 1974, when over a million Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Angola and Mozambique) migrated to Portugal. They are known and are still referred as retornados (meaning "those who came back") — Portuguese settlers and descendants of Portuguese (or other European such as Germans or Italians) settlers born in former African colonies who relocated to Portugal after their independence and in the first half of the 1980s. Due to the Portuguese colonization, white and mestiço people were frowned upon, in many cases white Luso-Africans experienced racist incidents. In particular, due to the outbreak of the Angolan Civil War, Portuguese in Angola left en masse, often having to leave all of their possessions behind and being allowed to exit the country with only 15,000 escudos to start a new life; this is the equivalent of approximately euros (€) 2,750 as of 2022. Of those leaving Mozambique, many of the retornados were part of the Indian community in the country. Along with white retornados there were also some Black people as well. After almost 50 years, according to the 2021 Portuguese census there were still 240,499 living retornados residing in Portugal and having fled Africa in the 1970s.

In the second half of the 1980s, immigration towards Portugal by people of African descent became visible, especially because of the Portuguese economic growth and the worsening of the conditions in Angola and Mozambique due to the respective civil wars that were fought in the two countries. One of the primary settlement areas for Black communities in Portugal, especially the Cape Verdean one, were the lands north of Lisbon, near the present-day parish of Benfica and the present-day municipalities of Amadora and Odivelas. Starting from the 1970s, numerous clandestine neighborhoods (bairros clandestinos) emerged here, often lacking basic services and plagued by crime-related issues. From 1993 onwards, with Portugal's slum eradication program, many people have been provided with alternative public housing and, despite the initial discrimination, many have nowadays found success.

A country of immigration: 1990–2007

Cape Verdean Batuque dancers in Damaia, Amadora in the early 90s

Immigration to Portugal, historically low, soared after the country's accession to the EU in 1986 and increased significantly starting in the late 1990s, also under form of human trafficking.

Since the 1990s, along with a boom in construction, several waves of Ukrainians, Brazilians, people from the former Portuguese colonies in Africa and other Africans have settled in the country. Those communities currently make up the largest share of immigrants in Portugal and many have since acquired Portuguese citizenship. In particular, Ukrainian migration to Portugal commenced in the late 1990s, experiencing significant growth in the early 2000s. Initially, immigrants arrived through both organized and illegal channels, often with Schengen visas. While some initially intended short stays, many chose long-term residence, establishing families and pursuing the recognition of their qualifications for access to higher-paying jobs.

In addition, Romanians, Moldovans, Chinese and Indians also started to choose Portugal as a destination starting in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Moreover, it is important to highlight that in 1999 Macau was returned to China (Handover of Macau) and many Macanese moved to Portugal: in a 1989 survey, 65% of the Macanese people were planning to leave Macau for Portugal or elsewhere. According to a 1991 survey 70% of Macanese were planning to move elsewhere, with 63.5% of these planning to move to Portugal. In 1991 there were already 500 Macanese families living in Lisbon.

Financial crisis and economic recession: 2008–2013

Afro-Portuguese in Lisbon

Immigration to Portugal decreased significantly after the dire consequences of the 2008 financial crisis. At the same time, emigration of both Portuguese and foreign nationals increased. Dealing with the Ukrainian community, for instance, declining investment in public projects and improved immigration control prompted many Ukrainians to leave.

Between 2008 and 2013 unemployment rate in Portugal rose from 7.6% to 17.1% and 2013 GDP was 7.60% lower than the value recorded for 2007 GDP. Moreover, between 2007 and 2013 there was a 10.35% inflation rate, meaning that the Purchasing power of Portuguese families decreased significantly. From 2008 to 2013, around 412,000 people left the country (51.2% did so permanently). Of those who left the country 5.47% (22,547 people) were foreigners and 65.3% of the foreigners doing so left the country permanently. This means that 3.9% of the 2008 population left the country in just 6 years.

In fact, Portugal reached its historical population peak - up until 2023 - in 2009 when 10,573,479 people lived in the country: this value decreased to 10,395,121 people (−1.7%) at the end of 2013, due to the combined effect of increased emigration, decreasing immigration and population ageing. It is significant to highlight that only 140,845 people immigrated to Portugal between 2008 and 2013 meaning that the country experienced a net migration loss of around −271,000. In particular, in 2012 less than 15,000 immigrants permanently settled in Portugal.

With the ease of the economic crisis and increase in tourism and industrial production, immigration increased again after 2013.

Economic recovery, NHR, EU pensioners, Golden Visa and Sephardi Jews: 2014–2019

Following the recovery of the Portuguese economy starting in 2014, immigration to Portugal increased once again. From 2014 to 2019, emigration decreased by 42.8% while immigration increased by 413%.

A Portuguese residence permit issued to non-EU citizens

Between 2013 and 2019 the unemployment rate in Portugal fell from 17.1% to 6.6% and 2019 GDP was 14.35% higher than the value recorded for 2013 GDP. It is also worth noting that the value recorded for 2019 GDP was 5.71% higher than the one recorded in 2007: Portugal officially recovered from the Financial crisis and the troika austerity measures in 2017. Moreover, between 2014 and 2019 the increase in prices was modest (the country recorded a 3.54% inflation rate), meaning that the Purchasing power of Portuguese families increased significantly.

During these years, almost 573,000 people left the country: despite Portugal's reputation as an economic success story since the financial crisis, many young, educated workers are still more attracted by significantly higher wages in countries such as the United Kingdom, France or Switzerland. On the other hand, it is significant to note that the share of those leaving permanently fell to 38.4%, meaning that high skilled workers are, after 2013, more willing to come back to Portugal after having acquired some years of experience, typically in Northern European countries. As a measure to revert skill-drain, population decrease and ageing, the government has since created new measures to attract Portuguese emigrants to return home.

Of those who left the country 3.96% (22,685 people) were foreigners but only 31.4% of them left the country permanently. This means that although 5.5% of the 2013 population left the country in 6 years (2014–2019), the majority of them - or 61.6% - did so temporarily, meaning for less than one year. After 2014 the country's population decline rate started to slow. The population still fell to 10,333,496 people in 2018 - equivalent to the country's population in January 2000 - but it was mostly due to population ageing. On the other hand, it is worth noting that by the end of 2019, due increasing immigration, Portugal's population had recovered the value recorded in 2014 (around 10,395,000).

Lisbon, sign welcoming migrants to the city

It is significant to highlight that around 295,000 people immigrated permanently to Portugal between 2014 and 2019. In particular, 51.1% of those who settled in Portugal in this period did so between 2018 and 2019. The surge in immigration was due to the good economic conditions of the country, to the crisis in Brazil (the primary source of immigration in Portugal) and to numerous programs devised during the years of the 2008–2013 crisis aimed at attracting foreign capitals: these include the Non-habitual residency (NHR) taxation law (2009), the Portuguese Golden Visa law (2012), and the Sephardi Nationality Act (2015).

The Portuguese government has thus not only developed strategies aiming at calling back Portuguese emigrants but also at attracting foreign citizens.

It is with this goal that in 2009 was devised a program that has attracted foreigners, particularly since 2013: it is the special tributary regime that grants to certain categories of new residents a flat tax and protects them from double taxation (NHR). Many pensioners, especially from Northern European countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Finland and Norway have taken advantage of the law and moved to Portugal. Due to increased pressure from the countries of origin of the retirees as well as from the local Portuguese population (subject to a different taxation system) the program was drastically changed. Nevertheless, pensioners continue coming to Portugal thanks to the high quality of life, Mediterranean climate and sunny weather.

Another program is the Golden visa law, devised in 2012. It is an immigrant investor program by the government of Portugal that granted residency in Portugal to people who invested in properties worth at least €500,000 or created 10 jobs in Portugal. As of September 2023 the program has resulted in 33,142 residence permits granted, of which 38.4% to investors and 61.6% to their family members. 42.5% of the investors who have benefited from the program came from China, other significant countries include Brazil (9.88%), the US (6.14%), Turkey (4.82%) and South Africa (4.51%). Around 6.5 billion euros (€) were invested in the acquisition of 11,383 real estate properties (for a mean value of 566,754 €), but only 23 jobs were created. In addition, around 867 million euros (€) were transferred to Portugal. Due to the overwhelming majority of Golden visas being issued because of investments solely and exclusively dedicated to real estate and there being a very low investment in job creation and other activities adding value to the economy, the program has been cancelled in July 2023.

