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Eleanor of Viseu

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Eleanor of Viseu
Queen consort of Portugal
Tenure28 August 1481 – 25 October 1495
Tenure11 November 1477 – 15 November 1477
Born2 May 1458
Beja, Portugal
Died17 November 1525(1525-11-17) (aged 67)
Palace of Xabregas, Lisbon
Burial
Convent of the Mother of God
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1470; died 1495)​
Issue
Detail		Afonso, Prince of Portugal
HouseAviz
FatherFerdinand, Duke of Viseu
MotherBeatrice of Portugal
SignatureEleanor of Viseu's signature

Eleanor of Viseu (2 May 1458 – 17 November 1525; Portuguese: Leonor de Viseu [liuˈnoɾ dɨ viˈzew]) was a Portuguese infanta (princess) and later queen consort of Portugal. She is considered one of her country's most notable queens consort and one of the only two who were not foreigners. To distinguish her from other infantas of the same name, she is commonly known as Eleanor of Viseu (after her father's title) or Eleanor of Lancaster (Lancaster, a name used by some Portuguese royals after her great-grandmother Queen Philippa of Lancaster). In Portugal, she is known universally as Rainha Dona Leonor.

Early life and background

Eleanor was the eldest daughter of Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu and his wife Beatrice of Portugal.[1] Both of her parents were grandchildren of John I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster.[2]

Little is known about Eleanor's early life.[3] Her education and upbringing were likely guided by the writings of her grandfather Edward I of Portugal.[4]

Marriage

Queen Eleanor of Portugal statue in Beja

On 22 January 1471, twelve year old Eleanor married the fifteen year old John, Prince of Portugal, son of her uncle Afonso V and his wife Isabella of Coimbra and the heir apparent to the throne of Portugal.[5][6] Around the same time, Eleanor's sister Isabel of Viseu married Fernando II of Braganza, head of the most powerful noble house in Portugal.[7]

In May 1475, while her husband and father-in-law were invading Castile, Eleanor gave birth to her only child to survive infancy, Afonso.[8] John returned home sometime after but left again in January 1476, appointing Eleanor regent of the kingdom.[9]

Queen consort

Upon the death of Afonso V on 28 August 1481 John ascended the throne as King of Portugal with Eleanor as his queen consort.[10] The queens consort of Portugal were awarded fiefs and villages to grant them independent incomes, and Eleanor was granted Silves e Faro and Terras de Aldeia Galega e Aldeia Gavinha for this purpose.[citation needed]

From the onset of his reign, John II focused heavily on diminishing the powers of the most powerful noble houses in the kingdom, namely the House of Beja and Viseu and the House of Braganza.[11] His aggressive centralization policies impacted some of Eleanor's closest relatives. In 1483, John accused the Queen's brother-in-law, Fernando II of Braganza, of treason and had him executed. Later, in 1484, the Queen's brother Diogo, Duke of Viseu was accused of leading a conspiracy against the crown and was stabbed to death in 1484 by the king himself.[12][13]

Eleanor is credited as the founder of Caldas da Rainha.[14] In 1484, at the site of water that healed of her of an unknown affliction while traveling from Óbidos to Batalha, the queen ordered a hospital built so that others could enjoy the same relief.[15] Construction began the following year, and although the first patients were admitted in 1488, the works were not completed until about 1496 or 1497. To finance the hospital and its adjoining church, the queen sold her jewels and used income from her landholdings.[16] The name of the settlement that grew around the site and became Caldas da Rainha refers to both its founder and the reason for its existence. The city's name can be translated as "Queen's Hot Springs",[17] "Queen's Spa",[18] or "Queen's Baths".[19]

Eleanor and John II's only child, Afonso, died in a horse accident in 1491,[20] leaving the succession uncertain. John wanted his illegitimate son Jorge to succeed him but Eleanor was intent on securing succession for her younger brother Manuel.[21][22] Following bitter disputes with Eleanor and a failed petition to Rome to have Jorge legitimized, John finally recognized Manuel as his heir in his will a few weeks before his death.[23][24]

Queen dowager

The Arrival of D. Leonor with the Relics of Santa Auta at Madre de Deus by Cristóvão de Figueiredo.

