Folies Bergere at The Tropicana Hotel Las Vegas
| Les Folies Bergere | |
|---|---|
 Folies Bergere matchbox cover | |
| Genre | Musical revue |
| Show type | Permanent In-house production |
| Date of premiere | December 24, 1959 |
| Final show | March 28, 2009 |
| Location | Tropicana Hotel, Las Vegas |
| Creative team | |
| Created, Directed, Choreographed By | Jerry Jackson |
| Produced for the Tropicana & Entertainment Director | Ari Levin |
| Entertainment Manager & Production Coordinator | Elaine Celario |
| Company Manager | Stephanie Shaw |
| Costume Designer | Jerry Jackson |
| Scenery Designed By | Jerry Jackson, Charles Lisanby & Bill Morris |
| Lighting Designer | Robert Pick |
| Original Music & Lyrics By | Jerry Jackson |
| Musical Orchestrations By | Albie Berk, Doug Walters, Greg Bosler, Billie Reddie, Jeffrey Silverman, Don Hanna, Billy Tragresser & George Wilkins |
| Musical Arrangers | Jerry Jackson, Ron Simone, Greg Bosler |
| Assistant Choreographers | Soozi Childers, Tim Shaw; Tango: Miriam LaRici, Hugo Patyn |
| Head Carpenter | Phil Jaynes |
| Head Sound Technician | Louie Maldonado |
| Head Electric Technician | Robert Pick |
| Head Prop Technician | Nicolienne Francois |
| Other information | |
| Head Flyman | David Friedland |
| Scenic Fabrication | A & D Scenery and Copper Creek Studios |
| Costume Assistant to Mr. Jackson | Maura Peterson |
| Wardrobe Supervisor | Diane Bertolaccini |
| Line Captains | Janu Tornell, Stephanie Shaw, Lori Marshburn |
Lasting almost 50 years, Les Folies Bergere was the longest running show in Las Vegas history.
The Folies Bergere revue was imported directly from Paris including French creative leadership and cast members.[1]
The Tropicana Hotel in Las Vegas hosted the progeny production by emulating the original Folies Bergere of Paris’ successful formula of featuring topless statuesque showgirls, chorus line dancers, elaborate stage sets, with interludes of comedy, magic, acrobats, and animal acts.[2]The main components of the show incorporated ornate costumes with immense headpieces adorned with exotic bird feathers and expertly crafted rhinestones, expansive and elaborate scenery, original music performed by live orchestras, and imaginative interpretations of historic periods with the respective dance styles of the era.[3]
The spectacular combined the sexy mystique of Paris, the glamor and glitz of Hollywood, and the cosmopolitan sophistication of New York City.[4]
The prominence of showgirls established their role as one of the most recognizable icons of Las Vegas. In their best years, showgirls acted as Las Vegas ambassadors appearing at openings, store and event promotions, in printed advertisements, and alongside Mayor Oscar Goodman (and former mob attorney) at public appearances. To this day, showgirls define present-day Las Vegas and their influence can be seen in public artwork, marketing campaigns, and sidewalk impressionists.[5]
The Tropicana produced the extravaganza, Folies Bergere, in an age when casinos invested in unprofitable shows to attract tourists and encourage gambling on their gaming floor. Over the years, as corporations took over ownership of casinos and resorts, everything from entertainment, lodging, restaurants, and even parking had become independent cost centers that were expected to be self-funded. The over-the-top, expensive showgirl revues had become a historical phenomena, viewable in museum exhibits, and kept alive in the hearts and memories of long time Las Vegas visitors.[1]
Background
The first Folies Bergere of Paris originated in 1869 as a cabaret music hall. The institution is still in business, and remains a strong symbol of French and Parisian life. It is most notably captured in the painting “A Bar at the Folies Bergère” by French Impressionist artist Édouard Manet.
The theater changed direction during World War I, when there was a new focus on the (frontal) nude female. Michel Gyarmathy, a pre-war Hungarian refugee became artistic director of the most celebrated Folies Bergere in Paris. "Monsieur Michel," as he was known to his staff, designed the production, involving dozens of sets and more than 1,000 costumes from Parisian couturiers. Gyarmathy recruited female talent to perform in the company along with the acrobats, magicians, singers, tightrope walkers, circus animals, and other cabaret acts that provided variation to the nude main attraction.
