Laayoune
Laâyoune
El Aaiún | |
|---|---|
City | |
 Footprints on the sand, Place Mechouar, Street, Monumental Arch, Laayoune Cathedral | |
  Laâyoune Location in Western Sahara  Laâyoune Laâyoune (Africa) | |
| Coordinates: 27°9′13″N 13°12′12″W / 27.15361°N 13.20333°W | |
| Non-self-governing territory | Western Sahara |
| Claimed by |  Kingdom of Morocco Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic |
| Controlled by | Kingdom of Morocco |
| Region | Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra |
| Province | Laâyoune |
| Settled | 1934 |
| Founded | 1938 |
| Founded by | Antonio de Oro |
| Area | |
| • Total | 247.8 km2 (95.68 sq mi) |
| Population (2014)[1] | |
| • Total | 217,732 |
| • Density | 880/km2 (2,300/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1:00 (Central European Time) |
Laâyoune (/lɑːˈjuːn/ lah-YOON,[2][3] also UK: /laɪˈ-/ ly-,[4] French: [la.ajun]) or El Aaiún (/ˌɛl aɪˈ(j)uːn/ EL eye-(Y)OON,[3][5][6] Spanish: [el (a)aˈʝun]; Hassaniya Arabic: لعيون, romanized: Laʕyūn/Elʕyūn; Template:Lang-ber; Literary Arabic: العيون, romanized: al-ʿUyūn/el-ʿUyūn, lit. 'The Springs') is the largest city of the disputed territory of Western Sahara, with a population of 271,344 in 2023[7]. The city is under de facto administration by Morocco. The modern city is thought to have been founded by the Spanish captain Antonio de Oro in 1938.[8] In 1940, Spain designated it as the capital of the Spanish Sahara.[citation needed] Laâyoune is the capital of the Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra region administered by Morocco, under the supervision of the UN peacekeeping mission MINURSO.
The town is divided in two by the dry river of Saguia el-Hamra. On the south side is the old lower town, constructed by Spanish colonists.[citation needed] A church from that era is still active; its priests serve this city and Dakhla further south.[citation needed]
History
Laâyoune or El Aaiún are respectively the French and Spanish transliterations of one of the possible Romanized Maghrebi Arabic names for the city: Layoun, which means "the springs", in reference to the oases that furnish the town's water supply.[9]
The town was the scene of the Zemla Intifada that occurred on June 17, 1970, that culminated in a massacre, resulting in the deaths ranging from 2 to 11 people.[citation needed]
Climate
Laayoune has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), moderated by the Canary Current,[citation needed] with an average annual temperature just over 21 °C (70 °F).
| Climate data for Laayoune (1981–2010 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.2 (72.0) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.9 (75.0) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.5 (85.1) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
26.0 (78.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
26.2 (79.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.9 (62.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.2 (66.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
20.7 (69.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
25.2 (77.4) |
24.7 (76.5) |
23.3 (73.9) |
20.8 (69.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.6 (52.9) |
12.5 (54.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
14.5 (58.1) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
12.8 (55.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 11.1 (0.44) |
11.1 (0.44) |
5.4 (0.21) |
1.1 (0.04) |
0.5 (0.02) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.5 (0.02) |
1.5 (0.06) |
3.0 (0.12) |
9.8 (0.39) |
13.3 (0.52) |
57.4 (2.26) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 239.1 | 234.7 | 281.4 | 296.5 | 326.5 | 308.9 | 290.3 | 286.9 | 260.1 | 266.1 | 243.9 | 229.8 | 3,264.2 |
| Source: NOAA[10] | |||||||||||||
Climate change
A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100, the climate of Laayoune in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Alexandria. The annual temperature would increase by 1 °C (1.8 °F), and the temperature of the warmest month by 1.8 °C (3.2 °F), while the temperature of the coldest month would decrease by 0.1 °C (0.18 °F).[11][12] According to Climate Action Tracker, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which closely matches RCP 4.5.[13]
Demographics
Laayoune has a population of 271,344[1] and is the largest city in Western Sahara.
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1982 (Census) | 93,875[14] |
| 1994 (Census) | 136,950[14] |
| 2004 (Census) | 183,691[14] |
| 2014 (Census) | 217,732[14] |
| 2023 | 271,344[7] |
Economy and status
The city is a hub for fishing and for phosphate mining in the region.[15] In 2010, the country was negotiating a new fishing agreement with Europe over offshore fishing.[citation needed]
Sport
The football club of the city is Jeunesse Massira. The club plays in the Moroccan Second Division, the second highest football league in the country. Jeunesse Massira uses Stade Sheikh Mohamed Laghdaf for training and games.[citation needed]
Transport
Laayoune is served by Hassan I Airport.
Education
Schools in Laâyoune include a Spanish international school, Colegio Español La Paz, owned by the Spanish government.[16]
Diplomatic missions
On 18 December 2019, Comoros became the first nation to open a consulate in Laayoune in support of Moroccan claims to Western Sahara.[17] In January 2020, Gabon opened a consulate general in Laayoune.[18] Later on, São Tomé and Príncipe,[19] the Central African Republic,[20] Ivory Coast,[21] Burundi,[22] Eswatini,[23] Zambia,[24] the United Arab Emirates,[25] and Bahrain,[26] also opened consulates in Laayoune.
Gallery
-
Mosque of Moulay Abd el Aziz -
The old Spanish Cathedral of Saint Francis of Assisi, chiefly serves European UN personnel -
Avenue Makkah al-Mukarramah -
Monumental arch near the airport -
Road to Laayoune Port -
Laayoune bus station.
See also
References
- ^ a b "POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014" (in Arabic and French). High Commission for Planning, Morocco. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ "Laayoune". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
- ^ a b "Laayoune". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
- ^ "Laâyoune". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
- ^ "el-Aaiún". Lexico UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.[dead link]
- ^ "El Aaiún". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
- ^ a b "Population totale". siredd.environnement.gov.ma. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
- ^ Francisco López Barrios (2005-01-23). "El Lawrence de Arabia Español" (in Spanish). El Mundo. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
- ^ Adrian Room (1994). African Placenames: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 2000 Natural Features, Towns, Cities, Provinces, and Countries. McFarland. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-89950-943-3.
- ^ "WMO_Normals_ASCII_60033". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ Bastin, Jean-Francois; Clark, Emily; Elliott, Thomas; Hart, Simon; van den Hoogen, Johan; Hordijk, Iris; Ma, Haozhi; Majumder, Sabiha; Manoli, Gabriele; Maschler, Julia; Mo, Lidong; Routh, Devin; Yu, Kailiang; Zohner, Constantin M.; Thomas W., Crowther (10 July 2019). "Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues". PLOS ONE. 14 (7). S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1417592B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217592. PMC 6619606. PMID 31291249.
- ^ "Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action". Current vs. future cities. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ "The CAT Thermometer". Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Western Sahara: Provinces & Urban Communes - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Diplomacy over Western Sahara: 'Morocco v Algeria'". The Economist. 4 November 2010.
- ^ Santana, Txema (2015-04-10). "El colegio español en El Aaiún pide ciclo de secundaria". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
Lagadaf Lahsen, presidente del AMPA del centro educativo, asegura que es "la única forma de evitar" que sus hijos "se vayan a otras ciudades de Marruecos o a Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, además de que no se pierda el español en el Sáhara"." and "[...]una instalación de 17.000 metros cuadrados que es propiedad del Estado español[...]
- ^ "First foreign diplomatic post opens in Western Sahara". Arab News. 18 December 2019.
- ^ "Gabon Opens Consulate General in Laayoune". Sahara News. 17 January 2020.
- ^ "Sao Tome and Principe Inaugurates Consulate General in Laayoune". Morocco World News. 23 January 2020.
- ^ "Central African Republic Opens Consulate General in Laayoune". Morocco World News. 23 January 2020.
- ^ "Cote d'Ivoire Opens General Consulate in Morocco's Laayoune". Morocco World News. 18 February 2020.
- ^ "Burundi Opens General Consulate in Laayoune". Morocco World News. 28 February 2020.
- ^ "Eswatini Opens Consulate General in Laayoune, Southern Morocco". Morocco World News. 27 October 2020.
- ^ "Zambia Opens Consulate General in Morocco's Laayoune". Morocco World News. 27 October 2020.
- ^ "UAE Officially Opens Consulate General in Morocco's Laayoune". Morocco World News. 4 November 2020.
- ^ "Bahrain Opens Consulate General in Laayoune, Southern Morocco". Morocco World News. 14 December 2020.
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
Travel information from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
Capital: Laâyoune | ||
| Provinces |  | |
| Municipalities | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