Multi-ethnic Carnival in Arroios

A last measure that has boosted immigration to Portugal has been the law aimed at the descendants of Portuguese Jews expelled in 1496. In 2015 the Portuguese parliament officially acknowledged the expulsion as unrightful. To try to make up for the past mistakes, the government passed a law known as "Law of Return". The law aims to right the historic wrongs of the Portuguese Inquisition, which resulted in the expulsion or forced conversion of thousands of Jews from Portugal in the 15th and 16th centuries. The law grants citizenship to any descendants of those persecuted Jews who can prove their Sephardic Jewish ancestry and a "connection" to Portugal. It is intended to provide a measure of justice and recognition to those whose families suffered from discrimination and persecution centuries ago. Since 2015, more than 262,000 people from 60 countries (mostly from Israel or Turkey) applied to Portuguese citizenship in virtue of them being of Sephardic descent, of which 75,000 (or 28.63% of the applicants) were granted Portuguese passports. According to a 2023 estimate, there might be already 15,000 Portuguese-Israelis living in Portugal. Despite the good intentions of the law, some doubts arose over the legitimate attribution of Portuguese citizenship after it was revealed that people such as Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich were Portuguese – thus EU – citizens under the new law. Due to the controversies and the recent judicial investigations the law will come to an end starting in December 2024.

COVID-19 pandemic and increase in immigration: 2020–2022

Rua do Benformoso in Lisbon: there might be up to 15,000 people of Bangladeshi descent living in the neighbourhood

Immigration to Portugal has steadily increased in the last years. At the beginning of 2020 there were 590,348 foreigners living in the country, their number increased to 662,095 at the end of 2020, to 698,887 at the end of 2021 and up to 781,915 at the end of 2022. This means that the relative incidence of foreigners has increased from 5.7% to 7.5% in just 3 years. From December 2019 to December 2022 the number of foreigners increased by 32.4%.

Some immigrant communities, like those arrived from Africa and South America, are growing as a result of economic migration – foreigners looking for better economic conditions abroad. The outlook of the economy of Portugal is good, unemployment remains stable and in line with the rest of the EU. In fact, since 2018 Portugal has recorded a lower unemployment rate than that recorded in both the Eurozone and the EU as a whole. For instance, in 2022 the unemployment rate in Portugal stood at 6%, while for the EU and the Eurozone the recorded values were respectively 6.2% and 6.8%. In addition, despite suffering during the COVID-19 pandemic, the GDP recorded for 2022 was 3.22% higher than in 2019.

Other immigrant communities, like most of those arrived from other EU member states, are a result of the attractiveness of the country for high income foreign citizens looking for a better quality of life, a warmer sunny weather, security and exquisite cuisine.

From 2020 to 2022 around 205,909 people emigrated from Portugal, continuing the decrease in emigration recorded since 2014. This means that 2.0% of the 2019 population left the country in the last 3 years but 60.2% did so temporarily, meaning for less than one year. Moreover, it is worth noting that almost 300,000 people entered the country permanently since 2019, a sharp increase and the largest influx of immigrants ever recorded in Portugal since the 1980s.

Despite the surge in immigration, it is, however, worth noting that in 2023, Portugal was still the European country with the most emigrants in relative terms. In the last 20 years,15 per cent of the population emigrated. Portugal had the highest proportion of emigrants in Europe and ranked eighth globally in terms of the percentage of its population who migrated.

Lusophone migrants act and end of Golden visa, NHR and nationality for Sephardi Jews: 2023–present

Indian PM Narendra Modi and Portuguese PM António Costa visiting the Hindu Temple of Lisbon. Costa's government promoted the end of the NHR, Golden Visa and Sephardi nationality act

It is expected that the number of foreigners will further increase in the next few years: in early 2023, Portugal regularized around 113,000 CPLP citizens residing illegally in the country. By September the number of Portuguese-speaking immigrants who have received an "authorisation of residence" -valid for one year and automatically renewed for those with clean criminal record - had reached 151,000 people, of whom 75% are Brazilians. In total, it was reported that in February 2023 around 300,000 foreigners who live illegally in Portugal were awaiting regularization. By November of the same year, the number of those awaiting for regularization had soared to 700,000 people. The Portuguese government had introduced, since the 2008 financial crisis, a number of measures aimed at attracting foreign capitals to the country. In particular, there have been the Non-habitual residency (NHR) taxation law (2009), the Portuguese Golden Visa law (2012), and the Sephardi Nationality Act (2015). Due to both international and internal pressure but also due to the economic recovery of the country, in 2023 it was announced that all three programs would have been phased out by the end of 2024.

Street scene in Arroios

The NHR, a scheme offering a flat tax and protection from double taxation for specific categories of new residents relocating to Portugal, underwent significant changes in 2020. This adjustment was prompted by an influx of pensioners, particularly from Nordic countries, who were moving to Portugal to take advantage of a fiscal regime that was deemed disadvantageous to their home countries. The Portuguese government has announced the end the 10-year tax incentive regime for non-permanent residents, including digital nomads, in 2024. Prime Minister António Costa stated that the regime will persist for current beneficiaries. Costa argued that maintaining differentiated tax levels for non-permanent residents would perpetuate fiscal injustice and inflate the real estate market. As of July 2023, 89,000 foreigners were benefiting from the non-permanent resident tax regime.

Regarding the Golden Visa program, initiated in 2012, was officially terminated in October 2023 due to the Mais Habitação program, and new applications are no longer being accepted. The decision to end the program, aimed at foreigners purchasing real estate, was influenced by the escalating housing prices. The new law doesn't impact renewals but marks the end of new permits for investment activities. The Mais Habitação program, which faced opposition but was approved in July, includes measures like rent caps and restrictions on property sales to non-residents, leading to public protests. There are still around 21,000 pending processes, of which around two thirds deal with family reunification.

Thai pavillion in Lisbon

In 2023 it was also announced the end of the Law permitting people of Portuguese-Jewish descent to acquire Portuguese citizenship. Since 2013 around 262,000 people have requested to be naturalized as Portuguese citizens due to their Sephardi ancestry, with almost half being Israeli nationals. Of these, more than 75,000 have already acquired the Portuguese citizenship. Since the announcement of the end of the law in 2023, around 74,000 people have started their application process. Amongst those who have acquired Portuguese citizenship there are 12 Israeli national football players.

Despite the end of the abovementioned programs, the number of foreign nationals living in Portugal has witnessed a significant increase during 2023: by September there were 980,000 foreigners living in Portugal. By December, the number had increased to a further 1,040,000 people, a 40% increase since January of the same year with 329,000 new residence permits given during 2023. Of the foreigners living in Portugal, 35% were Brazilians: taking into account also Luso-Brazilians nationals and Brazilians awaiting for regularization, there are 750,000 Brazilians estimated living in Portugal. It is also worth noting that in July 2023 the Portuguese government sent abroad - for the first time - officials to recruit workers in India, Morocco, Timor-Leste and Cabo Verde.

It is estimated that in the 2024/2025 school year, amongst 83,134 pupils entering Portuguese public schooling system, 10,297 will be foreign nationals, representing 12.4% of the total and an increase of 1,160 pupils from 2023/24. The increase in the number of foreigners was also recorded for the 2024/25 university applications received by Portuguese institutions by early 2024.

Number of foreign residents

Foreign citizens living in Portugal in 2022

Brazilians are the most prevalent foreign nationality. The 239,744 resident Brazilians represent 2.29% of the total population. Other significant foreign communities (excluding naturalized citizens) are the ones from other countries of the Lusosphere. In 2023 there were 110,517 from the 6 PALOP countries (Equatorial Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Principe, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde) as well as from Timor-Leste and Macau, corresponding to 1.06% of the total population.

In addition, there is a thriving community of people from the Indian subcontinent (chiefly Indians and Nepalis) adding up to 86,698 people or 0.83% of total population.

A number of EU citizens have also chosen Portugal as a destination, with the majority being part of the British, Italian, French, German, Spanish, Dutch, Belgian, Swedish or Irish communities. These communities are mostly composed of persons looking for quality of life and include an increasing number of pensioners.

The listed figures only take in account foreign residents legally living in the country and exclude foreigners who have acquires Portuguese citizenship as well as double citizens. For instance, while according to Portuguese authorities there were around 37,000 resident Cape Verdeans in the country, according to official Cape Verdean figures the number of Cape Verdeans in Portugal could be as high as 260,000. The discrepancy could be due to the fact that since 2008 around 55,000 Cape Verdeans have naturalised as Portuguese, that kids of foreign citizens legally living in Portugal acquire Portuguese citizenship at birth and lastly that the overwhelming majority of the community are by now second or third generation immigrants.