Gyarmathy was personally involved in replicating the show for the Tropicana in Las Vegas. Although the show was portrayed as “Direct from Paris”, half of the showgirls were American due to union agreements.[2]
Ordinarily, a show business career does not offer consistent employment. However, Folies Bergere’s longevity conferred some stability for cast and staff. Notwithstanding, the cast was subject to regular auditions twice annually, so their positions were not guaranteed. Also, showgirl employment covenants stipulated that they maintain their hiring body weight, have no tan lines and no tattoos. Violations to the excess poundage clause were subject to written warnings in the form of a “Personal Appearance Notice”.[6]
Mary Leo, showgirl and line captain for Folies Bergere, shared her experiences during an oral history interview for the University of Nevada Las Vegas Special Collections. She described how showgirl lifestyles consistently fell into three categories. The first group consisted of married women with a family. For them, being a showgirl was simply a job. They would go home between twice daily performances to tend to their children and were available for the morning routine of getting the kids ready for school. The second group Leo referred to as “Professional Gypsies”. These women loved show business, traveling and entertaining. The final group Leo described as the “Come and Go” set. They tended to be more transient, attracted to the glamor of Las Vegas, wanted to encounter movie stars and desired to betroth a wealthy man.[7]
Showgirls had a reputation for lacking intelligence, acting immorally, and generally not having similar life goals as other people. However, this perception may not have always been true, and in fact this persona was in part perpetuated by the show management. This may have been an unintentional or inadvertent consequence of asking showgirls to “mix” or mingle with guests after the performance. Former showgirls were generally young when they started performing, and following their Folies Bergere tenure, many pursued university education, obtained professional employment in various fields, and engaged in long-term relationships.[8]
Showgirls were typically 5’10-6’2”(178-188 cm) tall, donned 2-4 inch (5-10 cm)high heeled shoes, headdresses nearing 4 feet tall, and backpacks that supported the tropical plumage display up to a 10 foot (3 m) wingspan weighing upwards of 65 pounds (30 kilo). Showgirls needed to have both a dancer’s gracefulness and athlete’s strength. They showcased their poise by descending the grand staircases and circumnavigating the stage effortlessly with an alluring smile.[9]
Many of the productions and individual scenes had themes based on historical periods. The costumes, sets, and dance styles were researched using museum exhibits along with consultations with experts in garment design and construction techniques. The period apparel was then interpreted and modified to allow for dance movements.[1]
Jerry Jackson, Folies Bergere director, donated costume sketches, original music compositions, newspaper clippings, photographs and other memorabilia to the UNLV Special Collections that are cited in this article and are available for public viewing on request. Jackson also contributed several costumes to the Nevada State Museum.[10]Museum exhibitions have offered a peek behind the velvet curtain presenting costumes, archival photographs, and design renderings.[11]
As a side note, there was a world-wide rhinestone shortage that was supposedly precipitated by the 1981 Jubilee! showgirl revue’s expansive costume application of the cut glass. The show had ordered all the available rhinestones produced by Swarovski for their outfits and sets.[12]
History
The Paris Connection
J. Kell Housells gained a majority share in the Tropicana in 1959. As owner, one of his first key initiatives was to was bring the Folies Bergere to the Tropicana.[13]
The Folies Bergere spectacular was a cause célèbre depicting frontal nudity and provocative dance moves. It is claimed to have had an annual attendance of over 600,000 guests at the height of its popularity. Entertainment director Lou Walters is accredited as the individual responsible for securing the rights from Paris for the Tropicana.[14]The Paris Can-Can line dance is considered to have made Folies Bergere Paris world renown, and was freely adapted for the American audience.[15]
"The Trop," as it was affectionately known, was considered the "Tiffany of the Strip," drawing in celebrities like Sammy Davis Jr, Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin. Hotel guests came to hobnob with the stars and the Folies' showgirls, who would "dress up'' the lounge after performances.[16]
Initially, the costumes were crafted in Paris for importing to Las Vegas. According to US customs laws, after three years, a duty payment of half the value was due if the items were retained. Another option was to return the costumes to Paris. The chosen alternative was to burn the costumes in the desert under the watchful eyes of the federal officials. Those were sad days for Folies Bergere staff.
