Paramecium aurelia
| Paramecium aurelia | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Ciliophora |
| Class: | Oligohymenophorea |
| Order: | Peniculida |
| Family: | Parameciidae |
| Genus: | Paramecium |
| Species: | P. aurelia
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| Binomial name | |
| Paramecium aurelia | |
Paramecium aurelia[1] are unicellular organisms belonging to the genus Paramecium of the phylum Ciliophora.[2] They are covered in cilia which help in movement and feeding.[2]Paramecium can reproduce sexually, asexually, or by the process of endomixis.[3] Paramecium aurelia demonstrate a strong "sex reaction" whereby groups of individuals will cluster together, and emerge in conjugant pairs. This pairing can last up to 12 hours, during which the micronucleus of each organism will be exchanged.[3] In Paramecium aurelia, a cryptic species complex was discovered by observation.[4] Since then, some have tried to decode this complex using genetic data.[5]
Physical characteristics
The hair-like cilia that cover the outer body of the paramecium are in constant motion, helping the organism move along at a speed of four times its own length per second. As it moves forward, it rotates on its axis, which aids in pushing food into the gullet. It can move backwards by reversing the motion of the cilia.
Food enters the food vacuoles, which cilia push into the gullet in a process known as phagocytosis, and is digested with the aid of hydrochloric acid and enzymes (Raven and Johnson 1996).[full citation needed] When digestion is complete, the remaining food content is emptied into pellicles, known as cytoproct. Osmoregulation is carried out by a pair of contractile vacuoles on either end of the cell, which actively expel water absorbed by osmosis from the surroundings.
Taxonomy
Paramecium aurelia is a species complex composed of 15 known species (syngens), which are[5][6]
- Paramecium primaurelia
- Paramecium biaurelia
- Paramecium triaurelia
- Paramecium tetraurelia
- Paramecium pentaurelia
- Paramecium sexaurelia
- Paramecium septaurelia
- Paramecium octaurelia
- Paramecium novaurelia
- Paramecium decaurelia
- Paramecium undecaurelia
- Paramecium dodecaurelia
- Paramecium tredecaurelia
- Paramecium quadecaurelia
- Paramecium sonneborni
Ecology
Paramecia are found in freshwater environments, and are especially in scums. Paramecia are attracted by acidic conditions, since they eat bacteria, which often acidify their surroundings. They are an important link in the detrital food web in aquatic ecosystems, eating bacteria and dead organic matter often associated with these bacteria, and being preyed on by protists and small animals.
References
- ^ "Paramecium aurelia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ a b "Paramecium". 101 Science.com. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
- ^ a b Sonneborn, T. M. (1937). "Sex, sex inheritance and sex determination in Paramecium Aurelia" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 23 (7): 378–385. Bibcode:1937PNAS...23..378S. doi:10.1073/pnas.23.7.378. PMC 1076944. PMID 16588168. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
- ^ Sonneborn, T. M. (1975) The Paramecium-aurelia complex of 14 sibling species. Transactions of American Microscope Society, 94: 155–178.
- ^ a b Catania F, Wurmser F, Potekhin AA, Przybos E, Lynch M (2009). "Genetic Diversity in the Paramecium aurelia Species Complex". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (2): 421–431. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn266. PMC 3888249. PMID 19023087.
- ^ Aufderheide, Karl J.; Daggett, Pierre-Marc; Nerad, Thomas A. (1983). "Paramecium sonneborni n. sp., a New Member of the Paramecium aurelia Species-Complex". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 30 (1): 128–131. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1983.tb01046.x. ISSN 1066-5234.
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