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Sarcostroma

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Sarcostroma
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Sordariomycetes
Order:
Amphisphaeriales
Family:
Sporocadaceae
Genus:
Sarcostroma

Type species
Sarcostroma berkeleyi
Cooke, 1871

Sarcostroma is a genus of fungi in the family Sporocadaceae.[2] Most species of this genus are saprobes, endophytes or pathogens on leaves (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016b,[3] Norphanphoun et al. 2015,[4] Farr & Rossman 2019).[5]

The type species is Sarcostroma berkeleyi Cooke.[6]

History

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In Sir William Jackson Hooker's book, 'British Flora' (1836), English cryptogamist, Miles Joseph Berkeley (1803–1889), had described a fungal parasite (Savin leaf spot) on the leaves of Juniperus sabina and it was later identified as Podisoma foliicola.[7] It was found in the spring time, on living leaves, as a small sub-elliptic black excrescences (outgrowths) and it is not larger than the head of a pin.[8] When Cooke re-examined the specimens in 1871, he found them to be different to other Podisoma genus species and so re-named and published it as Sarcostroma berkeleyi in Berkeley's honour.[7]

The genus Sarcostroma was introduced by Cooke in 1872.[1] Then British mycologist Brian Charles Sutton in 1980,[9] reduced Sarcostroma to synonymy with the Seimatosporium genus (another Sporocadaceae family genus) that had accommodated species having 2–5-septate conidia with only a basal appendage, or without any appendages. He acknowledged the heterogeneity of the genus, and thought that Seimatosporium would or could later be subdivided.[10] Sarcostroma was reintroduced by mycologist and lichenologist Nag Raj in 1993,[11] to accommodate some of the species classified under Seimatosporium. He still retained the genus Seimatosporium for species having a mixture of conidia with and without appendages in a single isolate, and Sarcostroma for species having multi-septate, fusiform conidia with attenuated centric apical and excentric basal appendages. Three collections treated in this study had 4-septate conidia with single centric apical and excentric basal appendages.[10]

The inter-generic relationships and generic status of pestalotioid fungi (Bartalinia, Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch., Pestalotia, Pestalotiopsis, Sarcostroma, Seimatosporium and Truncatella) have all been the subject of considerable debate in the past. This has been largely due to different generic concepts, and inadequate or overlapping morphological characters used to delineate the genera within the family. Such as (Steyaert 1949,[12] Guba 1961,[13] Sutton 1980,[14] Nag Raj 1993,[11] Jeewon et al. 2002).[15][16]

Later published studies which used rDNA sequence data have, however, clarified the confusion, and provided a more complete understanding of the phylogeny and the genetic breakdown for each pestalotioid fungi genus (Jeewon et al. 2002,[16] 2003,[17] 2004,[18]).[10]

Description

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It was originally described in 1871 by Cooke, as having septate (divided by a septum) spores, on very long peduncles, radiating from a gelatinous stroma.[1] With small sub-elliptic black excrescences (outgrowths) and it is not larger than the head of a pin.[8]

It has conidia (an asexual, non-motile spore) 4-5 septate, simple or double apical (features located at opposite the base of an organism) appendage.[19]

The genus Sarcostroma was resurrected to accommodate several fungal species which were characterised by fusoid (having a spindle-like shaped) conidia with four or more cells, having pigmented median cells and paler, thin-walled end cells, bearing an attenuated tubular apical appendage and a similar excentric (not having the same center) basal appendage.[11] The holotype of the genus has been reported lost and epitypification is needed (Liu et al. 2019a).[20][6]

Distribution

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It has a widespread,[15] scattered distribution, located in both tropical and temperate regions.[3] Species have been found in America (in parts of North America (including Canada),[21] Central America and South America), Europe, Africa (including South Africa,[10]), Asia (including Japan,[22] and China,[23]), New Zealand,[24][25] and a lot of recordings in Australia.[26][27]

Hosts

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Sarcostroma sinicum is found in China on the leaves (seen as leaf spot) on Rhododendron xanthostephanum.[23]

Sarcostroma acaciae is found on various species of Acacia including Acacia binervata in Australia.[26]

In 1999, swollen, fissured cankers on branches of Eucalyptus nitens (about 14–19 years old) growing on the West Coast of South Island, New Zealand. The fungal genus of Sarcostroma was first recorded from Rotoehu Forest, on the North Island in 1986 and was associated with galling on branches and leaf veins of Eucalyptus stenostoma. A specimen on twigs of Eucalyptus regnans from the Rotorua area was also recorded by the Forest Research Mycological Herbarium in 1988. On this host (E. regnans), the fungus was associated with twig lesions and minor dieback. A further collection of the fungus was made in 1998 in the Nelson Lakes National Park, South Island where it was associated with minor dieback of a species of Eucalyptus from a mixed stand of Eucalyptus delegatensis, Eucalyptus nitens and also Eucalyptus regnans.[24]

In 2003, Griphosphaerioma zelkovicola (another fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae) that was recorded having Sarcostroma as an anamorph (asexual reproductive stage),[15] was first observed in Japan on the bark of Zelkova serrata tree.[22]