Another anecdote imparted by Lance Burton, a Folies Bergere magician, concerning Siegfried and Roy's first job in Vegas at the Folies Bergere: “They had this cheetah. One time it jumped into the musician's pit. The musicians all went diving for cover. And Siegfried said to the piano player, 'Keep playing -- he likes the music.’”[17]
The Folies Bergere was staged at the Hotel Tropicana’s Fountain Theatre from 1959 to 1975. Featuring pink architectural accents, furniture, and stage curtains, the venue was nicknamed “the pink room.” Raised stage platforms and stairs offered the audience an intimate experience. The open orchestra pit would prove to be so precarious for the performers that, eventually, a preventative net was installed to catch the cast when one of them inadvertently stepped off the stage, slipping into the pit.[18]
Maitre’ds were prepared to show guests to their seats, locating them partially based on the size of the gratuity. Guests frequently wore more formal dress, suits for men, dresses for women along with bouffant styled hair in the 1970’s. Hotel flower girls and cigarette girls roamed the aisles plying their wares. Photographers were on hand ready to commemorate the occasion.
Tropicana in transition
In the early 1970s, the Tropicana did not effectively compete with the bigger hotels in Las Vegas. The property had changed hands a few times before Mitzi Stauffer Briggs, heir to the Stauffer Chemical fortune, bought a majority stake in the Tropicana in 1975. At the outset, she was not aware of the uncollectable debt associated with gambling credits. Mob figure Joseph Agosto, owning the rights to Folies Bergere, took advantage of her misfortune by proffering her mob loans in exchange for management involvement. Considering Agosto’s criminal past, he would not otherwise be licensable as a casino employee. It would later be discovered that Agosto was siphoning Folies Bergere and casino profits.[19] Due to the association with Agosto, Briggs was forced to sell the Tropicana Hotel to Ramada Inns in December 1979. "The Folies Bergere is really a symbol of the connection between the mob and the Tropicana, via the Folies Bergere," sums up Karan Feder.[20]
During this period, ties were cut with Folies Bergere of Paris. Jerry Jackson was promoted to head Director and Choreographer. The show permanently relocated from the Fountain Theatre to the new Tiffany Theatre within the Tropicana. The revamped version was titled “Le Music Hall”. The period theme utilized elaborate sets, exquisite wardrobes, and an ageless symbol of luxury, a 1930s Rolls Royce.[21]Some dancers remembered the Rolls Royce as being an occupational hazard as it leaked oil, causing the floor surface to be tenuous for dance routines.[22]
After the Mob
The legalization of gambling in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1978 created competition for the Las Vegas casinos. By the 1990s, Las Vegas was experiencing an economic downturn. In an effort to attract more visitors, Las Vegas promoted itself as family friendly. The Las Vegas campaign targeted the family demographic supported by attractions such as the live pirate ship performance at Treasure Island, the hourly volcano eruption at the Mirage, the Shark Reef Aquarium at Mandalay Bay, and high powered water cannons choreographed to match accompanying music at the Fountains of Bellagio. The Tropicana was one of the hotels that did not participate in the effort, choosing “rollers over strollers”.[23] [24]
The Folies Bergere was subject to labor action in 1989 as the orchestra’s union elected to strike after unsuccessful contract negotiations. Once the live music had stopped, the musicians were replaced with a recorded soundtrack, vacating the orchestra pit from that point forward.[25]
The Rhinestones Lost Their Luster
The Tropicana and its parent company filed for bankruptcy during the global financial crisis of 2008. Tropicana was purchased and reorganized under new ownership in 2009, leaving no financial resources to subsidize Folies Bergere and subsequently issue termination notices, On March 28, 2009, cast, crew, and staff took their final curtain call.[26]
Proposed reasons for the decline of Folies Bergere and showgirl revues in general:
- Lack of innovation. The desire for something new as showgirl revues appeared dated and old-fashioned. The paucity of ongoing investment was a major factor in longer times between show revisions and less extravagance in the show itself.
