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C-3PO
Star Wars character
First appearanceStar Wars (1977)
Created byGeorge Lucas
Portrayed byAnthony Daniels
Voiced by
Performed byMichael Lynch
In-universe information
OccupationProtocol droid
Affiliation
CreatorAnakin Skywalker

C-3PO (/ˌsiːˈθriːpioʊ/) or See-Threepio  is a humanoid robot character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a protocol droid designed to assist in etiquette and translation, and is fluent in over six million forms of communication.[1][2] The character appears in all nine films of the Skywalker Saga—which includes the original trilogy, the prequel trilogy and the sequel trilogy. Anthony Daniels portrays C-3PO in all the Skywalker Saga films and the standalone film Rogue One, and voices the droid in the animated film The Clone Wars.[3][4] In addition to films, C-3PO appears in television series, novels, comics, and video games.

Creation and development

Ralph McQuarrie, a concept artist for the original 1977 Star Wars film,[a] based the initial design for C-3PO on the female robot from the Fritz Lang film Metropolis (1927).[5][6] When Anthony Daniels saw one of McQuarrie's paintings of C-3PO, he was struck by the vulnerability in the droid's face, and he wanted the role.[7][8] George Lucas, who created the Star Wars franchise and directed Star Wars, selected Daniels for the physical performance. He was planning to hire another actor for the droid's voice, because he was hesitant to give the character Daniels's British accent.[9] According to Daniels, Lucas wanted C-3PO to have a "sleazy New York second-hand car dealer" type of voice.[10] Daniels recalled that thirty well-established actors auditioned for the voice role—including Richard Dreyfuss and Mel Blanc—but Daniels ultimately received the part after one of the actors suggested the idea to Lucas.[11][7][12] With Daniels voicing him, C-3PO's persona transformed from oily used-car salesman to neurotic English butler.[9][10][4][13]

For the second film, The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Lucas wanted to create audience sympathy for C-3PO by having him get dismantled.[14] He considered having the villain Darth Vader destroy the droid's heart or "turn it into an alarm clock".[15] In the finished film, C-3PO is blasted into pieces by an offscreen foe, then rescued from a scrap pile by Chewbacca.[b][16] Because both C-3PO and Chewbacca were likeable characters—and disliked one another—Lucas wanted them to have a bonding experience.[15] Towards this end, the Wookiee carries and then repairs the dismantled droid.[16]

Portrayals

Anthony Daniels has played C-3PO since 1977.

Anthony Daniels plays C-3PO in ten live-action films.[3] He both physically portrays the character and provides the voice in all of these films except for The Phantom Menace. For that film, a C-3PO puppet was operated by Michael Lynch, with Daniels providing the voice.[17] Although Star Wars was immensely successful, Daniels was initially hesitant to return for the first sequel, The Empire Strikes Back. According to Daniels, the publicists for Star Wars wanted to give the impression that C-3PO was portrayed by a real robot, and not an actor in a costume.[18] Although Daniels felt his acting was undervalued, he eventually agreed to return for a higher salary.[19]

Daniels portrays C-3PO in the television series Obi-Wan Kenobi and Ahsoka, and voices the droid in the animated film The Clone Wars.[20][21][22] He also voices the character in the Star Wars Holiday Special,[23] the radio drama adaptations of the original trilogy,[24] various Lego Star Wars series and specials, and the series Droids, Clone Wars, The Clone Wars, Forces of Destiny, Star Wars Rebels and Star Wars Resistance.[22] In video games, C-3PO is voiced by Daniels, Tom Kane and Tony Pope.[22][25][26] Simon Pegg voices the character in a Star Wars-themed episode of the animated television series Phineas and Ferb.[27]