Chinese restaurant in Lagos

Hindu festival in Portugal

Immigrants in Odemira

Alcácer do Sal, home to a vibrant Romanian community, mainly working in agriculture

Mouraria, inter-ethnic shopping center in Martim Moniz, Lisbon

Many Africans- particularly Cape Verdeans - have moved to Amadora

Evangelical church in Lisbon. Most protestants in Portugal hail from Brazil

Mahjong game in Mouraria

Street scene in Mouraria

N°	Country of citizenship	Number of foreign citizens in 2022
1	Brazil	239,744
2	United Kingdom	45,265
3	Cape Verde	36,748
4	India	35,416
5	Italy	34,039
6	Angola	31,761
7	France	27,512
8	Ukraine	25,445
9	Nepal	23,839
10	Guinea-Bissau	23,737
11	Romania	23,393
12	China (including Hong Kong and Macau)	22,230
13	Germany	20,500
14	Spain	19,508
15	Bangladesh	16,468
16	São Tomé and Príncipe	13,077
17	Netherlands	12,066
18	Pakistan	10,828
19	United States	9,794
20	Venezuela	8,936
21	Belgium	6,088
22	Russia	6,075
23	Sweden	5,653
24	Moldova	5,243
25	Bulgaria	5,139
26	Mozambique	4,785
27	Poland	4,326
28	Ireland	4,159
29	Switzerland	3,501
30	Morocco	2,575
31	South Africa	2,162
32	Colombia	2,135
33	Senegal	2,014
34	Thailand	1,977
35	Iran	1,797
36	Austria	1,673

Evolution of the number of foreign residents

The following table shows the evolution of the number of foreigners whose residence is legally registered in Portugal from January 2008 to January 2016. The table considers the most frequent foreign nationalities found in the country and deals with foreigners only, thus excluding those who have acquired Portuguese citizenship, their descendants and people with migrant background.

African immigrants in Rossio, Lisbon

During the given timespan, the number of foreigners in Portugal fell from 446,333 to 388,731, recording a 12.89% loss in eight years. In fact, Portugal was particularly hit by the 2008 Global recession. It is indeed worth noting that between 2008 and 2013, Portugal experienced a notable uptick in its unemployment rate, escalating from 7.6% to 17.1%. The GDP in 2013 saw a marked 7.60% decline compared to its 2007 value. During this period, inflation reached 10.35%, substantially eroding the purchasing power of Portuguese households. Of those who were obliged to leave the country 5.47% or 22,547 people were foreign nationals and 65.3% of the foreigners doing so left the country permanently. Despite the crisis and the subsequent emigration, one of the main reasons for the reduction in the number of foreigners in Portugal is due to the high number of naturalisations: 179,458 foreigners became Portuguese from January 2008 to December 2015.

Dealing with the main foreign communities, one can see that:

1. Communities whose decline is mostly attributable to citizenship acquisition:
   • Between 2008 and 2016, the Cape Verdean population in Portugal decreased by 25,993. Yet, during the same period, 31,970 Cape Verdeans gained Portuguese citizenship, resulting in a net gain of 5,977 of recent Cape Verdean migrant background;
   • From 2009 to 2016, the number of Ukrainians in Portugal fell by 16,715. However, 18,206 Ukrainians became Portuguese citizens, resulting in a net increase of 1,491 people of recent Ukrainian migrant background;
   • Between 2008 and 2016, the Angolan community in Portugal reduced by 14,572, but 14,945 Angolans acquired Portuguese citizenship, maintaining the community of recent Angolan migrant background size;
   • From 2010 to 2016, the Guinean-Bissau community shrank by 7,948, yet 16,284 Guinean-Bissauans became Portuguese, resulting in a net growth of 8,336 of recent Guinean-Bissau migrant background;
   • From 2009 to 2016 the São Tomé e Príncipe community declined by 2,171 people. Since during the same timespan 7,185 Senegalese acquired Portuguese citizenship, the community of people of recent São Tomé e Príncipe migrant background in the country actually increased by 5,014 people;
   • From 2009 to 2016 the Senegalese community declined by 558 people. Since during the same timespan 1,205 Senegalese acquired Portuguese citizenship, the community of people of recent Senegalese migrant background in the country actually increased by 647 people;
   • From 2010 to 2016, the Georgian community decreased by 445. However, 644 Georgians gained Portuguese citizenship, resulting in a net growth of 199 people of recent Georgian migrant background;
   • Between 2009 and 2016, the Guinean community in Portugal decreased by 325. Nevertheless, 2,201 Guineans became Portuguese citizens, leading to a net increase of 1,876 of recent Guinean migrant background;
   • Between 2009 and 2016, the Belarusian community shrank by 384. Yet, 412 Belarusians became Portuguese citizens, maintaining community size;
   • From 2009 to 2016, the Ecuadorian community fell by 211. Nevertheless, 289 Ecuadorians acquired Portuguese citizenship, keeping the community size stable.
2. Communities whose decline is mostly attributable to other factors such as emigration:
   • Between January 2011 and January 2016, the number of Brazilians residing in Portugal decreased by 36,773. During the same period, 26,100 Brazilians acquired Portuguese nationality, indicating that, considering both natural changes (such as births and deaths) and the influx of migrants, Portugal saw a net loss of 10,673 Brazilians;
   • From 2009 to 2016 the Moldovan community in Portugal declined by 14,199 people: this is mostly attributable to the fact that 14,082 Moldovans became Portuguese during the given period, even though the migration surplus suggests a net decrease of 117 Moldovans.
   • Between 2008 and 2016 the number of English people fell by 6,341. Since only 127 Britons became Portuguese nationals during the same period, this means the British community fell by 6,214 people;
   • Between 2008 and 2016 the number of Mozambicans fell by 3,145. Since 1,615 Mozambicans became Portuguese nationals during the same period, this means the Mozambican community fell by 1,530 people;
   • Between 2008 and 2016 the number of French people fell by 2,099. Since only 178 French became Portuguese nationals during the same period, this means the French community fell by 1,921 people.

