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Amritsar

Coordinates: 31°38′N 74°52′E / 31.64°N 74.86°E / 31.64; 74.86
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This article is about the city. For the district, see Amritsar district.

Amritsar
Metropolis
Nicknames: 
Nicknames
  • The Holy City
  • Ambarsar
  • Sifti Da Ghar
  • Guru Nagari
  • Golden City
Map
Map
Amritsar is located in Punjab
Amritsar
Amritsar
Location of the city center in Punjab
Amritsar is located in India
Amritsar
Amritsar
Amritsar (India)
Coordinates: 31°38′N 74°52′E / 31.64°N 74.86°E / 31.64; 74.86
CountryIndia India
StatePunjab
DistrictAmritsar
Founded byGuru Ram Das
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • BodyAmritsar Municipal Corporation
 • MayorKaramjit Singh Rintu (AAP)
 • Deputy CommissionerGurpreet SIngh Khaira[1]
Area
[2]
 • Metropolis240 km2 (90 sq mi)
 • Rank2nd in Punjab
Population
 (2011)
 • Metropolis1,583,961
 • Density6,600/km2 (17,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
[3]
1,993,809
 • Metro rank
44th
DemonymAmritsariya/Ambarsariya/Amritsari
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
143-001
Telephone code91 183 XXX XXXX
Vehicle registrationPB-01 (commercial vehicles), PB-02
Websitewww.amritsarcorp.com

Amritsar (Punjabi pronunciation: [əmːˈɾɪtsəɾ] ⓘ), historically also known as Rāmdāspur and colloquially as Ambarsar,[5][6] is the second-largest city in the Indian state of Punjab, after Ludhiana. It is a major cultural, transportation and economic centre, located in the Majha region of Punjab. The city is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar district. It is situated 217 km (135 mi) north-west of Chandigarh, and 455 km (283 mi) north-west of New Delhi. It is 28 km (17.4 mi) from the India-Pakistan border, and 47 km (29 mi) north-east of Lahore, Pakistan.

According to the 2011 census, the city had a population of 1,989,961. It is one of the ten municipal corporations in the state; Karamjit Singh Rintu is serving as the mayor of the city.[7] According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Amritsar is the second-most populous city in Punjab and the most populous metropolitan region in the state, with a population of roughly 2 million. Amritsar is the centre of the Amritsar Metropolitan Region.

Amritsar is the economic capital of Punjab. It is a major tourist centre with nearly a hundred thousand daily visitors. The city has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) program of the Government of India.[8] It is home of the Golden Temple, one of Sikhism religion's most spiritually significant and most-visited gurudwaras. The city is also known for Amritsari food, and wooden chessboards and the chess pieces manufacturing industry.[9]

Mythology

The Bhagwan Valmiki Tirath Sthal situated at Amritsar is believed to be the Ashram site of Maharishi Valmiki, the writer of Ramayana.[10][11] As per the Ramayana, Sita gave birth to Lava and Kusha, sons of lord Rama at Ramtirath ashram. Numerous people visit Ramtirath Temple at the annual fair. The nearby cities Lahore and Kasur were believed to be founded by Lava and Kusha, respectively. It is believed that during Ashvamedha Yajna by Lord Rama, Lava and Kush caught the ritual horse and tied Lord Hanuman to a tree near to today's Durgiana Temple.[citation needed]

History

Founding of Amritsar city

Overhead panoramic view artwork of Amritsar, c. 1850's

In the Sikh tradition, Guru Ram Das, the fourth Sikh guru, is credited with founding the holy city of Amritsar.[12][13] Two versions of stories exist regarding the land where Guru Ram Das ji settled. In one, based on a Gazetteer record, the land was purchased, with Sikh donations, for 700 rupees from the owners of the village of Tung.[14]

According to historical Sikh records, the site was chosen by Guru Amar Das and called Guru Da Chakk. The latter guru had asked Ram Das to find land to start a new town, and to create a man-made pool as its central point.[15][16] After the coronation Guru Ram Das ji in 1574, who faced hostile opposition from the sons of Guru Amar Das,[17] he founded the town; it was named after him as "Ramdaspur". He first completed the pool, and built his new official Guru centre and home next to it. He invited merchants and artisans from other parts of India to settle into the new town with him. The town expanded during the time of Guru Arjan Dev ji, financed by donations and constructed by volunteers. town grew to become the city of Amritsar. After the son of Guru Amar Das built the gurdwara Harmandir Sahib, the pool area developed further as a temple complex. In 1604 Amar Das's son installed the scripture of Sikhism inside the new temple.[13]

The period and achievements of construction between 1574 and 1604 are described in Mahima Prakash Vartak, a semi-historical Sikh hagiographic text likely composed in 1741. It is the earliest known document dealing with the lives of all the ten Gurus.[12]

Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to Guru Granth Sahib being recited near the Akal Takht and Golden Temple, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Painting by August Schoefft, 1850

In 1762 and 1766–1767, Ahmad Shah of the Durrani Empire invaded the Sikh Confederacy. He besieged Amritsar, massacred the populace, and destroyed the city.[18]

Old walled city

Photo of an Amritsar street scene, by Felice Beato, c. 1858–59

During the reign of the Sikh Empire, in 1822 Maharaja Ranjit Singh fortified the city, starting from a wall at Katra Maha Singh area.[19]

Among the Katras (fortified residential societies) constructed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh within the city were the following:[20]

  • Katra Moti Ram
  • Katra Kanwar Kharak Singh (also known as 'Katra Nikkai')
  • Katra Fateh Singh Kallianwala
  • Katra Ahluwalia[21][22]

Later, Sher Singh continued with construction of the city wall, adding twelve gates. He also had built a fort named Dhoor Kot; its fortification were yards broad and 7 yards high. The circumference of the walled city was around five miles. The twelve gates constructed during this era were known as (including later renamings):[19][23][20][24]

  1. Lahori Darwaza (Lahori Gate)[24][19]
  2. Khazana Darwaja (Khazana Gate)[24][19]
  3. Deori Hakiman (Gate Hakeema/Darwaza Hakeema Wala)[24][20][19]
  4. Gilwali Darwaza – no longer extant[19][24][20]
  5. Darwaza Rangar Nanglian (Gate Bhagatawala) – no longer extant[19][24][20]
  6. Darwaza Ramgarhian (Chattiwind Gate) – later restored[24][20][19][25]
  7. Darwaza Ahluwalia (Darwaza Gheo Mandi) – was no longer extant but has since been restored[19][24][20][25]
  8. Doburji Darwaza (Sultanwind Gate or Delhi Darwaza)[24][20][19]
  9. Deorhi Kalan[24][20]
  10. Darwaza Rambagh[24][20]
  11. Deorhi Shazada (Hathi Darwaza/Darwaza Sehzada)[24][20][19]
  12. Darwaza Lohgarh – no longer extant[19][24][20]

When the British annexed Punjab in 1849, Amritsar was a walled city. The British built a thirteenth gate in 1866 known as Hall Gate.[19]

The British rulers would later demolish some of the walls and gates or reconstruct some.[19] An entire new wall of the city was completed in 1885.[19] Many surviving gates have since been renamed and no longer bear their mid-19th century names, whilst others have since been demolished.[19]

Jallianwala Bagh massacre

The Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919, months after the massacre
Bullet marks on the walls of the park premises

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, involving the killings of hundreds of Indian civilians on the orders of British Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer, took place on 13 April 1919 in the heart of Amritsar, the holiest city of the Sikhs, on a day sacred to them as the birth anniversary of the Khalsa (Vaisakhi day).[26]

In Punjab, during World War I (1914–18), there was considerable social unrest, particularly among the Sikhs. First, they opposed the demolition of a boundary wall of Gurdwara Rakab Ganj at New Delhi. Later, they were disturbed about the activities and trials of the Ghadarites, almost all of whom were Sikhs. In India as a whole, political activity had arisen during the strains of war. Two leaders had emerged: Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948), who after a period of struggle as a young man against the British in South Africa, and had returned to India in January 1915 to work there for change; and Annie Besant (1847–1933), head of the Theosophical Society of India. On 11 April 1916 she established the Home Rule League with the goal of autonomy for India. In December 1916, the Indian National Congress, at its annual session held at Lucknow, passed a resolution asking the king to issue a proclamation announcing that it is the "aim and intention of British policy to confer self-government on India at an early date".[27]

On 10 April 1919, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, two popular proponents of the Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi, were called to the deputy commissioner's residence. There they were arrested and transported by car to [Dharamsetla]], a hill town, now in Himachal Pradesh. A general strike arose in response in Amritsar. Excited groups of citizens soon merged into a crowd of about 50,000 marching to protest these arrests to the deputy commissioner. The crowd, however, was stopped by British colonial forces and fired upon near the railway foot-bridge. The official version reported that the number of casualties were 12 dead and between 20 and 30 wounded. Based on evidence presented to an inquiry of the Indian National Congress, fatalities were reported as between 20 and 30.[citation needed]

Three days later, on 13 April, the traditional festival of Baisakhi, thousands of unarmed Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh. An hour after the meeting began as scheduled at 16:30, Dyer arrived with a group of sixty-five Gurkha soldiers (from the 9th Gorkha Rifles) and twenty-five Baluchi soldiers (from the 59th Scinde Rifles). Without warning the crowd to disperse, Dyer blocked the main exits from the Bagh and ordered his troops to begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd; the firing continued for approximately ten minutes. A British government inquiry into the massacre placed the death toll at 379.[28] The Indian National Congress, on the other hand, estimated that approximately 1,000 people were killed.[28]

Operation Blue Star

Statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Amritsar

Amritsar was a center of unrest in the late 20th century. In the 1980s Sikh militants occupied the Golden Temple there. Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, ordered Operation Blue Star]] (1 – 6 June 1984), an Indian military operation[29] to remove the militants from the temple. The operation was carried out by Indian army troops equipped with tanks and armoured vehicles.[30] While militarily successful, the operation aroused immense controversy. The government's justification for the timing and style of the attack are hotly debated.[31] India Today magazine has ranked Operation Blue Star as among the Top 10 Political Disgraces in India.[32]

Official reports put the number of deaths among the Indian army at 83, with 493 civilians and Sikh militants killed.[33][34] While independent estimates place the numbers upwards of 5,000 people, a majority of them pilgrims, including women and children.[35] In addition, the CBI is considered responsible for seizing historical artefacts and manuscripts in the Sikh Reference Library before burning it down.[36][37] Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards in what is viewed as an act of vengeance. Following her assassination, more than 17,000 Sikhs were killed in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots.[38]

Geography

Amritsar is located at 31°38′N 74°52′E / 31.63°N 74.87°E / 31.63; 74.87[39] with an average elevation of 234 metres (768 ft) in the Majha region of the state of Punjab in North India and lies about 15 miles (24 km) east of the border with Pakistan. Administrative towns includes Ajnala, Attari, Beas, Budha Theh, Chheharta Sahib, Jandiala Guru, Majitha, Rajasansi, Ramdass, Rayya, Verka Town and Baba Bakala.[citation needed]

Climate

Typically for Northwestern India, Amritsar has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) bordering on a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa). Temperatures in Amritsar usually range from −1 to 45 °C (30 to 113 °F). It experiences four primary seasons: winter (December to March), when temperatures can drop to −1 °C (30 °F); summer (April to June), when temperatures can reach 45 °C (113 °F); monsoon (July to September); and post-monsoon (October to November). Annual rainfall is about 726.0 millimetres (28.6 in).[40] The lowest recorded temperature is −3.6 °C (25.5 °F), was recorded on 9 December 1996 and the highest temperature, 48.0 °C (118.4 °F), was recorded on 23 May 2013.[41] The official weather station for the city is the civil aerodrome at Rajasansi. Weather records here date back to 15 November 1947.[citation needed]

Climate data for Amritsar Airport (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1947–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 		32.2
(90.0) 		36.2
(97.2) 		44.1
(111.4) 		48.0
(118.4) 		47.8
(118.0) 		45.6
(114.1) 		40.7
(105.3) 		40.6
(105.1) 		38.3
(100.9) 		34.2
(93.6) 		28.5
(83.3) 		48.0
(118.4)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 22.7
(72.9) 		26.1
(79.0) 		32.4
(90.3) 		40.6
(105.1) 		44.5
(112.1) 		44.6
(112.3) 		39.8
(103.6) 		37.0
(98.6) 		36.4
(97.5) 		35.3
(95.5) 		30.4
(86.7) 		25.2
(77.4) 		45.6
(114.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.7
(63.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		27.0
(80.6) 		34.4
(93.9) 		39.4
(102.9) 		38.9
(102.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		34.1
(93.4) 		33.9
(93.0) 		32.0
(89.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		20.9
(69.6) 		30.1
(86.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8) 		14.4
(57.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		25.4
(77.7) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.8
(89.2) 		30.3
(86.5) 		29.7
(85.5) 		28.2
(82.8) 		24.1
(75.4) 		18.1
(64.6) 		12.6
(54.7) 		22.9
(73.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.8
(38.8) 		6.7
(44.1) 		11.2
(52.2) 		16.6
(61.9) 		21.9
(71.4) 		24.7
(76.5) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.3
(77.5) 		22.7
(72.9) 		16.4
(61.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		4.6
(40.3) 		15.7
(60.3)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		2.2
(36.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		16.6
(61.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.8
(71.2) 		21.7
(71.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		11.8
(53.2) 		5.2
(41.4) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−0.7
(30.7)
Record low °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		2.0
(35.6) 		6.4
(43.5) 		9.6
(49.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.8
(65.8) 		13.0
(55.4) 		7.3
(45.1) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−3.6
(25.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 27.1
(1.07) 		39.8
(1.57) 		32.6
(1.28) 		21.9
(0.86) 		20.8
(0.82) 		80.9
(3.19) 		181.6
(7.15) 		168.9
(6.65) 		90.7
(3.57) 		12.3
(0.48) 		5.8
(0.23) 		6.8
(0.27) 		689.2
(27.13)
Average rainy days 2.1 3.1 2.4 1.9 2.0 4.8 8.1 7.0 3.7 1.0 0.6 0.8 37.4
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 68 58 50 32 26 40 65 70 64 52 53 63 53
Average dew point °C (°F) 7.0
(44.6) 		10.0
(50.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.6
(78.1) 		23.5
(74.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		8.0
(46.4) 		15.9
(60.7)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 181.7 192.7 219.4 265.0 294.7 269.0 215.5 227.7 240.8 253.2 220.1 182.2 2,762
Average ultraviolet index 2 4 6 7 8 9 7 6 5 5 4 2 5
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[42][43][44] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[45]
Source 2: NOAA (sun 1971–1990)[46] Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020);[47] Weather Atlas[48]


Demographics

See also: List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh
The Golden Temple is one of the most important places of worship in the city

As of the 2011 census, Amritsar municipality had a population of 1,132,761[4] and the urban agglomeration had a population of 1,183,705.[3] The municipality had a sex ratio of 879 females per 1,000 males and 9.7% of the population were under six years old.[4] Effective literacy was 85.27%; male literacy was 88.09% and female literacy was 82.09%.[4] The scheduled caste population is 28.8%[49]

Religion

Religion in Amritsar City (2011)[50]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 49.50%
Sikhism
 
 47.85%
Christianity
 
 1.23%
Islam
 
 0.51%
Others
 
 0.9%

According to 2011 Census of India, Hinduism is the main religion of the Amritsar city at 49.5% of the population, followed by Sikhism (47.9%), Christianity (1.2%), and Islam (0.5%). Around 0.9% of the population of the city stated 'No Particular Religion' or other religion.[50]

Amritsar is the holiest city in Sikhism and about 30 million people visit it each year for pilgrimage.[51][52]

Religious groups in Amritsar City (1891−2011)[a]
Religious
group 		1891[54]: 68  1901[55]: 44  1911[56]: 20  1921[57]: 23  1931[58]: 26  1941[53]: 32  2011[50]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 63,366 46.33% 77,795 47.89% 71,851 47.04% 71,180 44.43% 132,362 49.98% 184,055 47.07% 5,852 0.51%
Hinduism 56,652 41.42% 65,117 40.09% 58,720 38.44% 65,313 40.77% 98,001[b] 37% 144,522[b] 36.96% 572,076 49.5%
Sikhism 15,751 11.52% 17,860 11% 20,357 13.33% 21,478 13.41% 32,009 12.09% 58,779 15.03% 553,034 47.85%
Christianity 848 0.62% 1,104 0.68% 1,128 0.74% 1,446 0.9% 1,819 0.69% 2,611 0.67% 14,272 1.23%
Jainism 143 0.1% 532 0.33% 652 0.43% 738 0.46% 604 0.23% 974 0.25% 1,139 0.1%
Zoroastrianism 5 0% 19 0.01% 48 0.03% 58 0.04% 41 0.02% — — — —
Judaism 0 0% — — 0 0% 0 0% 4 0% — — — —
Buddhism 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 5 0% 0 0% — — 773 0.07%
Others 1 0% 2 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 79 0.02% 8,518 0.74%
Total population 136,766 100% 162,429 100% 152,756 100% 160,218 100% 264,840 100% 391,010 100% 1,155,664 100%

Politics

The city is part of the Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency).

Constituency number Constituency name Reserved for (SC/None) Electors (2017)[59][needs update] District[60]
15 Amritsar North None 175,908 Amritsar
16 Amritsar West SC 179,766 Amritsar
17 Amritsar Central None 135,954 Amritsar
18 Amritsar East None 153,629 Amritsar
19 Amritsar South None 148,809 Amritsar
20 Attari SC 173,543 Amritsar

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Amritsar

Economy

Main article: Economy of Amritsar

Amritsar is the second-largest city and district of Punjab. It is also one of the fastest-growing cities of Punjab. In the mid-1980s the city was famous for its textile industry. Amritsar’s trade and industry faced a blow during militancy period in 1980s, but there are still many textile mills, knitting units and embroidery factories functional in the city. It is famous for its pashmina shawls, woolen clothes, blankets, etc. Among handicrafts, the craft of the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru in Amritsar district got enlisted on UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2014,[78] and the effort to revive this craft under the umbrella of Project Virasat is among India's biggest government-sponsored craft revival programs.[79] Tourism and hospitality have recently become the backbone of local economy due to heavy tourist arrivals. Hundreds of small and some large hotels have sprung up to cater to the increased tourist inflow. Restaurants, taxi operators, local shopkeepers have all benefited from the tourist boom.[citation needed]

Transport

Air

Sri Guru Ramdas Ji International Airport

Amritsar hosts Sri Guru Ramdasji International Airport. The airport is connected to other parts of India and other countries with direct international flights to cities and is the 12th busiest airport in the country in terms of international traffic.[80] It serves Amritsar and several other districts in Punjab and neighbouring states.[citation needed]

Rail

Amritsar Central Railway Station is the main station serving Amritsar. It is the busiest Railway Station in Indian State of Punjab and one of the highest revenue generating station of Northern Railways. Due to high traffic at the Amritsar Central Railway Station, Indian Railways has planned to develop 2 satellite stations-Chheharta and Bhagtanwala, in order to decongest traffic at this station. As many as 6 trains would be shifted to Chheharta Railway Station in the first phase.[81] The Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation has also planned to make the Amritsar Central Railway Station, a world class railway station on lines of International Airport based on PPP Model. The project has received an overwhelming response with bids from 7 private firms, including GMR.[82]

Road

Amritsar is located on the historic Grand Trunk Road (G.T Road), also known as NH 1 now renumbered as National Highway 3. An expressway by name of Delhi-Amritsar-Katra Expressway at the cost of ₹25,000 crore is approved under Bharatmala scheme which will cut the travel time from Amritsar to New Delhi by road from current 8 hours, to 4 hours.[83] Another expressway, called Amritsar Jamnagar Expressway is under construction which will connect Amritsar to Jamnagar in Gujarat. Additionally, NH 54 (Old NH15), NH 354 and NH 503A connect Amritsar to other parts of state and rest of India. A ring road will also be built surrounding all 4 sides of Amritsar[84]

₹ 450,000,000 is being spent to expand the Amritsar-Jalandhar stretch of G.T. Road to four lanes. In 2010, elevated road with four lanes connected to the National highway for better access to the Golden Temple has been started.[85]

Amritsar MetroBus

Amritsar Inter State Bus Stand

Amritsar has a bus rapid transit service, the Amritsar Metrobus which was launched on 28 January 2019. 93 fully air-conditioned Tata Marcopolo buses are used for the service connecting places like[citation needed]

Sister Cities

Following cities are Sister Cities of Amritsar:

Educational institutions

Khalsa College

Medical facilities

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 1891-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Amritsar, which included Amritsar Municipality and Amritsar Cantonment.[53]: 32 
  2. ^ a b 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis

References

  1. ^ "Gurpreet Singh Khaira next Amritsar DC". Tribune India. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  2. ^ "Amritsar City" (PDF).
  3. ^ a b "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2022; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 10 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  5. ^ Indian Studies: Past and Present. Vol. 3. Ramakrishna Maitra. 1962. p. 192. Amritsar, the principal place of Sikh worship, was not established at Ram-Raoni, but, in fact, Ram-Raoni was established near the Sikh place of worship at Amritsar (called Ambarsar by illiterate people), which had been founded by Guru Ramdas in 1574, one hundred and seventy-four years before the Ram-Raoni came into existence.
  6. ^ Madra, Amandeep Singh; Singh, P. (2016). Sicques, Tigers or Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810). Springer. p. 86. ISBN 9781137119988. Amritsar (q.v.), the city that includes the Harimandar Sahib Temple complex, was not established at Ram-Raoni (q.v.), as stated by Polier, which is nearby. Amritsar, pronounced Ambarsar by unlettered rural dialects of Punjab, was founded by Guru Ramdas (q.v.) in 1574, 174 years before the Ram-Raoni developed. The town had earlier been called Ramdaspur, Chakk Ramdas, or simply Chakk Guru (q.v.), and was marked as such in eighteenth-century maps of the area.
  7. ^ "List of Municipal Corporation in Punjab". www.punjabdata.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  8. ^ "Introduction". HRIDAY official website. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  9. ^ "Permit raj checkmates chessboard industry". The Tribune, 6 September 2018. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  10. ^ "Valmiki Tirath Sthal temple-cum-panorama to be opened on Dec 1". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 22 November 2016. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
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Bibliography

  • Dupree, Louis (1980). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Amritsar.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amritsar.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Amritsar.
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