Appearances in the official Star Wars story canon

Films

Original trilogy

Main article: Star Wars original trilogy
Star Wars

C-3PO first appears in Star Wars (1977) aboard a Rebel ship that is boarded by the Empire. Princess Leia hides C-3PO and his companion droid R2-D2 in an escape pod, which she jettisons over the planet Tatooine. There, the droids are captured by Jawas, who sell them to Owen Lars. While cleaning R2-D2, Lars's nephew Luke Skywalker discovers a message in the droid that Leia recorded for Obi-Wan Kenobi. After Imperial stormtroopers destroy the Lars homestead, C-3PO and R2-D2 go along with Luke and Obi-Wan on a mission to rescue Leia, transported by the smugglers Han Solo and Chewbacca on board the Millennium Falcon. While on the Death Star, C-3PO and R2-D2 shut down the space station's trash compactor to save the lives of their companions. The group then escapes the station and joins the Rebels at their base. When R2-D2 is damaged during the Battle of Yavin, a grief-stricken C-3PO offers to donate his own parts to repair his counterpart.

The Empire Strikes Back

In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), C-3PO identifies an Imperial probe droid, which gives the Rebels advance warning of an Imperial attack on their base on Hoth. C-3PO escapes the planet with Han, Chewbacca and Leia on the Millennium Falcon. They eventually arrive in Cloud City, where C-3PO is blasted apart by a stormtrooper. After searching for the protocol droid, Chewbacca finds him dismantled on a conveyer belt. The Wookiee later tries to rebuild C-3PO, but puts his head on backwards. Chewbacca carries the partially-rebuilt droid on his back during Han's encasement in carbonite. With the help of Lando Calrissian, C-3PO and his friends escape from Darth Vader. Onboard the Falcon, R2-D2 successfully repairs C-3PO.

Return of the Jedi

At the beginning of Return of the Jedi (1983), Luke sends C-3PO and R2-D2 to the palace of the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, who has purchased the frozen Han from the bounty hunter Boba Fett. To C-3PO's dismay, R2-D2 plays a recorded message in which Luke offers the droids as a goodwill gift to Jabba. Now in the service of the crime lord, C-3PO acts as a translator as Leia, Chewbacca, Lando and Luke arrive at the palace to liberate Han. Jabba foils the plan, but Luke leads a successful escape attempt and the group departs the planet. On Endor, C-3PO and his companions are captured by Ewoks, but are released after they perceive C-3PO to be a deity. Later that night, C-3PO narrates the history of the Rebellion's fight against the Empire to the Ewok tribe, which convinces them to help the Rebels. After the second Death Star is destroyed, C-3PO and his friends celebrate the fall of the Empire.

Prequel trilogy

Main article: Star Wars prequel trilogy
The Phantom Menace

C-3PO returns in The Phantom Menace (1999), the first episode of the prequel trilogy. The film reveals that C-3PO was built on Tatooine by the nine-year-old slave boy Anakin Skywalker. The protocol droid meets his future companion, R2-D2, along with Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn, Queen Padmé Amidala of Naboo and the Gungan Jar Jar Binks. C-3PO and R2-D2 help improve Anakin's podracer for the Boonta Eve Classic race, and C-3PO becomes part of Anakin's pit crew. C-3PO and Anakin part ways when Qui-Gon frees the boy from slavery and takes him off-planet. Before leaving, Anakin assures the droid that his mother Shmi will not sell him.

Attack of the Clones

Attack of the Clones (2002) is set ten years after The Phantom Menace. Shmi is kidnapped by a group of Tusken Raiders. Sensing that his mother is in danger, Anakin travels with Padmé to Tatooine, where they reunite with C-3PO. He presents Anakin and Padmé to Anakin's stepfamily: Owen Lars, Cliegg Lars and Beru Whitesun. When Anakin returns with his mother's body, C-3PO attends her funeral. When Anakin and Padmé depart Tatooine, C-3PO accompanies them to the planet Geonosis to rescue Obi-Wan from the Sith Lord Count Dooku. Shortly afterward, he follows R2-D2 into a droid-construction factory, where his head is exchanged with that of a battle droid. Influenced by the battle droid's programming, C-3PO reluctantly participates in the film's climactic battle scene. After being restored by R2-D2, he leaves Geonosis with his companions. At the end of the film, he is a witness to Padmé and Anakin's marriage on Naboo.