Country	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Brazil	70,132	106,961	116,220	119,363	111,445	105,622	92,120	87,493	82,590
United Kingdom	23,574	15,372	16,374	17,202	17,681	16,655	16,474	16,562	17,233
Cape Verde	64,667	51,353	48,845	43,979	43,920	42,857	42,401	40,912	38,674
India	4,401	5,519	5,782	5,271	5,384	5,657	6,022	6,421	6,935
Italy	5,994	3,915	4,500	5,067	5,338	5,222	5,121	5,328	6,130
Angola	32,819	27,619	26,557	23,494	21,563	20,366	20,177	19,710	18,247
France	10,540	4,576	4,883	5,111	5,293	5,201	5,268	6,542	8,441
Ukraine	39,606	52,494	52,293	49,505	48,022	44,074	41,091	37,852	35,779
Nepal	314	560	685	797	1,145	1,702	2,588	3,544	4,798
Guinea-Bissau	25,039	24,390	22,945	19,817	18,487	17,759	17,846	17,981	17,091
Romania	19,280	27,769	32,457	36,830	39,312	35,216	34,204	31,505	30,523
China	10,982	13,347	14,412	15,714	16,795	17,460	18,681	21,453	21,376
Germany	15,493	8,187	8,614	8,967	9,054	8,606	8,581	8,752	9,035
Spain	18,031	7,220	8,060	8,918	9,310	9,351	9,541	9,692	10,019
Bangladesh	1,193	1,577	1,346	1,007	1,149	1,351	1,733	2,074	2,571
São Tomé and Príncipe	11,015	11,726	11,514	10,516	10,518	10,376	10,304	10,167	9,555
Netherlands	6,598	4,360	4,577	4,725	4,862	4,848	4,991	5,262	5,855
Pakistan	2,383	2,736	2,698	2,604	2,474	2,425	2,628	2,785	3,042
United States	8,733	2,373	2,293	2,236	2,332	2,427	2,785	2,728	2,619
Venezuela	3,740	2,364	2,169	2,009	1,999	1,945	1,898	1,913	2,010
Belgium	3,101	1,560	1,609	1,707	1,752	1,771	1,881	2,105	2,388
Russia	5,674	6,191	6,132	5,299	4,878	4,581	4,428	4,404	4,260
Sweden	1,655	699	746	804	918	977	1,189	1,415	1,989
Moldova	14,813	21,147	20,773	15,641	13,586	11,503	9,971	8,460	6,948
Bulgaria	5,076	6,456	7,202	8,174	8,606	7,439	7,553	7,037	6,722
Mozambique	5,954	3,372	3,328	3,122	3,028	2,909	2,849	2,832	2,809
Poland	913	925	1,042	1,195	1,280	1,222	1,238	1,307	1,382
Ireland	887	616	707	813	862	838	805	823	892
Switzerland	1,842	1,011	1,003	1,036	1,030	1,025	1,055	1,104	1,263
Morocco	1,928	1,870	1,933	1,779	1,796	1,756	1,808	1,731	1,681
South Africa	2,116	597	589	580	582	573	560	620	635
Colombia	675	591	592	586	759	855	866	869	907
Senegal	1,966	2,073	1,778	1,677	1,626	1,631	1,670	1,629	1,515
Thailand	193	278	455	722	922	1,009	1,021	1,169	1,428
Iran	632	177	215	261	339	447	499	525	545
Austria	827	422	445	494	522	510	537	561	607
Canada	1,992	785	701	721	723	746	732	741	738
Denmark	1,075	432	468	464	487	500	515	525	575
Cuba	731	802	850	816	795	803	841	917	901
Turkey	310	286	322	404	440	537	431	650	596
Uzbekistan	604	851	951	1,075	1,104	1,119	1,081	1,024	992
Hungary	386	333	352	428	435	414	424	482	480
Finland	702	354	354	374	395	391	397	543	834
Philippines	496	475	491	540	586	623	638	668	756
Syria	96	24	25	25	24	34	73	144	164
Guinea	1,847	1,851	1,848	1,409	1,549	1,603	1,621	1,600	1,526
Norway	834	375	379	428	432	436	455	490	515
Argentina	717	474	498	494	487	485	462	461	447
Nigeria	354	281	299	286	325	350	365	424	428
Algeria	231	224	231	253	248	257	288	308	316
Lithuania	430	505	558	614	546	542	532	532	535
Greece	252	139	157	163	178	161	170	191	248
Indonesia	38	53	72	99	98	130	130	130	140
Mexico	363	245	281	310	311	326	385	413	433
Afghanistan	5	1	2	3	5	27	31	34	41
Kazakhstan	598	740	748	740	704	666	623	582	537
Latvia	193	240	311	383	370	361	335	313	333
Czech Republic	313	202	223	251	231	210	231	264	274
Belarus	782	1,016	1,002	910	823	758	744	695	632
Tunisia	124	123	136	132	130	128	162	171	176
Australia	544	230	220	218	224	226	252	263	269
Egypt	358	409	394	333	313	299	321	329	298
Peru	325	260	282	267	277	282	294	278	256
Equador	427	503	471	419	364	338	325	298	292
Luxembourg	165	124	130	137	130	128	122	142	144
Lebanon	206	57	46	47	51	72	95	167	162
Chile	301	177	210	213	218	205	173	165	183
Israel	137	72	66	71	78	84	92	94	108
Japan	976	383	377	368	385	392	393	386	397
Iraq	157	30	40	36	44	84	93	125	126
Slovakia	187	173	197	208	198	171	174	156	164
Georgia	868	1,128	1,172	1,098	1,040	949	902	847	727
Vietnam	15	18	56	79	67	108	65	78	77
Croatia	154	80	76	84	85	86	101	141	174
Gambia	90	116	116	110	119	139	157	163	152
Estonia	86	79	111	113	114	104	109	111	121
Timor Leste	86	77	111	158	177	303	245	201	169
Jordan	92	34	33	36	33	40	49	73	138
Serbia	380	287	249	219	186	215	213	195	192
Cameroon	79	72	84	76	72	95	108	132	127
Slovenia	57	44	49	60	61	60	71	82	96
DRC	425	210	184	171	178	238	243	234	235
South Korea	263	131	144	146	155	170	156	187	182
Uruguay	154	126	128	135	126	126	128	123	122
Ghana	202	213	197	169	156	147	145	143	137
Ivory Coast	157	123	120	118	100	115	117	120	121
Dominican Republic	92	64	70	86	98	114	133	136	132
Eritrea	0	2	4	1	5	38	35	35	40
Sudan	16	7	7	7	9	29	34	32	38
Cyprus	3	8	11	11	12	12	13	11	12
Paraguay	47	47	71	88	83	89	99	97	92
Iceland	68	31	34	42	47	53	51	59	62
Bolivia	99	107	118	117	128	120	116	116	109
Sierra Leone	115	54	59	55	47	48	55	52	63
New Zealand	79	35	33	35	30	33	33	42	39
Malta	14	17	22	17	24	20	18	22	25
Sri Lanka	3	16	18	18	17	38	47	54	60
Libya	54	24	10	13	16	27	60	116	196
Malaysia	59	33	34	29	38	34	37	50	59
Kenya	311	60	50	41	40	45	58	54	64
Singapore	46	13	15	21	27	22	29	32	28
Costa Rica	22	19	22	56	54	52	53	59	53
Albania	60	53	42	37	36	36	33	34	42
Armenia	61	88	83	94	88	73	81	80	74
Guatemala	35	25	31	36	39	45	45	49	51
Panama	38	33	31	32	39	39	28	32	27
Zimbabwe	92	39	37	33	26	25	29	32	38
Congo	134	131	120	91	93	91	83	78	64
Mali	115	108	95	79	66	62	57	58	45
El Salvador	17	21	23	30	39	37	34	32	36
South Sudan	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Somalia	1	1	0	0	1	58	63	55	54
Ethiopia	22	27	27	30	38	56	51	56	51
Azerbaijan	10	23	19	17	25	25	34	42	46
Togo	55	83	67	50	37	37	32	32	35
North Macedonia	51	19	20	11	12	21	15	21	27
Palestine	23	23	23	33	32	32	35	57	52
Honduras	17	15	18	25	25	27	23	24	30
Bosnia and Herzegovina	127	50	50	47	40	59	56	50	57
Nicaragua	13	12	15	21	20	19	18	18	16
Saudi Arabia	23	15	9	6	7	9	18	47	20
Taiwan	8	18	23	26	35	42	34	36	36
Saint Kitts and Nevis	2	0	0	0	0	0	7	20	15
Tanzania	335	63	57	54	45	48	43	38	32
Cambodia	0	0	35	10	8	10	12	12	10
Uganda	14	12	11	8	8	11	18	21	18
Equatorial Guinea	33	12	10	7	9	9	9	60	51
Namibia	10	12	12	15	15	16	13	16	18
Tajikistan	3	1	2	3	3	5	8	10	15
Mauritius	13	7	6	4	6	9	10	16	17
Kyrgyzstan	49	55	50	41	42	38	30	33	31
Yemen	2	3	9	9	9	13	14	13	18
Gabon	8	12	13	13	10	15	13	31	17
Rwanda	33	20	25	14	16	22	23	18	20
Zambia	14	9	8	8	8	11	7	7	7
Mauritania	53	41	39	33	30	28	26	24	24
Burkina Faso	12	14	16	16	15	12	11	12	13
Kosovo	0	1	13	10	10	14	13	15	27
Kuwait	19	2	2	2	1	1	1	4	1
Mongolia	4	15	16	19	23	25	23	22	32
Benin	28	35	33	32	26	24	14	12	12
Unknown	17	54	48	29	34	22	19	14	14
Haiti	4	1	6	7	7	2	4	5	5
Montenegro	16	9	9	7	9	8	5	6	9
Stateless	273	31	0	0	13	18	14	11	0
Liberia	43	29	20	17	15	18	15	19	16
Malawi	27	6	9	9	9	11	11	9	12
Andorra	15	2	2	2	3	3	2	3	3
Trinidad and Tobago	21	4	9	6	5	8	10	11	8
Botswana	11	4	5	5	5	6	6	7	7
Jamaica	17	15	12	10	11	9	8	12	12
Madagascar	18	16	15	10	10	7	6	8	9
Dominica	3	13	11	8	9	9	8	8	7
Eswatini	16	10	9	10	11	11	9	7	8
Bahrain	16	0	1	1	1	1	1	5	4
Turkmenistan	4	3	3	3	7	5	4	4	12
Bhutan	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1
United Arab Emirates	2	1	1	1	2	2	2	8	5
Niger	0	2	2	0	0	1	2	4	6
Liechtenstein	5	4	4	4	3	1	1	2	3
Central African Republic	5	5	5	5	4	4	10	11	7
Guyana	25	4	7	4	3	3	4	4	4
Maldives	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	3
Myanmar	2	2	2	4	4	6	6	4	7
Antigua and Barbuda	0	0	0	0	1	2	2	1	1
Qatar	2	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
Burundi	2	1	2	2	1	4	5	7	6
Seychelles	4	2	4	4	4	4	4	3	6
Grenada	3	3	3	3	5	3	4	4	4
Suriname	6	5	3	2	2	1	1	1	0
Other countries (below 5)	57	45	35	43	40	44	29	29	21
Total foreigners	446,333	440,277	454,191	445,262	436,822	417,042	401,320	395,195	388,731
Share of the population	4.23%	4.17%	4.30%	4.21%	4.14%	3.98%	3.85%	3.81%	3.76%

The following table shows the evolution of the number of foreign residents from January 2016 to January 2023. The table considers the most frequent foreign nationalities found in the country and deals with foreigners only, thus excluding those who have acquired Portuguese citizenship, their descendants and people with migrant background.