After her brother Manuel I succeeded to the throne in 1495, Eleanor moved to the palace of Xabregas, where she hosted the royal court and continued to be socially active.[citation needed] For a short period between 1500 and 1502, Eleanor's brother Manuel found himself childless, and Eleanor herself became the heir to the throne. As she had no children, she declined to make the oath as an heir in favour of her sister Isabel.[citation needed]

Eleanor was extremely wealthy and used much of her money for charity. In 1498, she spearheaded the creation of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia as confraternities with humanitarian purposes, especially the care of the poor and the sick.[25] The original foundations survive today, and more have since been founded in other towns and cities of Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies.

Eleanor is also credited with having introduced the printing press to Portugal, when she commissioned a translation of Vita Christi into Portuguese.[26] When the first of its four volumes were published in 1502, it became the first book to be printed in Alcalá de Henares.[26]

Eleanor supported the foundation of the Hospital Real de Todos-os-Santos (All Saints' Royal Hospital) in Lisbon, considered the best in contemporary Europe.[citation needed] She also founded the convent Madre de Deus (1509), considered a great architectural work, where she spent many of her later years, dressed almost as a nun.[citation needed]

Issue

Name Birth Death Notes
Prince Afonso 18 May 1475 13 July 1491 Prince of Portugal. Died in a horse riding accident, leading to the accession of his uncle Manuel I.
Stillborn 1483 1483 Stillborn son, born in 1483.

Ancestry

References

Citations

  1. ^ Sabugosa 1921, p. 18.
  2. ^ Sabugosa 1921, p. 13.
  3. ^ Sabugosa 1921, p. 21.
  4. ^ Sabugosa 1921, pp. 22–25.
  5. ^ Sabugosa 1921, pp. 40–43.
  6. ^ Pereira & Rodrigues 1904b, p. 169.
  7. ^ Sanceau 1970, p. 4.
  8. ^ Sabugosa 1921, pp. 45–47.
  9. ^ McMurdo 1889a, pp. 510–511.
  10. ^ Pereira & Rodrigues 1904a, p. 1041.
  11. ^ Marques 1976, p. 180.
  12. ^ Marques 1976, p. 210.
  13. ^ McMurdo 1889b, p. 21.
  14. ^ *A Handbook for Travellers in Portugal: A Complete Guide for Lisbon...the Caldas...&c (Google Books) (Third ed.). London: John Murray. 1875. pp. 116–117. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  15. ^ "Caldas da Rainha". Turismo de Portugal. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  16. ^ "Hospital de Nossa Senhora do Pópulo | Museu do Hospital e das Caldas" (in Portuguese). Museu do Hospital e das Caldas. 14 September 2006. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  17. ^ Howe, Marvine (6 August 1989). "SHOPPER'S WORLD; Earthy Pottery From Portugal". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  18. ^ John Fisher and Jules Brown (2010). The Rough Guide to Portugal (Google Books). London: Rough Guides. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-84836-978-8. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  19. ^ Dunlop, Fiona (2013). National Geographic Traveler: Portugal (Google Books) (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Books. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-4262-1024-2. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  20. ^ Livermore 1976, p. 125.
  21. ^ McMurdo 1889b, p. 38.
  22. ^ Livermore 1976, p. 132.
  23. ^ McMurdo 1889b, pp. 40–41.
  24. ^ Sanceau 1970, pp. 1–2.
  25. ^ Sanceau 1970, pp. 127–128.
  26. ^ a b Luttikhuizen 2016, p. 30
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). The story of Portugal. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 125, 139, 303. ISBN 9780722224731.
  28. ^ a b "Leonora of Aragon (1405–1445)". Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Gale Research. Retrieved 11 July 2018.

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leonor of Viseu.
Eleanor of Viseu
Cadet branch of the House of Burgundy
Born: 2 May 1458 Died: 17 November 1525
Portuguese royalty
Preceded by Queen consort of Portugal
1477 – 1477 		Succeeded by
Queen consort of Portugal
1481 – 1495 		Succeeded by
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