Revenge of the Sith

In Revenge of the Sith (2005), C-3PO is aware of Padmé's pregnancy. After Anakin falls to the dark side of the Force and becomes the Sith Lord Darth Vader, he takes C-3PO and R2-D2 with him as he massacres the Jedi. C-3PO rationalizes Vader's behavior by saying he has been under a great deal of stress. The protocol droid accompanies Padmé to Mustafar, where he witnesses Vader strangle her into unconsciousness. C-3PO and R2-D2 then take her to safety. When Obi-Wan returns to their spaceship following his duel with Vader, C-3PO pilots it to Polis Massa and witnesses Padmé give birth to the Skywalker twins, Luke and Leia. C-3PO and R2-D2 become the property of Captain Raymus Antilles, who orders C-3PO's memory erased to protect the Skywalker children from their father and the newly-created Galactic Empire.

Sequel trilogy

Main article: Star Wars sequel trilogy

C-3PO appears in The Force Awakens (2015), the first installment of the sequel trilogy. He has a red left arm at one point, and is now fluent in seven million forms of communication. He is first seen with Leia and a Resistance team picking up Han, Chewbacca, Finn, Rey, and BB-8 on the planet Takodana. During their adventures, C-3PO is reunited with R2-D2, who is reactivated after being shut off for years. In The Last Jedi (2017), C-3PO serves as an assistant to Leia and the Resistance pilot Poe Dameron. Daniels complained that his character was a "table decoration" in this film, and that C-3PO is "worth more than that."[28]

In The Rise of Skywalker (2019), the droid and his companions travel to Passana, where they search for a clue to the location of a Sith wayfinder. With the help of Lando, they locate the clue—a dagger with inscriptions in the Sith language. C-3PO is able to translate the runes, but his progamming prevents him from sharing the translation with his friends. The group travels to Kijimi, where a black-market droid-smith extracts the message from C-3PO, erasing his memory in the process. When C-3PO returns to the Resistance camp, R2-D2 is able to restore his memory.

Series

C-3PO appears in the live action series Obi-Wan Kenobi (2022) and Ahsoka (2023), and the animated series The Clone Wars,(2008–2020), Forces of Destiny (2017–2018) Star Wars Rebels (2014–2018) and Star Wars Resistance (2018–2020). He is also featured in the film version of The Clone Wars (2008).

Other

C-3PO appears in the comics Star Wars (2015–present), Shattered Empire (2015), Star Wars: C-3PO (2016) and Star Wars: Poe Dameron (2016–2018), as well as the novel Bloodline (2016).[29] He also appears in the radio drama adaptations of the original film trilogy (1981, 1983, and 1996).

Appearances in Star Wars Legends

See also: Star Wars in other media

In 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since 1977 were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise. The Legends works comprise a separate narrative universe.[30][31][32][33]

Novels

In The Truce at Bakura, C-3PO translates Ssi-ruuvi, the language of the Ssi-ruuk, to aid the Alliance. In The Glove of Darth Vader, C-3PO and R2-D2 are members of the Senate Planetary Intelligence Network (SPIN), and undergo transformation by the Droid Modification Team to be disguised as Kessel droids so that they can infiltrate a gathering of Imperials to find out who is planning to take control of the Empire.

In The Courtship of Princess Leia, C-3PO is led to believe that Han Solo is ancestrally the King of Corellia during Han's competition with Prince Isolder for Leia's hand in marriage. C-3PO agrees to assist Han as a counselor droid; but is shocked when Han kidnaps Leia and takes her to Dathomir. Despite this, he continues to present Han in the best possible light and writes a song for him entitled "The Virtues of King Han Solo", which he backs with the sound of a full symphony orchestra. He later discovers that Han's ancestor was merely "a pretender to the throne", but is present at Han and Leia's wedding.