During the given timespan, the number of foreigners in Portugal rose from 388,731 to 781,915, recording a 101.15% growth in seven years. Not only the level of foreigners in Portugal recovered the pre-crisis figure but, since 2019, it has even surpassed it. In fact in 2019 there were almost half a million foreign people living in Portugal, an historical record. Between 2013 and 2023, Portugal's unemployment rate declined from 17.1% to 6.1%, and the 2022 GDP increased by 18.45% compared to the 2013 GDP, despite the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic and subsequent crisis due to lockdown. It is noteworthy that the 2022 GDP was 9.5% higher than the 2007 figure, marking Portugal's official recovery from the financial crisis and troika austerity measures in 2017. Additionally, from 2014 to 2019, there was modest price growth, with a 3.54% inflation rate. This led to a notable improvement in the purchasing power of Portuguese families.

The surge in the number of foreigners is explainable by the recovery of the Portuguese economy, special programs aimed at attracting foreigners such as Golden Visa program and the stagnation of the Brazilian economy, with Brazilians being the largest immigrant group in the European country.

Dealing with the main foreign communities, one can see that:

1. The overwhelming majority of the communities experienced a significant increase since 2016; this is the case for instance, for the following countries:
   • Brazil: Brazilians grew by 157,154 people or +190,2% since 2016. In addition 51,533 Brazilians became Portuguese since January 2016;
   • India: Indians grew by 28,481 or +410.7% since 2016. In addition 6,840 Indians became Portuguese since January 2016;
   • Italy: Italians grew by 27,909 or +455.3% since 2016. In addition 245 Italians became Portuguese since January 2016;
   • France: French grew by 19,071 or +225.9% since 2016. In addition 277 French became Portuguese since January 2016;
   • Nepal: Nepalis grew by 19,051 or +397.1% since 2016. In addition 6,011 Nepalis became Portuguese since January 2016;
   • Bangladesh: Bangladeshis grew by 13,897 or +540.5% since 2016. In addition 3,326 Bangladeshis became Portuguese since January 2016;
   • Germany: Germans grew by 11,465 or +126.9% since 2016. In addition 210 Germans became Portuguese since January 2016;
   • Spain: Spaniards grew by 9,489 or +94.7% since 2016. In addition 340 Spaniards became Portuguese since January 2016;
   • Pakistan: Pakistanis grew by 7,786 or +256% since 2016. In addition 2,839 Pakistanis became Portuguese since January 2016;
   • US: US citizens grew by 7,175 or +274% since 2016. In addition 333 US citizens became Portuguese since January 2016;
   • Venezuela: Venezuelans grew by 6,926 or +344.6% since 2016. In addition 1,970 Venezuelans became Portuguese since January 2016;
   • Netherlands: Dutch people grew by 6,211 or +106.1% since 2016. In addition 65 Dutch became Portuguese since January 2016;
2. Of the foreign communities experiencing a population decline, this is mostly attributable to citizenship acquisition as in the case of:
   • Ukrainians: their number fell by 10,334 since 2016, but is worth noting that 14,032 Ukrainians became Portuguese in the same timespan;
   • Cape Verdeans: their number fell by 1,926 since 2016, but is worth mentioning that 23,139 Cape Verdeans became Portuguese during the same period;
   • Moldovans: their number fell by 1,705 since 2016, but is worth noting that 2,900 Moldovans naturalised as Portuguese since 2016;
   • Guineans: their number fell by 344 since 2016, but is worth noting that 1,031 Guineans received Portuguese IDs since 2016;
   • Turks: their number fell by 151 since 2021, but is worth noting that 216 Turks received Portuguese nationality since 2021
3. A minor part of the foreign communities also experienced decline, which is not exclusively attributable to citizenship acquisition but to a combination of declining birth rate and higher emigration than immigration. This is, for instance, the case of:
   • Romania: Since 2020 the number of Romanians in Portugal decreased by 7,671 but the number of Romanians acquiring Portuguese citizenship stood at 1,242;
   • China: Since 2020 the number of Chinese in Portugal decreased by 5,675 but the number of Chinese acquiring Portuguese citizenship stood at 412;
   • Bulgaria: Since 2018 the number of Bulgarians fell by 1,894 but the number of Bulgarians becoming Portuguese stood at 292;
   • United Kingdom: Since 2021 the number of Britons fell by 974 but the number of Britons becoming Portuguese stood at 354;
   • Finland: Since 2020 the number of Finns fell by 61 but the number of Finns becoming Portuguese stood at only 3