- Topless became less of a novelty. Stripclubs and other topless entertainment became ubiquitous in Las Vegas.
- Transition from hotel sponsorship to external financing. "Folies" along with Bally's "Jubilee!,” was one of the last in-house productions, in which cast and crew were direct employees of the casino. Most casinos now outsource with third party producers who foot production expenses and compensate team members.[27]
- Faced with competition. A number of shows were available, including five popular Cirque du Soleil shows at that time.[28]
- Tropicana curse. Scott Roeben, a Las Vegas provocateur and pundit’s term applied to multiple show failings at the Tropicana.[29]
Legacy
Today, showgirls are a living cultural symbol of Las Vegas' past.
Many buskers mimic showgirl feather and sequin attire, posing for pictures with tourists for gratuities, or distributing pamphlets for time-share promotions.
Art Installations
Located at Las Vegas’s Harry Reid International Airport resides the “Folies in Flight” art installation. Terry Ritter, former Las Vegas show entertainer turned artist immortalized showgirls in a mural honoring and celebrating their accomplishments and grandeur.[30]
At 50 feet (15 m) high, Las Vegas’ tallest showgirl installation greets visitors as they enter the south end of Las Vegas city gateway (contrary to popular belief, most of the Las Vegas strip is technically located in the municipality of Paradise).[31]
The SlotZilla zipline attraction is flanked by showgirls on either side of its zipline apparatus on Fremont Street in downtown Las Vegas.[32]
Las Vegas Productions
Vegas! The Show celebrates glamorous showgirls, broadway-style singers, dancers and a live big band. Written by show producer and Saxe theater owner David Saxe, who’s Folies Bergere showgirl mother brought him backstage.[33]
The other remaining vintage showgirl presentation with feathered costumes and comedy is BurlesQ: The Classic Vegas Showgirl Show. Presented at the Alexis Park Resort, the revue is directed and produced by Cari Byers utilizing her experience as a showgirl with Folies Bergere from 1998-2009.[34]
Film and Television
The 1964 movie Viva Las Vegas, starring Elvis Presley and Ann-Margret, includes a scene filmed in the Tropicana’s Fountain Theatre with the Folies Bergere cast.[35]
The television series Designing Women recorded an episode Viva Las Vegas. The plot had Anthony attending the Folies Bergere and falling for the lead singer, Etienne Toussaint. Aired Nov 6, 1992.[36]
Paris Hilton's My New BFF television show, Season 1, Episode 6, Vegas, Baby! Paris Hilton took the remaining girls to Las Vegas to party, Paris Hilton style. Later, the girls competed in a Folies Bergere stage show.[37]
Notable Personnel
- Hermes Pan was an American dancer and choreographer, principally remembered as Fred Astaire's choreographic collaborator in the acclaimed 1930s movie musicals.
- Michel Gyarmathy became scene and costume designer, art director, manager of and designer of the Folies Bergere of Paris and Las Vegas.
- Vassili Sulich was a ballet master; started Nevada Ballet Theatre (NBT), a regional ballet company.
- Siegfried & Roy were a German-American entertainment duo, best known for their appearances with albino “big cats”.
- Lance Burton is an American stage magician performing primarily in Las Vegas.
- Paul Derval was a movie actor and theater manager of Folies Bergere of Paris. He was attributed to founding both the Paris and Las Vegas productions of Les Folies Bergere.[38]
- The Halassys - Teeterboard Family Act, performed on the Ed Sullivan Show.[39]
- Erich Brenn was a master at the art of plate spinning, appeared on American television variety and talent shows.