Eight pestalotioid fungi were isolated from the Restionaceae (flowering plants) growing in the Western Cape Province nature reserves of South Africa. They included Pestalotiopsis matildae, Sarcostroma lomatiae, Sarcostroma restionis, Truncatella betulae,Truncatella hartigii, Truncatella megaspora, Truncatella restionacearum and Truncatella spadicea. Sarcostroma lomatiae (McAlpine) Nag Raj was hosted on Lomatia ilicifolia (in the Proteaceae family) and Ischyrolepis cf. gaudichaudiana (Restionaceae family). Sarcostroma restionis S. Lee & Crous was hosted on Ischyrolepis cf. sieberi and also Restio filiformis (Restionaceae). To clarify and identify the phylogenetic relationships between these and other related pestalotioid fungi, DNA sequence data was used. It also determined that a Discostroma species was the teleomorphic state of either Seimatosporium or Sarcostroma genus.[10]

Species

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In 2020, there were 17 species,[6] more have been added. List as accepted by Species Fungorum;[28]

Former species (all within the Sporocadaceae family);[28]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Mordecai Cubitt Cooke The Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Clube. VOL.II 1870-1871 , p. 268, at Google Books
  2. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  3. ^ a b Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; McKenzie, E. H. C.; Bhat, Jayarama D.; Dayarathne, Monika C.; Huang, Shi-Ke; Norphanphoun, Chada; Senanayake, Indunil C. (2016-06-03). "Families of Sordariomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 79 (1): 1–317. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6. ISSN 1560-2745.
  4. ^ Norphanphoun, C.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Daranagama, A.; Bulgakov, T.S.; Bhat, D.J.; Bahkali, A.H.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2015). "Towards a backbone tree for Seimatosporium, with S. physocarpi sp. nov". Mycosphere. 6 (3): 385–400.
  5. ^ Farr, D. F.; Rossman, A. Y. (2019). "Fungal Databases". Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., ARS, USDA. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  6. ^ a b c Chethana, Thilini (14 November 2022). "Sarcostroma - Facesoffungi number: FoF 13579". Faces Of Fungi. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  7. ^ a b Mordecai Cubitt Cooke Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants (1906), p. 197, at Google Books
  8. ^ a b Royal Horticultural Society Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of London, Volume 29, (Volumes for 1869-1952 include Extracts from the proceedings of the Royal Horticultural Society), p. 22, at Google Books
  9. ^ BC Sutton, The Coelomycetes: Fungi imperfecti with pycnidia, acervuli, and stromata, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, U.K. (1980)
  10. ^ a b c d e Lee, Seonju; Crous, Pedro W.; Wingfield, Michael J. (May 2006). "Pestalotioid fungi from Restionaceae in the Cape Floral Kingdom". Studies in Mycology. 55: 175–187. doi:10.3114/sim.55.1.175. PMC 2104724.
  11. ^ a b c Tumkur R. Nag Raj, Coelomycetous anamorphs with appendage-bearing conidia, Mycologue Publications, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (1993)
  12. ^ Steyaert, R.L. (1949). "Contributions à l'étude monographique de Pestalotia de Not. et Monochaetia Sacc. (Truncatella gen. nov. et Pestalotiopsis gen. nov.)". Bull. Jard. Bot. Bruxelles. 19: 285–354.
  13. ^ Guba EF (1961) Monograph of Pestalotia and Monochaetia. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
  14. ^ Sutton B.C. (1980) The coelomycetes: fungi imperfecti with pycnidia, acervular and stromata. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew
  15. ^ a b c Geoffrey Clough Ainsworth Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi (2008), p. 616, at Google Books
  16. ^ a b Jeewon, R.; Liew, E.C.Y.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships of Pestalotiopsis and allied genera inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences and morphological characters". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 25: 378–392.
  17. ^ Jeewon, R.; Liew, E.C.Y.; Simpson, J.A.; Hodgkiss, I.J.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2003). "Phylogenetic significance of morphological characters in the taxonomy of Pestalotiopsis species". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 27: 372–383.
  18. ^ Jeewon R, Liew ECY, Hyde KD (2004) Phylogenetic evaluation of species nomenclature of Pestalotiopsis in relation to host association. Fungal Divers 17:39–55
  19. ^ E. Kiffer The Deuteromycetes - Mitosporic Fungi: Classification and Generic Keys (2011), p. 100, at Google Books
  20. ^ Liu, Fang; Bonthond, G.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Cai, L.; Crous, P.W. (March 2019). "Sporocadaceae, a family of coelomycetous fungi with appendage-bearing conidia". Studies in Mycology. 92: 287–415. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2018.11.001. PMC 6298422.
  21. ^ National Research Council of Canada, 2006 Canadian Journal of Botany: Journal Canadien de Botanique, Volume 84, Issues 5-8, p. 991, at Google Books
  22. ^ a b c Ono, Yasunori; Kobayashi, Takao (April 2003). "Notes on new and noteworthy plant-inhabiting fungi from Japan (2): Griphosphaerioma zelkovicola sp. nov. with Sarcostroma anamorph isolated from bark of Zelkova serrata". Mycoscience. 44 (2): 109–114. doi:10.1007/S10267-003-0093-4.
  23. ^ a b c David F. Farr, H. Bartolome Esteban and Mary E. Palm Fungi on Rhododendron: A World Reference (1996), p. 147, at Google Books
  24. ^ a b Bradbury, Paul; Dick, Margaret. "NZ Farm Forestry - Disease affects eucalypts in South Island". www.nzffa.org.nz. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  25. ^ Forest Research Institute New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, Volumes 32-33, 2002, p. 39, at Google Books
  26. ^ a b Kenneth Malcolm Old, Su See Lee and J. K. Sharma (Editors) Diseases of Tropical Acacias: Proceedings of an International Workshop Held at Subanjeriji (South Sumatra) 29 April - 3 May 1996, p. 112, at Google Books
  27. ^ "Sarcostroma Cooke". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  28. ^ a b "Sarcostroma - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
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