Country	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Brazil	82,590	81,251	85,425	105,423	151,312	183,993	204,694	239,744
United Kingdom	17,233	19,387	22,432	26,445	34,357	46,239	41,934	45,265
Cape Verde	38,674	36,578	34,986	34,663	37,435	36,609	34,093	36,748
India	6,935	7,244	7,990	11,393	17,619	24,550	30,251	35,416
Italy	6,130	8,523	12,925	18,862	25,408	28,159	30,819	34,039
Angola	18,247	16,994	16,854	18,382	22,691	24,449	25,802	31,761
France	8,441	11,293	15,319	19,771	23,126	24,935	26,719	27,512
Ukraine	35,779	34,490	32,453	29,218	29,718	28,629	27,195	25,445
Nepal	4,798	5,835	7,437	11,489	16,849	21,015	21,545	23,839
Guinea-Bissau	17,091	15,653	15,198	16,186	18,886	19,680	20,357	23,737
Romania	30,523	30,429	30,750	30,908	31,064	30,052	28,911	23,393
China	21,376	22,555	23,245	25,420	27,905	26,182	23,025	22,230
Germany	9,035	10,030	11,160	12,817	14,669	16,041	18,340	20,500
Spain	10,019	11,133	12,526	14,066	15,844	16,981	18,546	19,508
Bangladesh	2,571	2,799	3,450	5,325	7,964	9,916	10,936	16,468
São Tomé and Príncipe	9,555	8,980	8,605	9,153	10,240	10,706	11,234	13,077
Netherlands	5,855	6,838	7,837	8,984	10,038	10,392	11,013	12,066
Pakistan	3,042	3,175	3,380	4,373	5,310	6,381	7,499	10,828
United States	2,619	2,704	2,888	3,254	4,134	4,768	6,885	9,794
Venezuela	2,010	2,356	3,104	4,740	6,551	7,741	8,296	8,936
Belgium	2,388	2,853	3,508	4,147	4,781	5,183	5,657	6,088
Russia	4,260	4,280	4,264	4,365	4,885	5,103	5,156	6,075
Sweden	1,989	2,633	3,564	4,274	4,912	5,181	5,486	5,653
Moldova	6,948	6,125	5,210	4,834	5,098	5,183	5,177	5,243
Bulgaria	6,722	7,019	7,033	6,931	6,839	6,745	6,491	5,139
Mozambique	2,809	2,848	2,854	3,005	3,501	3,678	3,803	4,785
Poland	1,382	1,576	1,898	2,320	2,759	3,061	3,651	4,326
Ireland	892	1,031	1,337	1,752	2,249	2,630	3,327	4,159
Switzerland	1,263	1,557	1,841	2,190	2,582	2,877	3,179	3,501
Morocco	1,681	1,576	1,511	1,539	1,684	1,936	2,136	2,575
South Africa	635	839	1,020	1,379	1,605	1,640	1,748	2,162
Colombia	907	886	922	973	1,264	1,466	1,690	2,135
Senegal	1,515	1,356	1,241	1,248	1,446	1,537	1,673	2,014
Thailand	1,428	1,475	1,691	1,593	1,726	1,723	1,795	1,977
Iran	545	652	699	838	1,099	1,281	1,431	1,797
Austria	607	757	955	1,119	1,317	1,372	1,467	1,643
Canada	738	738	830	882	1,012	1,098	1,271	1,624
Denmark	575	658	879	979	1,165	1,333	1,528	1,583
Cuba	901	965	929	975	1,116	1,199	1,264	1,483
Turkey	596	696	743	1,090	1,293	1,518	1,363	1,367
Uzbekistan	992	968	1,017	986	1,109	1,137	1,201	1,297
Hungary	480	520	597	748	881	941	1,059	1,230
Finland	834	998	1,163	1,263	1,271	1,152	1,157	1,210
Philippines	756	750	763	852	997	1,072	1,107	1,208
Syria	164	470	716	848	1,105	1,108	1,191	1,193
Guinea	1,526	1,363	1,275	1,345	1,415	1,402	1,204	1,182
Norway	515	573	680	784	874	965	1,052	1,086
Argentina	447	438	424	486	560	677	813	1,079
Nigeria	428	478	508	543	668	758	866	1,050
Algeria	316	315	326	339	517	633	750	1,015
Lithuania	535	585	649	748	833	891	896	1,006
Greece	248	327	425	516	633	679	794	979
Indonesia	140	157	182	280	425	509	717	892
Mexico	433	474	516	520	595	640	699	826
Afghanistan	41	38	50	60	62	73	598	775
Kazakhstan	537	528	516	495	581	633	709	760
Latvia	333	349	391	443	493	518	592	749
Czech Republic	274	308	385	463	509	541	620	736
Belarus	632	626	565	557	564	564	594	731
Tunisia	176	203	232	286	358	461	550	731
Australia	269	298	332	372	459	520	548	673
Egypt	298	279	315	355	475	549	573	636
Peru	256	284	251	285	325	375	466	617
Equador	292	342	371	330	495	414	469	615
Luxembourg	144	166	193	237	295	387	472	605
Lebanon	162	218	325	440	565	607	567	604
Chile	183	216	214	236	306	339	409	586
Israel	108	135	178	198	268	337	401	569
Japan	397	440	450	460	455	441	483	568
Iraq	126	228	285	352	404	486	578	555
Slovakia	164	207	248	287	322	324	393	491
Georgia	727	617	531	453	450	447	467	490
Vietnam	77	124	194	324	515	686	640	473
Croatia	174	222	300	350	375	399	429	464
Gambia	152	151	149	156	186	239	274	464
Estonia	121	157	192	228	259	290	316	373
Timor Leste	169	188	207	263	344	291	234	361
Jordan	138	189	293	321	456	459	385	313
Serbia	192	188	205	201	219	234	274	311
Cameroon	127	169	148	172	183	221	249	306
Slovenia	96	117	136	151	173	209	251	290
DRC	235	225	234	240	243	253	247	279
South Korea	182	215	206	172	200	228	226	271
Uruguay	122	127	133	132	171	191	226	255
Ghana	137	141	146	142	173	185	212	251
Ivory Coast	121	132	129	148	169	191	189	193
Dominican Republic	132	136	147	147	161	172	171	181
Eritrea	40	130	155	206	209	213	209	178
Sudan	38	50	28	60	105	139	171	177
Cyprus	12	29	43	59	84	102	126	175
Paraguay	92	103	118	102	124	134	149	167
Iceland	62	66	70	88	108	119	134	165
Bolivia	109	104	105	125	120	130	137	154
Sierra Leone	63	60	64	76	88	95	106	152
New Zealand	39	45	55	73	84	82	104	150
Malta	25	24	42	47	61	85	109	146
Sri Lanka	60	77	72	83	89	102	106	129
Libya	196	96	126	115	168	163	140	127
Malaysia	59	60	62	67	90	107	105	120
Kenya	64	75	78	97	107	106	107	111
Singapore	28	38	32	40	52	77	93	109
Costa Rica	53	61	80	86	81	78	94	101
Albania	42	47	59	85	84	85	91	99
Armenia	74	89	102	78	81	83	82	98
Guatemala	51	43	43	50	59	71	79	94
Panama	27	32	61	75	66	67	64	91
Zimbabwe	38	37	52	64	64	67	72	89
Congo	64	83	73	80	79	88	83	83
Mali	45	57	49	52	52	75	65	82
El Salvador	36	38	44	46	54	50	55	79
South Sudan	0	0	0	0	39	53	64	70
Somalia	54	51	47	64	42	63	61	70
Ethiopia	51	53	48	50	57	58	60	68
Azerbaijan	46	35	50	47	67	65	52	68
Togo	35	37	30	31	37	37	50	67
North Macedonia	27	33	43	55	66	50	57	66
Palestine	52	73	62	70	79	86	61	66
Honduras	30	32	36	41	48	48	58	64
Bosnia and Herzegovina	57	54	59	58	59	58	61	63
Nicaragua	16	15	16	23	35	38	48	61
Saudi Arabia	20	98	115	165	182	175	97	59
Taiwan	36	39	32	41	36	42	46	58
Saint Kitts and Nevis	15	17	31	41	67	46	46	56
Tanzania	32	27	26	35	40	29	37	48
Cambodia	10	19	9	17	29	50	46	48
Uganda	18	25	26	26	32	37	43	46
Equatorial Guinea	51	55	62	58	69	44	44	45
Namibia	18	16	18	20	28	32	34	41
Tajikistan	15	16	18	24	26	32	34	39
Mauritius	17	22	19	33	34	32	27	37
Kyrgyzstan	31	27	31	26	27	36	33	36
Yemen	18	18	14	16	29	40	44	34
Gabon	17	22	21	24	28	30	27	33
Rwanda	20	26	33	28	29	29	27	31
Zambia	7	5	9	8	13	21	29	29
Mauritania	24	25	25	27	23	24	23	29
Burkina Faso	13	17	24	24	30	30	27	27
Kosovo	27	21	43	39	36	35	26	27
Kuwait	1	6	29	21	57	43	33	25
Mongolia	32	27	27	23	20	22	24	25
Benin	12	12	11	12	11	10	14	23
Unknown	14	15	13	9	11	29	22	23
Haiti	5	6	7	5	9	10	14	22
Montenegro	9	12	12	11	16	15	19	21
Stateless	0	0	31	30	33	30	24	20
Liberia	16	13	12	14	14	16	15	19
Malawi	12	17	19	19	18	17	20	19
Andorra	3	9	11	16	13	15	11	19
Trinidad and Tobago	8	7	12	10	14	16	17	19
Botswana	7	4	7	7	4	8	12	18
Jamaica	12	15	13	13	14	14	17	17
Madagascar	9	7	9	10	11	14	16	15
Dominica	7	5	9	8	13	19	20	15
Eswatini	8	4	5	5	6	7	10	13
Bahrain	4	11	10	13	12	12	12	13
Turkmenistan	12	5	7	11	12	13	13	12
Bhutan	1	3	4	5	5	7	7	10
United Arab Emirates	5	9	25	19	31	36	20	10
Niger	6	1	2	1	1	2	8	9
Liechtenstein	3	8	8	8	8	10	8	9
Central African Republic	7	8	9	9	9	8	8	8
Guyana	4	7	9	9	9	11	11	8
Maldives	3	3	6	9	8	7	7	8
Myanmar	7	9	10	5	3	3	6	8
Antigua and Barbuda	1	0	0	5	1	12	12	7
Qatar	0	4	0	1	3	11	1	7
Burundi	6	6	6	6	6	11	10	5
Seychelles	6	7	7	10	5	11	8	5
Grenada	4	4	4	3	4	3	2	5
Suriname	0	0	0	0	1	3	4	5
Other countries (below 5)	21	19	32	9	31	22	14	47
Total foreigners	388,731	397,731	421,711	480,300	590,348	662,095	698,887	781,915
Share of the population	3.76%	3.86%	4.10%	4.67%	5.73%	6.43%	6.75%	7.47%

The following table deals with the number of foreigners from selected communities in selected years, as well as their relative growth during specific timespans.

The 20 largest legal immigrant communities in 2007 compared with their numbers in 1999 *: European Union citizenship P: Portuguese speaking
Legal foreign residents	Number in 1999	2001 census	2002	2004	2006	2007	Growth in percentage(1999–2007)	2011	% (2011)	change 2001–2011
BraziliansP	20,851	31,869	58,370	66,907	73,384	66,354	+ 218%	109,787	27.8%	+244.5%
CapeverdeansP	43,951	33,145	59,678	64,164	68,145	63,925	+ 45%	38,895	9.9%	+17.3%
AngolansP	17,721	37,014	31,332	35,264	33,215	32,728	+ 85%	26,954	6.8%	−27.2%
Guineans-BissauP	14,217	15,824	22,855	25,148	24,513	23,733	+ 67%	16,360	4.1%	+3.4%
SantomeansP	4,809	8,517	8,951	10,483	10,761	10,627	+ 121%	10,408	2.6%	+22.2%
MozambicansP	4,502	4,749	5,312	5,471	5,854	5,681	+ 26%	3,028
Ukrainians	123	10,793	60,571	66,227	41,870	39,480	+ 31998%	33,790	8.6%	+213.1%
Romanians*	224	2,661	10,673	12,155	10,299	19,155	+ 8451%	24,356	6.2%	+815.3%
Spanish*	11,122	9,047	14,587	15,916	16,597	18,030	+ 62%	10,486	2.7%	+15.9%
British*	13,335	8,227	15,899	18,005	19,592	23,608	+ 77%	15,774	4.0%	+91.7%
Moldovans	3	2,984	11,817	13,689	12,673	14,053	+ 468333%	10,475	2.7%	+251.0%
Russians	448	597	8,211	1,158	4,945	5,114	+ 1042%	4,878
French*	6,499	15,359	8,364	9,312	9,733	10,556	+ 62%	14,360	3.6%	−6.5%
MacaneseP	2,762	2,176	4,468	9,518	9,695	10,448	+ 278%	11,458	2.9%	+426.6%
Indians	1,211	1,361	1,503	5,088	3,614	4,104	+ 239%	5,384
Pakistanis		1,031	1,180	4,212	2,125			2,474
Germans*	9,605					15,498	+ 61%	9,054
US-Americans	7,975					8,264	+ 4%	2,331
Dutch*	3,675					6,589	+ 79%	4,862
Italians*	2,700					5,985	+ 122%	5,338
Bulgarians*	347					5,028	+ 1349%	8,606
Total non-EU			340,187	374,652	355,113
European Union			65,393	74,542	79,774
Total			405,580	449,194	434,887

Acquisitions of citizenship

Central Mosque of Lisbon

Many earlier immigrants have now become naturalized citizens: 342,458 people from 2008 to 2022, corresponding roughly to 3.27% of total population. However, there are still 781,915 foreign citizens resident in Portugal as of January 2023, accounting for 7.47% of Portugal population.