- Gus Augspurg & His Girl Friends - Comedy with baboons, seen on American television.[40]
- The Mecners - Acrobats, presented on American television variety shows.[41]
Editions with Program Credits
1968 EDITION [42]
Hotel Tropicana proudly presents
By arrangement with Paul Derval
The Spectacular Folies Bergere
Direct From Paris
Produced by Michel Gyarmathy and Tony Azzi
Conceived and Directed by Michel Gyarmathy
Choreography by Hermes Pan
OVERTURE: Ray Sinatra’s Orchestra
SCENE 1. BRAVO…FOLIES!
- Beautes de Folies
- Felicia Atkins
- Carole Clark
- Geri Marmor
- Arlene Hirsh
- Demoiselles de Paris
- Tropicana Dancers
- Jerry Jackson Dancers
- Les Boulevardiers
- Tropicana Boys
- Les Belles de Paris
- Les Mannequins
- Les Chanteurs
- Merlin Singers
- Le Nu de Paris
- Patricia Le Forge
- La Voix de Paris
- Laura Lys
- Les Jumelles de Paris
- Bel Air Sisters
SCENE 2. CONCERT A VERSAILLES
- La Prima Donna
- Laura Lys
- Le Choeur
- Merlin Singers
SCENE 3: THE FEATS OF THE …HALASSYS
SCENE 4: FEERIE VENITIENNE (Venetian Story)
- La Chasse (The Hunt)
- The Prince - Vassili Sulich
- The Doe - Patricia La Forge
- Les Gondoles
- Laura Lys
- Merlin Singers
- Parade
- Entire Company
- Marriage
- Entire Company
SCENE 5: FLYING SAUCERS…ERICH BRENN
SCENE 6: ARC EN CIEL DE PARIS (Rainbow of Paris)
- Entire Company
- Bel Air Sisters
SCENE 7: GUS AUGSPURG & HIS GIRL FRIENDS
SCENE 8: JEUX D’ECHECS (Chess Game)
- Tropicana Dancers
- Tropicana Boys
- Les Mannequins
SCENE 9: FRENCH QUARTER
- Jerry Jackson Dancers
SCENE 10: LAC D’AMOUR
- Les Patineurs
- Tropicana Dancers
- Tropicana Boys
- L’Amoureux
- Vassili Sulich
- La Fee De La Nuit
- Patricia La Forge
- Les Fees
- Les Mannequins
SCENE 11: LES LAPINS (The Rabbits)
- Tropicana Dancers
SCENE 12: L’ECRAN ENCHANTE (The Magic Screen)
- Jerry Jackson Dancers
- Directed by Tiber and Anna Rudas
- Directed by Richard Tschudin
- Technical Director Paul Szigety
SCENE 13: EXTRAORDINAIRE,,,THE MECNERS
SCENE 14: FRENCH CAN CAN (1900)
- Entire Company
SCENE 15: COMEDY WITH…THE VETERANS
SCENE 16: LE GATEAU DES FOLIES… (Finale)
- Entire Company
PRODUCTION CREDITS
Executive Producer: Tony Azzi
Scenery & Costumes Created By: Michel Gyarmathy
Stage Director and Company Manager: Dave Johnsen
Original Music By: Henri Betti, Paris
Magic Screen & French Quarter Music Arranged By: Bill Reddie
Musical Director: Ray Sinatra
Asst. Choreographer: Jerry Jackson
Lyrics By: Minette Allton
Special Lyrics By: Key Howard
Asst Stage Manager: Kent Heberling
Show Captain: Ruth Christensen
Chief Stage Technician: Robert Smith
Lighting By: Graham T. Bennett
Sound Supervisor: Gordon Hayes
Wardrobe Mistress: Mae Burke
Operations Coordinator: Gilbert Hayes
Property Man: George Shiroky
Scenic Engineer: William Burke, Jr.
References
- ^ a b c Palm, Diane Marie (May 1, 2016). "Rhinestones in the Desert: The Rise and Fall of the Las Vegas Showgirl and the Productions That Shaped Her". UNLV University Libraries, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "Michel Gyarmathy Interview". Filthy. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "Folies-Bergere Performances Often Shocked But Always Delighted Nineteenth-Century Audiences". Racing Nellie Bly. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "The Showgirl | Vegas Seven Magazine | Feb. 11-17, 2016 by Vegas Seven - Issuu". issuu.com. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "Showgirl shares tales from her time with Oscar Goodman". Las Vegas Review-Journal. 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ Feder, Karan (11 December 2017). The Folies Bergere in Las Vegas. Arcadia Publishing Inc. pp. 26, 27, 52. ISBN 1540227707.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ "Mary Leo oral history interview | UNLV Special Collections Portal". special.library.unlv.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ Brown, Patricia Leigh (2007-07-03). "Showgirls Return to the Spotlight for History's Sake". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "The Showgirl: A Las Vegas Icon". Vegas PBS. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "Frozen in time: 'Folies' costumes acquired by Nevada State Museum - Las Vegas Weekly". lasvegasweekly.com. 2015-02-09. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "The Folies Bergere in Las Vegas – Nevada State Museum | Las Vegas". www.lasvegasnvmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "Showgirls! Glitz! It's (still) 'Jubilee!'". Los Angeles Times. 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "Remembering Gaming Pioneer J.K. Houssels Jr". GGB News. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ (Feder 2017, 21)
- ^ Greenspun, Brian (2009-03-28). "'Les Folies Bergere,' 50 years ago - Las Vegas Sun Newspaper". lasvegassun.com. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ MERAJI, SHEREEN (February 23, 2009). "Folies Bergere To Close In Las Vegas". NPR.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Schorr, Melissa (1997-04-04). "'Folies' flashbacks: Former stars, crew revisit past as show prepares for future - Las Vegas Sun Newspaper". lasvegassun.com. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ (Feder 2017, 14-15)
- ^ Ap (1983-09-01). "Joseph Agosto, 61, a Witness In Underworld Gambling Case". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ Hawley, Tom (2016-01-20). "Video Vault | Tropicana's Folies Bergere and the mob skim". KSNV. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "Putting a Top on an Iconic Topless Review// (Las Vegas)". HeraldNet.com. 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "Former 'Folies Bergere' cast members recall show's glory days". Las Vegas Review-Journal. 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ Hiltzik, Michael a (1994-09-23). "COLUMN ONE : Las Vegas Gambles on Families : Campaign to lure parents and children brings big crowds--and backlash. Holdout casinos decry the image change. Even backers concede that poor planning has caused some gaffes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ O'Neil, Kirk (October 12, 2022). "Las Vegas, Las Vegas Strip Guests Asked to Keep the Kids at Home". TheStreet.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ (Feder 2017, 67)
- ^ Green, Steve (2009-01-15). "'Les Folies Bergere' to end run at Tropicana - Las Vegas Sun Newspaper". lasvegassun.com. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "The Showgirl: A Las Vegas Icon". Vegas PBS. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ Green, Steve (2009-01-15). "'Les Folies Bergere' to end run at Tropicana - Las Vegas Sun Newspaper". lasvegassun.com. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ Roeben, Scott (July 24, 2018). ""Imaginarium" Falls Victim to Tropicana Curse, Set to Close". Vital Vegas.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Folies in Flight - CODAworx". www.codaworx.com. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "YESCO Installs Two Brand New 50-Foot Showgirls for City of Las Vegas". Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ Roeben, Scott (2013-09-06). "SlotZilla Zipline Ride Downtown Gets Its First Showgirl". Vital Vegas. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ SHOW, VEGAS! THE. "VEGAS! THE SHOW". VEGAS! THE SHOW. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "BurlesQ". The Modern Showrooms at Alexis Park Resort Hotel. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ Viva Las Vegas (1964) - IMDb, retrieved 2023-03-06
- ^ "Designing Women" Viva Las Vegas (TV Episode 1992) - IMDb, retrieved 2023-03-06
- ^ Paris Hilton's My New BFF, retrieved 2023-03-06
- ^ "Paul Derval of Paris Dies at 85; Ran Folies Bergere Since 1918". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "The Halassys". IMDb. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "Gus Augspurg". IMDb. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "The Mecners". IMDb. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
- ^ "Program for Folies Bergere, pages 1-2 | UNLV Special Collections Portal". special.library.unlv.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
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