Following the events of Han and Leia's marriage, C-3PO returns with them to Tatooine in Tatooine Ghost. There he helps Han and Leia in their search for an Alderaanian moss painting storing a valuable code. He also reunites with Kitster Banai and Wald, childhood friends of Anakin Skywalker from Episode I. With their help, C-3PO and the others discover Shmi Skywalker's diary, whereof Leia remarks that the droid described reminds her of C-3PO. Due to his memory wipe in Episode III, C-3PO does not mention to Han and Leia his connection to Anakin. The code is eventually found and destroyed.

In Heir to the Empire, Lando reprograms C-3PO to sound like Leia in order to hide from Imperials on Nkllon; but the Empire, led by Grand Admiral Thrawn, sees through the deception. In Dark Force Rising, C-3PO goes to Honoghr with Leia during the Thrawn Crisis to discover what had caused the plight of the Noghri. He is forced to hide with Leia and Chewbacca when Imperial forces arrive overhead, but he later returns with Leia to Coruscant, where she gives birth to Jaina and Jacen Solo. He serves as caretaker to the twins, and later Anakin Solo as well. In The Last Command, C-3PO also accompanies Han, Lando, R2-D2, Luke, Chewbacca, and Mara Jade to Wayland on a mission to destroy the Mount Tantiss storehouse. Thanks to C-3PO and some Noghri, the party recruits aid from the local population and destroys the storehouse.

In Dark Apprentice, the Solo twins escape from Chewbacca's and C-3PO's watch during a trip to a zoo on Coruscant and arrive in the planet's sub-levels. C-3PO frantically searches for them, but they had been found by King Onibald Daykim and are reunited with their parents.

In Planet of Twilight, C-3PO and R2-D2 accompany Leia on a diplomatic mission to Nam Chorios but are unable to prevent her kidnapping and fail to stop the Death Seed plague unleashed on the crew by Seti Ashgad and Dzym. Eventually rescued by Han and Lando, the two droids convey their message for help.

In The Crystal Star, C-3PO accompanies Luke and Han to Crseih Station to investigate the possible existence of Jedi trainees; but instead find Waru, a creature from another dimension, from whom they learn of Waru's alliance with Lord Hethrir and of the kidnapping of the Solo children. Hethrir is destroyed following a confrontation with Leia, Han, and Luke while Waru returns to his dimension.

In The Black Fleet Crisis, C-3PO accompanies Lando, R2-D2, and Lando's associate Lobot to investigate the runaway alien ship Teljkon Vagabond; eventually to discover that the ship contains the last vestiges of the Quella civilization.

In The New Rebellion, C-3PO, along with R2-D2 and a young mechanic named Cole Fardreamer, is instrumental in stopping Kueller from regaining power by disabling the explosive devices he had placed in a large number of droids.

In Ambush at Corellia, during the outbreak of the First Corellian Insurrection, C-3PO and Chewbacca retrieve Jaina, Jacen, and Anakin from the burning Corona House. In Showdown at Centerpoint, Threepio accompanies Luke, Gaeriel Captison, Belindi Kalenda, and Lando Calrissian to Centerpoint Station, and alerts them to the fact that the temperature inside Hollowtown is increasing to dangerously high levels. In Vision of the Future, C-3PO participates in Talon Karrde's expedition to the Kathol Sector to find Jorj Car'das, serving as a translator.

Comics

According to the Star Wars comic strip, C-3PO was activated hundreds of years before the events of the original film on the planet Affa.[34] A Guide to the Star Wars Universe affirms Affa as the droid's planet of origin, narrowing down his activation date to 112 years before A New Hope.[35]

In the Star Wars Tales story "Thank the Maker", Vader remembers finding the defunct droid in Watto's junk heap and guessing it is several decades old.[36] In "The New Face of War", a story in Star Wars: Republic, Queen Jamillia appoints the droid to serve as liaison to the Jedi during that campaign following the defense of Naboo and the bio-plague of Ohma-D'un by the Separatists. He is a reluctant participant in many of Padmé's adventures, including a hazardous mission during the Battle of Ilum,[37] in which his loyalty is essential in helping Jedi Master Yoda rescue fellow Jedi Luminara Unduli and Barriss Offee.[38]

In 1994, Dark Horse Comics, in its self-titled compilation series, serialized a story titled Droids,[39] which led into a 14-issue comic series continuing the adventures of C-3PO and R2-D2 before the events of A New Hope.[40][41] Lucasfilm did not require these to tie into the animated series of the same name.[42] Anthony Daniels and Ryder Windham also co-wrote a one-shot comic titled The Protocol Offensive (1997), based on a story by Brian Daley and with art by Igor Kordey.[42][43][c]

In Empire's End, C-3PO and R2-D2 are nearly destroyed after they spot an Imperial installing a homing beacon on the Millennium Falcon; but are saved by Han Solo and Chewbacca. The resurrected Palpatine and his fleet discover the Alliance's existence, leading C-3PO and the others to flee to Iziz, a city on the planet of Onderon. Palpatine eventually finds them, but is mortally wounded by Han and destroyed when Empatojayos Brand sacrifices himself to save the latter's son Anakin.

In the Star Wars Tales story Storyteller, C-3PO is found partially destroyed and abandoned, years after the events of the original trilogy, by two slave boys. He tells them stories of Luke Skywalker's adventures, and they imagine the stories played out by members of their own alien race. As he is finishing his tale, a Vindar slavedriver appears, blasts C-3PO's head off, and kills Otalp. After the Vindar leave the cave, Remoh finds a lightsaber in the remains of C-3PO's body and in so doing, finds hope for his people's freedom.

Animated series

In addition to novels and comics, some animated series are part of Star Wars Legends. In Droids (1985), which takes place between Revenge of the Sith and Star Wars, C-3PO and R2-D2 are traded among various masters. In Clone Wars (2003), C-3PO's outer plating is upgraded during his tenure as Padmé's servant.[44][45]

Other appearances

Outside of the official canon and the Legends universe, C-3PO appears in the Star Wars Holiday Special (1978), The Lego Movie (2014), Lego Star Wars: The Resistance Rises (2016), The Lego Star Wars Holiday Special (2020), Lego Star Wars Summer Vacation (2022) and various video games. The character also appears in a 2014 Star Wars-themed episode of the animated television series Phineas and Ferb.

Notes

  1. ^ The film was originally titled Star Wars, then was later retitled Star Wars: Episode IV—A New Hope.
  2. ^ Later Star Wars media reveal that the droid's assailant is an Imperial stormtrooper.[2]
  3. ^ Daniels wrote all of C-3PO's dialogue for the comic.[42]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Fentiman, David, ed. (2016). Star Wars Character Encyclopedia: Updated and Expanded. New York: DK Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-5-0010-1452-2.
  2. ^ a b Hidalgo & Sansweet 2008, p. 102.
  3. ^ a b "Star Wars Celebration Anaheim 2022 Announces First Celebrity Guests". StarWars.com. March 24, 2022. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  4. ^ a b Gilbey, Ryan (September 3, 2015). "'The secrecy has been ludicrous': Star Wars actor Anthony Daniels on the new film and his life as C-3PO". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
  5. ^ Rinzler 2007, p. 103.
  6. ^ Eisner, Lotte (1977). Fritz Lang. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-306-80271-6.
  7. ^ a b Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy (DVD). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. 2004.
  8. ^ "Biography: Anthony Daniels". StarWars.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2006. Retrieved October 3, 2006.
  9. ^ a b Scanlon, Paul (August 25, 1977). "George Lucas: The Wizard of 'Star Wars'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  10. ^ a b Mackenzie, Steven (December 17, 2019). "We meet Anthony Daniels: the man behind C-3PO". Big Issue. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
  11. ^ McCluskey, Megan (December 18, 2017). "20 Actors You Never Knew Were Almost Cast in Star Wars". TIME. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  12. ^ Romano, Steven (August 20, 2015). "Actors Who Almost Appeared in Star Wars". StarWars.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
  13. ^ Louis Chilton (November 1, 2019). "Sidelined, suffocated, and nearly baked alive: The story of the man who didn't want to play C-3PO". The Independent. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  14. ^ Rinzler 2010, p. 132.
  15. ^ a b Rinzler 2010, p. 133.
  16. ^ a b Star Wars: Episode V—The Empire Strikes Back (1980).
  17. ^ Daniels 2019.
  18. ^ Rinzler 2010, p. 278.
  19. ^ Rinzler 2010, p. 695.
  20. ^ Saavedra, John (May 27, 2022). "Star Wars Obi-Wan Kenobi Cast: Meet the New Characters". Den of Geek. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  21. ^ Romano, Evan (September 27, 2023). "Anthony Daniels Shows Up As C-3PO in Ahsoka for Some Human-Cyborg Relations". Men's Health. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  22. ^ a b c "Anthony Daniels (visual voices guide)". Behind the Voice Actors. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  23. ^ Thomas, William; Freer, Ian (December 3, 2015). "The Star Wars Holiday Special: may the farce be with you". Empire. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  24. ^ John, Derek (May 4, 2022). "On May the 4th, let's remember the time NPR had a 'Star Wars' radio drama". NPR. Retrieved May 18, 2024.
  25. ^ "Tom Kane (visual voices guide)". Behind the Voice Actors. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
  26. ^ "Star Wars: Rebel Assault". Behind the Voice Actors. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
  27. ^ "Phineas and Ferb: Star Wars (2014 TV Show)". Behind the Voice Actors. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
  28. ^ "Star Wars: Anthony Daniels Promises 'Weird Stuff' From C-3PO in the Rise of Skywalker". Empire. November 25, 2019. Archived from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
  29. ^ "Star Wars Special: C-3PO (2016)". Marvel. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  30. ^ McMilian, Graeme (April 25, 2014). "Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  31. ^ "The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  32. ^ "Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  33. ^ Dinsdale, Ryan (May 4, 2023). "The Star Wars Canon: The Definitive Guide". IGN. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  34. ^ Hansen, John (October 26, 2014). "'Star Wars' flashback: 'The Constancia Affair,' 'The Kashyyyk Depths,' 'Planet of Kadril' and unpublished newspaper strips (1979-80) (Comic book reviews)". Cold Bananas Movie & TV Reviews. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  35. ^ Slavicsek, Bill (1994). A Guide to the Star Wars Universe (2nd ed.). Del Rey. p. xviii. ISBN 0-345-38625-6.
  36. ^ Windham, Ryder (2000). Star Wars Tales #6. Milwaukee, OR: Dark Horse Comics. pp. 51–53.
  37. ^ Star Wars: Clone Wars Chapter 15
  38. ^ Star Wars: Clone Wars Chapter 16
  39. ^ "Star Wars: Droids Special". Dark Horse Comics. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  40. ^ Greene, Jamie (January 18, 2018). "Everything You'd Ever Want To Know About Star Wars: Droids". Syfy Wire. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  41. ^ Thorsland, Dan (March 26, 2019). Star Wars Legends Epic Collection: The Empire Vol. 5. Marvel Entertainment. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-302-51077-0. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  42. ^ a b c Windham, Ryder (2015). Star Wars Omnibus: Droids. New York: Marvel. pp. i–ii.
  43. ^ Dietsch, TJ (September 19, 2017). "Star Wars Spotlight: Droids – The Protocol Offensive". Marvel Entertainment. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  44. ^ Star Wars: Clone Wars Chapter 1
  45. ^ Star Wars: Clone Wars Chapter 21

Works cited

  • Daniels, Anthony (2019). I Am C-3PO: The Inside Story. DK Publishing. ISBN 9781465492562.
  • Hidalgo, Pablo; Sansweet, Stephen (2008). The Complete Star Wars Encyclopedia. Vol. I (First ed.). New York: Del Rey. ISBN 9780345477637.
  • Rinzler, J.W. (2007). The Making of Star Wars: The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film (eBook v3.1 ed.). New York: Del Rey. ISBN 978-0-345-54286-1.
  • Rinzler, J.W. (2010). The Making of the Empire Strikes Back (eBook v3.1 ed.). London: Del Rey. ISBN 9780345543363.


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