The number of foreigners from Ukraine (25,445), Romania (23,393), Moldova (5,243) and Bulgaria (5,139) has been dropping steadily since 2011; there have been many naturalized Portuguese citizens with these backgrounds; respectively: 32,722 Ukrainians, 6,922 Romanians, 19,211 Moldovans and 1,117 Bulgarians have become Portuguese citizens from 2008 to 2022.

Below is a summary table of Portuguese citizenship acquisitions recorded between 2008 and 2022 for countries having recorded at least 25 naturalisations during the given timespan. During this period, 342,458 people (3.27% of the current Portuguese population) obtained Portuguese citizenship according to the latest INE data. These people are not counted among foreigners (see above table) as they are Portuguese citizens in all respects.

Interestingly, the first 30 countries for number of naturalised Portuguese citizens account for 96.92% of all naturalisations of foreign residents that occurred in Portugal from 2008 to 2022.

Illegal immigration

In 2006 the Portuguese government made it easier for second generation immigrants to gain citizenship to prevent illegal immigration. The rules were modified in 2022, making it even easier for children of foreigners to get access to the Portuguese citizenship.

Illegal immigration rose by 55% in 2009, with most of the illegals being Brazilian nationals. In 2012 there were estimated to be around 130,000 immigrants from Russia, Ukraine, and Moldova illegally living in Portugal and mainly working in agriculture and services. As of 2024, there were an estimated 400,000 people waiting for their Portuguese residency card, this being a sharp increase of 100% from 2023, when around 200,000 people were living in the country without a residency permit, of whom around half were Brazilians.

Employers of illegal immigrants in Portugal face jail terms.

Jewish immigration

Main article: Portuguese nationality law § Jewish Law of Return

Engraving from ancient Tomar synagogue dating from 1307

In 1496 the Portuguese monarchy issued an expulsion decree targeting Jews and Moors living in Portugal. This decree forced many Jews to either convert to Christianity (leading to the emergence of Cristão-novos and of Crypto-Judaism practices) or leave the country, leading to a diaspora of Portuguese Jews throughout Europe and the Americas.

Emigrants in front of a Jewish welfare kitchen (Cosinha Economica Israelita) waiting for the food to be distributed, May 1941

The said decree annihilated the thriving Jewish culture in the country and up to the XIX century, when the Portuguese Inquisition ceased to exist, no synagogues were officially allowed to operate in the country. Some Jews started arriving in the early 1800s, particularly from Gibraltar or Northern Africa. The largest influx of Jews was recorded during WWII, when thousands of Jews fled Nazi persecution and came to neutral Portugal. The overwhelming majority of them subsequently settled in Israel, the US, Brazil or returned to their home countries.

Museum in Vilar Formoso reminding the Jews who were hosted in Portugal during WWII

Portugal's "Law on Nationality" amendment allows descendants of Portuguese Jews expelled during the Inquisition to gain citizenship within a Sephardic community of Portuguese origin with ties to Portugal. In 2020, there were proposed changes, requiring a two-year residency for citizenship, but these were rejected by the Socialist party.

This amendment made Portugal the second country, after Israel, to adopt a Jewish Law of Return, with Spain later following suit. Introduced by the Socialist and Center Right parties, it received unanimous approval in April 2013 and took effect on March 1, 2015.

Applicants must prove Sephardic surnames in their family tree and a connection to the Portuguese Sephardic community, often verified by an orthodox rabbi. The language spoken at home, including Ladino, is also considered.

An intriguing feature of this law is its exemption from the typical six-year consecutive residency requirement for citizenship. Since 2015, hundreds of Turkish Jews with Sephardic ancestry have moved to Portugal and obtained citizenship. In 2017, nearly 1,800 descendants of Sephardic Jews were granted Portuguese nationality. By November 2020, Portugal had granted citizenship to approximately 23,000 people, constituting about 30% of the 76,000 applications submitted since 2015.

Lisbon synagogue, built in 1904

To combat fraudulent claims, the Portuguese government enacted a decree-law on March 9, 2022, increasing scrutiny for applicants, emphasizing a substantial connection with Portugal. Notably, these changes did not apply retroactively to those already granted citizenship, including individuals like Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich. As of January 2023, the number of pending cases had risen to over 300,000, underscoring the significant interest and impact of this amendment.

Vilar Formoso Museum

In recent years, thousands of Israelis, as well as Turkish Jews and Brazilian Jews, have been able to prove that they are descended from Jews expelled from Portugal in 1497 and have thus have acquired Portuguese citizenship. In particular, from 2015 to 2021 56,619 people who claimed Sephardic ancestry were able to obtain Portuguese citizenship. Amongst them, 54,402 or 96.08% did not live in Portugal. The five most common nationalities of those applying and succeeding in the naturalisation process were:

• Israel: 42,080 Israelis became Portuguese on the ground of their Sephardic heritage; of those naturalising 95.87% or 40,343 did not live in Portugal at the time of their naturalisation
• Turkey: 5,819 Turks became Portuguese on the ground of their Sephardic heritage; of those naturalising 98.25% or 5,717 did not live in Portugal at the time of their naturalisation
• Brazil: 4,087 Brazilians became Portuguese on the ground of their Sephardic heritage; of those naturalising 94.47% or 3,861 did not live in Portugal at the time of their naturalisation
• Argentina: 1,722 Argentines became Portuguese on the ground of their Sephardic heritage; of those naturalising 96.34% or 1,659 did not live in Portugal at the time of their naturalisation
• United States of America: 551 US citizens became Portuguese on the ground of their Sephardic heritage; of those naturalising 97.28% or 536 did not live in Portugal at the time of their naturalisation

Nationals of the five said countries naturalising as Portuguese citizens thanks to the 2015 Law totalled 54,259 people or 95.83% of those acquiring Portuguese citizenship due to their Jewish ethnic background up to 2021.

Immigration by investment

Another group of immigrants, especially among Non-European citizens, can avail the chance of residing in Portugal by making a financial investment. RBI (Residency by Investment) schemes, also called "golden visa" or "golden passport", offer Non-European citizens a residency and work permit inside Europe. According to RBI programs operated by a handful of Member States of EU, Non-European citizens can have access to residency or citizenship in exchange for specified investments in the country.

Under Portugal's Golden Visa program, which has been in service since 8 October 2012, the Portuguese government grants a residence permit to those who invest an amount of at least €350,000 which is maintained for at least (a continuous) five years.

Immigration detention

This section is an excerpt from Immigration detention § Portugal.[edit]

In Portugal, the Ministry of Interior is responsible for immigration matters. The country currently has one officially designated immigration detention centre, Unidade Habitacional de Santo António, located in Porto. Opened in 2006, the centre is managed by the Foreigners and Borders Service (Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras, SEF).

There are also five Temporary Installation Centres (Centros de Instalação Temporária, CIT) located in each major airport, including that of Porto, Lisbon, Faro, Funchal, and Ponta Delgada. Besides this government-led places, in Lisbon there is the Bobadela reception centre for asylum seekers run by the Portuguese Council for Asylum Seekers (Conselho Português para os Refugiados, CPR) and the Pedro Arupe reception centre managed by the Jesuit Refugee Service.

Opposition to immigration

This section is an excerpt from Opposition to immigration § Portugal.[edit]

Portugal had little immigration until a sudden influx in the 1970s, as ex-colonists, most of them ethnically white, returned. After the former Portuguese African colonies gained independence, and because nationals of Portuguese-speaking nations can freely live and work in Portugal without much bureaucracy, an incremental growth of immigration from Portugal's former overseas possessions was observed over the past few decades, primarily from Brazil, Cape Verde, Angola and Mozambique. The country now has are nearly 240,000 Brazilians and about 350,000 people born in an African country. Although immigrants are mostly concentrated in urban and suburban areas, mainly on Portugal's coast, Portuguese authorities have in recent times encouraged immigration, notably from Brazil, to rural areas, in an effort to increase an ever shrinking population. The growth of the number of immigrants has been linked to an escalation of anti-immigration sentiments and protests throughout Portugal since the mids 2000's.

