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Whittle Laboratory

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The Whittle Laboratory[1] is a propulsion and power research laboratory located at the West Cambridge site in Cambridge, UK. It is a part of the Department of Engineering at the University of Cambridge. The lab specialises in the aerodynamics of turbomachinery but does extensive work in aerothermal design and modelling of power systems and aircraft. The Whittle Lab has its origins in Sir Frank Whittle and a number of his original team, from Cambridge, and who in 1937 invented the jet engine[2]. In opening the Lab in 1973 the aim was to develop the technology which would underpin the emerging age of mass air travel. The Whittle Laboratory today is one of the world's leading jet engine and power generation research laboratories.[3] It has partnered with Rolls-Royce, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Siemens for over 50 years; with Dyson for 10 years[4]; and in the last few years with many of the new entrants into the aviation sector. The Whittle Laboratory has successfully translated hundreds of primary research ideas into industrial products and its research has been awarded the American Society of Mechanical Engineers highest honour, the ‘Gas Turbine Award’ 15 times, more than any other institution or company.[5] The current focus of the Laboratory is to accelerate the decarbonisation of flight.[6]

Origin

The Whittle Laboratory was initially set-up with a grant from the Science Research Council by Sir John Horlock who was to become the first director of the lab, and Sir William Hawthorne who was the head of the Cambridge University Engineering Department and who had developed the combustion chamber in Sir Frank Whittle jet engine used in the first British jet aircraft.

Development of computational methods

Professor John Denton [7] was one of the first to develop numerical methods for flow calculation in turbomachines using time-marching methods. He was soon joined by Prof Bill Dawes[8] and together the numerical methods that he has developed, including TBLOCK and MULTALL[9], became widely used around the world receiving many international awards for his work. The advent of CFD was groundbreaking not only because for the first time researchers and designers could calculate the correct loss mechanisms within turbomachines (rather than relying on empirical correlations), but also because the numerical methods could also be used as design tools to improve component efficiencies. The Denton code TBLOCK, a CPU based Navier-Stokes solver for turbomachinery, has since been converted to a code called Turbostream[10] designed to exploit NVIDIA GPUs for massively parallel computations, resulting in a more than 20 times speed up for the same calculation. Turbostream was spun out as a separate company, with the latest version (TS4) now an unstructured code with multi-physics capabilities[11].

Other computational methods developed in the Lab include 3DNS[12], a high fidelity flow solver, and dbslice[13], a JavaScript library for web-based data exploration.

Experimental facilities

The Whittle Lab is home to a number of experimental facilities used to study thermofluid mechanics in turbomachinery, propulsion, power and aviation[14]. These include:

  • 5 low speed (M < 0.3) wind tunnels for studies on flat plates, cascades and external aerodynamics.
  • A variable density loop for independent control of Mach and Reynolds number, capable of transonic flow over cascades and isolated aerofoils.
  • 10 compressor rigs, including capabilities for boundary layer ingestion, water ingestion, secondary air bleed and transonic flow.
  • 3 turbine rigs, including capabilities for secondary air system studies.

There are also many smaller rigs used for teaching, probe calibration, real gas dynamics, wind and tidal turbine studies, heat transfer measurement, propulsor performance testing and many other applications. There are manufacturing facilities including 3D printing and CNC machining to support experimental work.

Industry partnerships

Since its origin the Whittle Laboratory primary aim has been to build a bridge across ‘the Valley of Death’ – the place where brilliant primary research is not translated into product[15]. The research partnerships with Rolls-Royce, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Siemens have stretched back more than 50 years[4]. More recently the Whittle Laboratory has partnered with Dyson, Reaction Engines, Lilium and Green Jets[16]. The Lab has also partnered with British Cycling and the ECB on sports aerodynamics in cycling and cricket.

The New Whittle Laboratory

By radically changing both the culture and tools used in technology development, the New Whittle Laboratory[17] is aimed to dramatically cut the time required to achieve net zero flight. Recent pioneering trials at the Whittle Laboratory in collaboration with Rolls-Royce, and funded by the Aerospace Technology Institute, has demonstrated the ability to reduce the time require to design, build and test technologies by a factor of between 10 and 100, from years to months or weeks[18]. This allow research teams to work in a hardware rich environment, failing fast to learn fast. The New Whittle Laboratory is designed to scale this process, acting as a zero carbon technology accelerator. It will act as a demonstrator of this game changing technology development process, allowing it to be replicated to other sectors and around the world[19].

The New Whittle Laboratory will house the National Centre for Propulsion and Power, providing a new variable density tunnel and rotating test stand as well as the existing experimental facilities, new manufacturing spaces and new office spaces designed to enhance collaboration between researchers, government and industry. King Charles III broke ground on the £58m facility in May 2023[20], with building work expected to be completed by October 2025.

International awards

The Whittle Laboratory is world’s mots academically successful propulsion and power lab. Work from the Lab has won over 100 international awards including the Gas Turbine Award, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers highest honour in the field, 15 times[5]. The award has been made once a year since 1963, with Whittle Lab work winning 10 of the last 18.

Gas Turbine Awards [5]
Year Recipient Topic
2019 Masha Folk, Robert Miller, John Coull The Impact of Combustor Turbulence on Turbine Loss Mechanisms
2016 Svilen Savov, Nicholas Atkins, Sumiu Uchida A Comparison of Single and Double Lip Rim Seal Geometries
2015 Ho-On To, Robert Miller The Effect of Aspect Ratio on Compressor Performance
2014 Robert Grewe, Robert Miller, Howard Hodson The Effect of Endwall Manufacturing Variations on Turbine Performance
2012 Graham Pullan, Anna Young, Ivor Day, Edward Greitzer, Zoltán Spakovszky Origins and Structure of Spike-Type Rotating Stall
2010 Martin Goodhand, Robert Miller The Impact of Real Geometries on Three-Dimensional Separations in Compressors
2009 Budimir Rosic, Eric Curtis, John Denton Controlling Tip Leakage Flow Over a Shrouded Turbine Rotor Using an Air-Curtain
2006 Budimir Rosic, John Denton The Control of Shroud Leakage Loss by Reducing Circumferential Mixing
2005 Ivor Day, Christopher Freeman, John Williams Rain Ingestion in Axial Flow Compressors at Part Speed
2004 Ivor Day, Christopher Freeman, Thomas Scarinci Passive Control of Combustion Instability in a Low Emissions Aeroderivative Gas Turbine
1997 Tim Camp, Ivor Day A Study of Spike and Modal Stall Phenomena in a Low-Speed Axial Compressor
1991 Ivor Day Stall Inception in Axial Flow Compressors
1986 Simon Gallimore, Nicholas Cumpsty Spanwise Mixing in Multistage Axial Flow Compressors
1984 Howard Hodson Boundary Layer and Loss Measurements on the Rotor of an Axial-Flow Turbine
1977 Ivor Day, Nicholas Cumpsty, Edward Greitzer Prediction of Compressor Performance in Rotating Stall

References

  1. ^ "Home". whittle.eng.cam.ac.uk.
  2. ^ "Timeline".
  3. ^ All-Party Parliamentary Engineering Group - http://appeg.co.uk/low-carbon-aviation/
  4. ^ a b Cambridge Independent 17 June 2020 - https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/news/cambridge-jobs-boost-as-plans-for-new-whittle-laboratory-approved-9113412/
  5. ^ a b c The American Society of Mechanical Engineers - https://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/literature-awards/gas-turbine-award
  6. ^ All-Party Parliamentary Engineering Group - http://appeg.co.uk/low-carbon-aviation/
  7. ^ Royal Society - https://login.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/login?url=https://royalsociety.org/people/john-denton-11326/
  8. ^ "Professor Bill Dawes". fete.eng.cam.ac.uk. 2017-06-12. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  9. ^ "multall-turbomachinery-design". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  10. ^ Brandvik, Tobias; Pullan, Graham. "An Accelerated 3D Navier-Stokes Solver for Flows in Turbomachinery". ASME Journal of Turbomachinery. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  11. ^ "Turbostream". Turbostream. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  12. ^ "3DNS". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  13. ^ "dbslice". www.dbslice.org. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  14. ^ "Facilities". whittle.eng.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  15. ^ Charles Moore Telegraph 22 January 2021 - https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/01/22/must-not-allow-takeovers-global-firms-undermine-british-science/
  16. ^ "Greenjets Partnering With Whittle Laboratory". www.greenjets.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  17. ^ "The New Whittle Laboratory". whittle.eng.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  18. ^ Cambridge Alumni Magazine Issue 91 - Michaelmas term 2020 https://magazine.alumni.cam.ac.uk/have-a-green-flight/
  19. ^ The Prince of Wales Sustainable Markets Initiative - https://www.re-tv.org/reinvigorate/reworking-innovation
  20. ^ "King Charles visits site of Cambridge University's £58m net zero laboratory". BBC News. 2023-05-09. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
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