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1969 People's Park protest

Coordinates: 37°51′56″N 122°15′25″W / 37.86556°N 122.25694°W / 37.86556; -122.25694
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1969 People's Park protest
The green area represents People's Park and the brown patterned area represents University of California, Berkeley property.
DateMay 15, 1969
Location
Berkeley, California

37°51′56″N 122°15′25″W / 37.86556°N 122.25694°W / 37.86556; -122.25694
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The 1969 People's Park protest, also known as Bloody Thursday, took place at People's Park on May 15, 1969. California governor Ronald Reagan sent in the California Highway Patrol and other officers in an effort to end ongoing protests, and eventually sent in the California National Guard to overwhelm the protestors with deadly weapons.

Background

The 1969 confrontation in People's Park grew out of the counterculture of the 1960s.[1] Berkeley had been the site of the first large-scale antiwar demonstration in the country on September 30, 1964.[2] Among the student protests of the late 1960s, the People's Park confrontation came after the 1968 Columbia University protests and 1968 Democratic National Convention protests.[3] It occurred on the heels of a movement on April 3, where students protested Stanford University-sponsored war-related research by occupying Encina Hall.[4] Unlike other student protests of the late 1960s, most of which were at least partly in the anti-Vietnam War movement, the initial protests at People's Park were mostly in response to a local disagreement about land use.[citation needed]

After the creation of People's Park on April 20, during its first three weeks, the park was used by both University of California, Berkeley students and local residents, and local Telegraph Avenue merchants voiced their appreciation for the community's efforts to improve the neighborhood.[5][6] Objections to the expropriation of university property tended to be mild, even among school administrators.[citation needed] However, California governor Ronald Reagan had been publicly critical of university administrators for tolerating student demonstrations at the Berkeley campus.[7] He had received popular support for his 1966 gubernatorial campaign promise to crack down on what the public perceived as a generally lax attitude at California's public universities. He called the Berkeley campus "a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants."[7][8] Reagan considered the creation of the leftist park a direct challenge to the property rights of the university, and he found in it an opportunity to fulfill his campaign promise.[citation needed]

Protest

On Thursday, May 15, 1969, at 4:30 a.m., Reagan sent California Highway Patrol and Berkeley police officers into People's Park, overriding university chancellor Roger W. Heyns' May 6 promise that nothing would be done without warning. The officers cleared an 8-block area around the park while a large section of what had been planted was destroyed and an 8-foot (2.4-metre)-tall perimeter chain-link wire fence was installed to keep people out and to prevent the planting of more trees, grass, flowers, or shrubs.[9] The action came at the request of Berkeley mayor Wallace J. S. Johnson.[10] It became the impetus for the "most violent confrontation in the university's history."[11]

Beginning at noon,[9] about 3,000 people appeared in Sproul Plaza at the nearby Berkeley campus for a rally, the original purpose of which was to discuss the Arab–Israeli conflict. Several people spoke; then, Michael Lerner ceded the Free Speech platform to Associated Students of the University of California student body president Daniel Mark Siegel because students were concerned about the fencing-off and destruction of the park. Siegel said later that he never intended to precipitate a riot; however, when he shouted "Let's take the park!,"[12] police turned off the sound system.[13] The crowd responded spontaneously, moving down Telegraph Avenue toward People's Park chanting, "We want the park!"[14] Arriving in the early afternoon, protesters were met by the remaining 159 Berkeley and university police officers assigned to guard the fenced-off park site. The protesters opened a fire hydrant, several hundred protesters attempted to tear down the fence and threw bottles, rocks, and bricks at the officers, and then the officers fired tear gas canisters.[15] A major confrontation ensued between police and the crowd, which grew to 4,000.[16] Initial attempts by the police to disperse the protesters were not successful, and more officers were called in from surrounding cities. At least one car was set on fire.[15] A large group of protesters confronted a small group of sheriff's deputies who turned and ran. The crowd of protesters let out a cheer and briefly chased after them until the sheriff's deputies ran into a used car facility. The crowd then turned around and ran back to a patrol car which they overturned and set on fire.[citation needed]

Shooting

Edwin Meese, Reagan's chief of staff, a former district attorney from Alameda County and alumnus of Berkeley's law school, had established a reputation for firm opposition to those protesting the Vietnam War at the Oakland Induction Center and elsewhere. Meese assumed responsibility for the governmental response to the People's Park protest, and he called in the Alameda County Sheriff's deputies, which brought the total police presence to 791 officers from various jurisdictions.[7] Under Meese's direction, police were permitted to use whatever methods they chose against the crowds, which had swelled to approximately 6,000 people. Officers in full riot gear obscured their badges to avoid being identified and headed into the crowds with nightsticks swinging.[17]

As the protesters retreated, the Alameda County Sheriff's deputies pursued them several blocks down Telegraph Avenue as far as Willard Junior High School at Derby Street, firing tear gas canisters and buckshot at the crowd's backs as they fled.[citation needed] Authorities initially claimed that only birdshot had been used as shotgun ammunition. When physicians provided pellets removed from the wounded as evidence that buckshot had been used,[18] Alameda County sheriff Frank Madigan justified the use of shotguns loaded with lethal buckshot by stating, "The choice was essentially this: to use shotguns—because we didn't have the available manpower—or retreat and abandon the City of Berkeley to the mob."[17] Madigan also stated that some of his deputies, many of whom were Vietnam War veterans, had been overly aggressive in their pursuit of the protesters, acting "as though they were Viet Cong."[19][20]

Casualties

Alameda County sheriff deputies also used shotguns to fire at people sitting on the roof at the Telegraph Repertory Cinema. James Rector was visiting friends in Berkeley and watching from the roof of Granma Books when he was shot by police;[21] he died on May 19.[22][23] The Alamada County Coroner’s report listed cause of death as "shock and hemorrhage due to multiple shotgun wounds and perforation of the aorta." Reagan conceded that Rector was probably shot by police but justified the bearing of firearms, saying that "it's very naive to assume that you should send anyone into that kind of conflict with a flyswatter. He's got to have an appropriate weapon."[24][25] The University of California Police Department (UCPD) said Rector threw steel rebar down onto the police; however, Time magazine claimed that Rector was a bystander, not a protester.[20]

A carpenter, Alan Blanchard, was permanently blinded by a load of birdshot directly to his face.[20] At least 128 Berkeley residents were admitted to local hospitals for head trauma, shotgun wounds, and other serious injuries inflicted by police. The actual number of seriously wounded varies as many of the injured did not seek treatment at local hospitals to avoid being arrested.[26] Local medical students and interns organized volunteer mobile first-aid teams to help protesters and bystanders injured by buckshot, nightsticks, or tear gas. One local hospital reported two students wounded with large caliber rifles as well.[27] Contemporaneous news reports stated that 50 people were injured, including five police officers.[28] Some local hospital logs indicate that 19 police officers or Alameda County Sheriff's deputies were treated for minor injuries; none were hospitalized.[27] However, the UCPD states that 111 police officers were injured, including California Highway Patrol officer Albert Bradley, who was knifed in the chest.[15]

State of emergency

That evening, Reagan declared a state of emergency in Berkeley and sent in 2,700 California National Guard troops.[7][16] The Berkeley City Council voted 8–1 against the decision.[19][27] For two weeks, the streets of Berkeley were patrolled by the troops, who broke up even small demonstrations with tear gas.[17] Reagan was steadfast and unapologetic, saying, "Once the dogs of war have been unleashed, you must expect things will happen, and that people, being human, will make mistakes on both sides."[16]

During the People's Park incident, National Guard troops were stationed in front of Berkeley's empty lots to prevent protesters from planting flowers, shrubs, or trees. Young hippie women taunted and teased the troops, on one occasion handing out marijuana-laced brownies and lemonade spiked with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).[20] According to commanding major general Glenn C. Ames, "LSD had been injected into fudge, oranges and apple juice which they received from young hippie-type females."[29] Some protesters, their faces hidden with scarves, challenged police and National Guard troops; hundreds were arrested.[17]

Aftermath

Berkeley Barb cover on People's Park, May 16, 1969

Demonstrations continued for several days after Bloody Thursday. A crowd of approximately 400 were driven from Sproul Plaza to Telegraph Avenue by tear gas on May 19.[30] On Thursday, May 22, 1969, about 250 demonstrators were arrested and charged with unlawful assembly; bail was set at $800.[31] On May 21, a midday memorial was held for student James Rector at Sproul Plaza on the university campus, with several thousand people attending.[citation needed]

Showing solidarity with students, 177 faculty members said that they were "unwilling to teach until peace has been achieved by the removal of police and troops."[32] On May 23, by 642 to 95, the Berkeley faculty senate endorsed a proposal by the College of Environmental Designs to have the park become the centerpiece of an experiment in community-generated design.[33] In a separate university referendum, UC Berkeley students voted 12,719 to 2,175 in favor of keeping the park; the turnout represented about half of the registered student body.[33][1] Although Heyns supported a proposal to lease the site to the city as a community park,[34] the Board of Regents voted to proceed with the construction of married student apartments in June 1969.[35]

Responses to violence

Law enforcement was using a new form of crowd control, pepper gas. The editorial offices of Berkeley Tribe were sprayed with pepper gas and had tear gas canisters fired into the offices, injuring underground press staff.[citation needed]

On May 20, National Guard helicopters flew over the Berkeley campus, dispensing airborne tear gas that winds dispersed over the entire city, sending school children miles away to hospitals. This was one of the largest deployments of tear gas during the Vietnam era protests.[36] Reagan would concede that this might have been a "tactical mistake."[37] It had not yet been banned from warfare under the Chemical Weapons Convention.[citation needed]

The Black Panther, the official newspaper of the Black Panther Party, stated in an issue on fascism that "[The pigs] tear gassed and beat up a lot of innocent people ... The chemical that they used, is the same kind of chemical that the U.S. Imperialists are using against the Vietnamese people."[38] The Washington Post wrote of the incident in an editorial: "[T]he indiscriminate gassing of a thousand people not at the time in violation of any law seems more than a little excessive." The editorial also criticized legislation before the U.S. House of Representatives that would have "cut off Federal aid to universities which fail to head off campus disorders."[39]

In the United States House of Representatives, the Higher Education Protection and Freedom of Expression Act of 1969 was introduced in response to mass protests and demonstrations at universities and colleges across the nation. Introduced by House Special Subcommittee on Education chair and representative Edith Green (D-OR), the bill would have required colleges and universities to file plans of action for dealing with campus unrest with the United States Commissioner of Education. The bill would have given the institutions the power to suspend federal aid to students convicted, in court or by the university, of violating campus rules in connection with student riots. The bill also proposed that any school that did not file such plans would lose federal funding.[40][41][42] Reagan supported the federal legislation; in a March 19 statement, he urged the United States Congress to "be equally concerned about those who commit violence who are not receiving aid." On May 20, United States attorney general John N. Mitchell advised the committee that existing law was "adequate."[40] On June 13, Reagan defended his actions in a televised speech delivered from San Francisco; a small sample of 101 telegrams received by the governor's office suggests that the public was supportive of the governor's actions.[43]

Peaceful protest

By May 26, the city-wide curfew and ban on gatherings had been lifted, although 200 members of the National Guard remained to guard the fenced-off park,[44] anticipating unrest from a march planned for May 30. Governor Reagan pledged that "whatever force is necessary will be on hand",[45] although protest leaders declared the march would be non-violent.[34] Demonstrators engaged in shop-ins, park-ins, and other non-violent tactics to counter the police action.[46] On May 30, 30,000 Berkeley citizens secured a city permit and marched without incident past the barricaded People's Park to protest Reagan's occupation of their city, the death of Rector, the blinding of Blanchard, and the many injuries inflicted by police.[5] Young women slid flowers down the muzzles of bayoneted National Guard rifles,[27] and a small airplane flew over the city trailing a banner that read, "Let A Thousand Parks Bloom."[5][47] Nevertheless, over the next few weeks National Guard troops broke up any assemblies of more than four people who congregated for any purpose on the streets of Berkeley, day or night. In the early summer, troops deployed in downtown Berkeley surrounded several thousand protesters and bystanders, emptying businesses, restaurants, and retail outlets of their owners and customers, and arresting them en masse. At one point, the National Guard arrested 482 people by sectioning off a large part of a main street, including protesters and bystanders.[46]

Legacy

In an address before the California Council of Growers on April 7, 1970, Reagan defended his policies for dealing with campus protests: "If it takes a bloodbath, let's get it over with. No more appeasement."[48] Berkeley Tribe editors decided to issue this quote in large type on the cover of its next edition.[49][50][51][52]

References

  1. ^ a b "Occupied Berkeley". Time Magazine. Time Inc. May 30, 1969. Archived from the original on November 3, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
  2. ^ "First large scale antiwar demonstration staged at Berkeley". This Day In History. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  3. ^ Lodise, Carmen (2002). A People's History of Isla Vista.
  4. ^ "The Troubles at Stanford: Student Uprisings in the 1960s and '70s" (PDF). Sandstone & Tile. 35 (1). Winter 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  5. ^ a b c Lowe, Joan. "People's Park, Berkeley". Stories from the American Friends Service Committee's Past. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
  6. ^ Winner, Langdon. "What's Next – Bombs?". Archived from the original on September 2, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  7. ^ a b c d Rosenfeld, Seth (June 9, 2002). "Part 4: The governor's race". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
  8. ^ Jeffery Kahn (June 8, 2004). "Ronald Reagan launched political career using the Berkeley campus as a target". Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  9. ^ a b "Patrolling Site of Riot: National Guard in Berkeley; 128 Persons Injured In Street Fighting". The Desert Sun. UPI. May 16, 1969. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  10. ^ Cobbs-Hoffman, Blum & Gjerde 2012, p. 423.
  11. ^ Oakland Museum of California (n.d.). "People's Park Fights UC Land Use Policy; One Dead, Thousands Tear Gassed". Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  12. ^ However, another publisher claims that what he said was, "I have a suggestion. Let's go down to the People's Park–". Retrieved November 6, 2008.
  13. ^ "People's History of Berkeley". Barrington Collective. Archived from the original on August 3, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2007.
  14. ^ Tempest, Rone (December 4, 2006). "It's Still a Battlefield". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  15. ^ a b c Jones, John, UCPD Berkeley: History Topic: People's Park, UCPD Berkeley, archived from the original on December 10, 2015, retrieved November 6, 2008
  16. ^ a b c Cobbs-Hoffman, Elizabeth; Blum, Edward; Gjerde, Jon (2012). Major Problems in American History, Volume II: Since 1865, third edition. Wadsworth. ISBN 978-1111343163. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  17. ^ a b c d "Sheriff Frank Madigan". Berkeley Daily Gazette. May 30, 1969.
  18. ^ "The Battle of People's Park". Archived from the original on August 30, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  19. ^ a b "People's Park". Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  20. ^ a b c d "California: Postscript to People's Park". Time. February 16, 1970. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
  21. ^ "James Rector, Wounded on the roof of Granma Books". Berkeley Revolution. May 15, 1969. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  22. ^ Whiting, Sam (May 13, 2019). "People's Park at 50: a recap of the Berkeley struggle that continues". SFChronicle.com. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  23. ^ "Berkeley Riot Victim Succumbs in Hospital". The Desert Sun. UPI. May 20, 1969. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  24. ^ Gustaitis, Rasa (May 21, 1969). "Helicopter Sprays Gas On Berkeley 'Mourners': Guardsman Led Away". The Washington Post. pp. A6.
  25. ^ "Reagan Blames Berkeley Violence On 'Revolutionaries'". The California Aggie. May 23, 1969. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  26. ^ Brenneman, Richard (April 20, 2004). "The Bloody Beginnings of People's Park". The Berkeley Daily Planet. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
  27. ^ a b c d Smitha, Frank E. "The Sixties and Seventies from Berkeley to Woodstock". Microhistory and World Report. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
  28. ^ Gustaitis, Rasa (May 16, 1969). "50 Are Injured In Berkeley Fray". The Washington Post. pp. A3.
  29. ^ "National Guard Given LSD by Hippie Girls". San Bernardino Sun. AP. May 20, 1969. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  30. ^ "UC Plaza Crowd Scattered by Gas". San Bernardino Sun. AP. May 20, 1969. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  31. ^ "250 Seized in Berkeley Park Clash". The Washington Post. May 23, 1969. pp. A4.
  32. ^ Gustaitis, Rasa (May 21, 1969). "Confrontation at Berkeley Turns Into Calm Songfest". The Washington Post. pp. A12.
  33. ^ a b Gustaitis, Rasa (May 24, 1969). "Faculty at Berkeley Votes For 'Park' as Experiment". The Washington Post. pp. A6.
  34. ^ a b "Berkeley Faces New Crisis: New Confrontation Threatened Today At People's Park". The Desert Sun. UPI. May 30, 1969. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  35. ^ "'People's Park' To Get Housing". The Desert Sun. UPI. June 21, 1969. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  36. ^ Anna Feigenbaum (August 16, 2014). "100 Years of Tear Gas". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  37. ^ AP (May 22, 1969). "UC Professors Confront Reagan". Vol. 55, no. 65. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  38. ^ Douglass, Val (May 31, 1969). "What Has Happened to Our City". The Black Panther. Vol. 2, no. 6. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  39. ^ Editorial (May 24, 1969). "Fanning the Fire". The Washington Post. pp. A14.
  40. ^ a b "Campus Disorder Bill". CQ Almanac 1969 (25th ed.). Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly: 726–29. 1970. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  41. ^ Smith, Francis (1970). "Campus Unrest: Illusion and Reality". William & Mary Law Review. 11 (3). Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  42. ^ Keeney, Gregory (1970). "Aid to education, student unrest, and cutoff legislation: an overview". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 119 (6): 1003–1034. doi:10.2307/3311201. JSTOR 3311201. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  43. ^ "California 33-to-1 for Reagan on People's Park". The Desert Sun. June 18, 1969. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  44. ^ "Curfew, Gathering Ban Lifted". The Desert Sun. UPI. May 26, 1969. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  45. ^ "Reagan Pledges Required Force". The Desert Sun. UPI. May 28, 1969. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  46. ^ a b MAY, HENRY F. (1969). "Living with Crisis: A View from Berkeley". The American Scholar. 38 (4): 588–605. ISSN 0003-0937.
  47. ^ "UC Berkeley Grapples Again with a Troubled People's Park". North Gate News Online. September 21, 2006. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
  48. ^ Lou Cannon (2003). Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power. Public Affairs. p. 295. ISBN 1-58648-284-X. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
  49. ^ Rips, Geoffrey. "The Campaign Against the Underground Press". History is a Weapon.
  50. ^ Peck, Abe (1985). Uncovering the Sixties: the life and times of the underground press (1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 278–279, 288. ISBN 9780394527932.
  51. ^ Armstrong, David (1981). A Trumpet to Arms: Alternative Media in America (1st ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. p. 175. ISBN 9780896081932.
  52. ^ Zald, Anne E.; Whitaker, Cathy Seitz (January 1, 1990). "The underground press of the Vietnam era: An annotated bibliography". Reference Services Review. 18 (4): 76–96. doi:10.1108/eb049109.
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