Until recently, far-right party "National Renewal Party", known as PNR, was the only one in Portugal which actively targeted the mass-immigration and ethnic minorities (mainly related to Gypsy and African communities) issues. After years of growing support—0.09% 4,712 2002, 0.16% 9,374 2005, 0.20% 11,503 2009, 0.31% 17,548 2011— it managed 0.50%, or 27,269, of the electorate in the 2015 Portuguese legislative election. Since 2019, far-right political party CHEGA! has gained traction in the country. Following the 2019 Portuguese legislative election, the party's president, André Ventura, assured a seat in Assembly of the Republic, after having received over 66,000 votes, 1,3% of the electorate. In the 2020 Azorean regional election, the party secured two assemblyman to the regional parliament and, during the 2021 Portuguese presidential election, André Ventura managed to gather approximately 500,000 votes, 12% of the total. The party opposes immigration and has been described by the media and mainstream parties as xenophobic. CHEGA! has an estimated 28,000 militant members and is expected to continue to rise in popularity and political force.

Maps

Below there are flag maps showing, from left to right, the five most numerous foreign communities present in each Portuguese district as of January the 1st 2022 according to official Portuguese data. These numbers take into account only foreigners - thus excluding Portuguese people of foreign background - who reside legally and permanently in Portugal.

• Flag maps of the five most important foreign communities in each Portuguese district as of 01.01.22
• 
  Flag map of the most common foreign nationality in Portugal per each district. One can see the importance of the Brazilian immigration as well as the influx of Venezuelans in Madeira, Britons in Algarve and Indians in Beja
• 
  Flag map of the second most common foreign nationality in Portugal in every district. Cape Verdeans are present in Lisbon Area, Italians in Porto while Britons and Romanians in the interior.
• 
  Flag map of the third most common foreign nationality in Portugal in every district. US-citizens are present in the Azores, Chinese in the industrialized north while PALOP citizens in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area
• 
  Flag map of the fourth most common foreign nationality in Portugal in every district. Angolans and Eastern Europeans (such as Ukrainians in Santarém) are present nationwide
• 
  Flag map of the fifth most common foreign nationality in Portugal in every district. One can appreciate the presence of the Chinese near the Spanish border and the prevalence of Europeans along the coast

Comparison with other European Union countries 2023

According to Eurostat 59.9 million people lived in the European Union in 2023 who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 13.35% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (9.44%) were born outside the EU and 17.5 million (3.91%) were born in another EU member state.

Country	Total population (1000)	Total Foreign-born (1000)	%	Born in other EU state (1000)	%	Born in a non EU state (1000)	%
EU 27	448,754	59,902	13.3	17,538	3.9	31,368	6.3
Germany	84,359	16,476	19.5	6,274	7.4	10,202	12.1
France	68,173	8,942	13.1	1,989	2.9	6,953	10.2
Spain	48,085	8,204	17.1	1,580	3.3	6,624	13.8
Italy	58,997	6,417	10.9	1,563	2.6	4,854	8.2
Netherlands	17,811	2,777	15.6	748	4.2	2,029	11.4
Greece	10,414	1,173	11.3	235	2.2	938	9.0
Sweden	10,522	2,144	20.4	548	5.2	1,596	15.2
Austria	9,105	1,963	21.6	863	9.5	1,100	12.1
Belgium	11,743	2,247	19.1	938	8.0	1,309	11.1
Portugal	10,467	1,684	16.1	378	3.6	1,306	12.5
Denmark	5,933	804	13.6	263	4.4	541	9.1
Finland	5,564	461	8.3	131	2.4	330	5.9
Poland	36,754	933	2.5	231	0.6	702	1.9
Czech Republic	10,828	764	7.1	139	1.3	625	5.8
Hungary	9,600	644	6.7	342	3.6	302	3.1
Romania	19,055	530	2.8	202	1.1	328	1.7
Slovakia	5,429	213	3.9	156	2.9	57	1.0
Bulgaria	6,448	169	2.6	58	0.9	111	1.7
Ireland	5,271	1,150	21.8	348	6.6	802	15.2

Gallery

Rally in Lisbon	Chinese restaurant in Lisbon	Nepalese restaurant in Lisbon	Rally in Lisbon	Rally against the Russian invasion of Ukraine organised by the Ukrainian community
Russian community in Portugal standing with Ukrainians against the Russian invasion of Ukraine	South Asians in Alentejo	Immigrants in Odemira	Multiethnic Carnival in Agualva	Indian restaurant in São João
Rally in Amadora	Tree planted by the Portuguese-Ukrainian youth association in Lisbon	British supermarket in Portimão	French brasserie in Porto	Chinese shop in Albufeira
Street vendors in Cacém	Street scene in Cacém	Anti-racist rally in Lisbon, 2017	Chinese restaurant in Olhos de Água	Chinese restaurant in Areias de São João
Bangladeshi market in Lisbon	Kebab in Porto	Bangladeshi activity in Porto	Chinese restaurant in Algarve	Kebab in Tavira
Chinese shop in Lisbon	Kebab in Arroios, Lisbon	Bank of China representation in Lisbon	Trilingual (Portuguese-English-Chinese) leaflet in Portugal	Building of Portuguese Migration Authority
Rally in Alentejo	Sikhs in Portugal	South Asians in Vila Nova de Milfontes	British shop in ALbufeira	German establishment in Algarve
Chinese shop in Vale de Paraíso	Chinese shop in Albufeira	Russian church in Fátima	Chinese restaurant in Lisbon	Döner Kebab in Algarve
Chinese restaurant in Faro	Döner Kebab in Almancil	Chinese restaurant in Albufeira	Ukraine Avenue in Lisbon, inaugurated in 2008	Kebab house in Lisbon
Indian cuisine found in Portugal	Kebab in Lisbon	Pita house in Albufeira	Fusion Indo-Nepali-Portuguese restaurant	Pita house in Algarve
Street scene in multiethnic parish of Santa Maria Maior	Mahatma Gandhi statue in Lisbon	Samosas or, in Portuguese, Chamuças, a South Asian delicacy widely available in Portugal	Kebab shop	Goan restaurant
Indian-Italian restaurant	Japanese style restaurant in Faro	Italian gelato in Belém	Japanese-Brazilian fusion in Algarve	German language sign in Porto
Foreign language bookstore in Porto	Kebab in Lisbon	Chinese language sign in Portugal	Billboard for elections in Guinea-Bissau found in Odivelas	Monumento to Euromaidan victims in Braga
Protest in Portugal asking for Jus Soli	Monument to Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko in Belém	Japanese sushi bar in Figueira da Foz	Indian restaurant in Albufeira	Japanese restaurant in Albufeira
Tandoori restaurant in Albufeira	Sushi restaurant in Lisbon	Indian business in Algarve	Sushi bar in Algarve	Indian restaurant in Albufeira
French language graffiti in Portugal	Sushi restaurant in Portugal offering AYCE	French language graffiti in Lisbon	Sushi in Faro	Chinese-Japanese fusion restaurant
Multi-ethnic youth	Multiethnicity in Prior Velho	Youth in Prior Velho	Youth in Prior Velho	Rally sustaining the ceasefire in Gaza, October 2023
Rally sustaining the ceasefire in Gaza, October 2023	Rally in Lisbon	Turkish flag in Lisbon	Rally sustaining the ceasefire in Gaza, October 2023	Rally sustaining the ceasefire in Gaza, October 2023
Rally sustaining the ceasefire in Gaza, December 2023	Rally in Lisbon	Rally in Lisbon	Dominicans in Lisbon in occasion of the 2020 Dominican Republic general election	Jinnah cap in Alentejo
Black-Portuguese people in Lisbon	Romani girl in Lisbon	Chinese dragon in Lisbon	Asian puppets in Museu da Marioneta, Lisbon	Political rally
Portuguese fans celebrating the country's Euro 2016 cup win	Portuguese-Romanis rallying in Lisbon	Rally in Lisbon	Thai pavillion in Lisbon	South Asian workers in Lisbon
South Asian family in Belém	Multicultural sports event in Lisbon	Multicultural family in Parque das Nações	Street scene in Parque das Nações	Pro inclusivity street art in Parque das Nações
Satellite view of Estrela de Africa, one of the 35 shantytowns that existed in Amadora in 1995. Mainly inhabited by Cape Verdean, the neighbourhood was demolished in 2017.	Quinta do Mocho in Loures hosts a large African diaspora	Vale da Amoreira, near Lisbon, has a large African diaspora	Vale da Amoreira	Nems served in Lisbon
Performance by the by the Portuguese Yoga Confederation	Bairro da Jamaica, demolished in 2024, hosted around 800 African immigrants	Book about Amílcar Cabral sold in Vale da Amoreira	Buddha statue in Portugal

See also

• Access to healthcare for migrants in Portugal
• Demographics of Portugal
• Portuguese diaspora (emigration from Portugal)
• Immigration to Europe
• List of countries by immigrant population
• List of countries by foreign-born population
• List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate