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Visa requirements for Colombian citizens

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A Colombian passport
A Colombian identity card is valid for travel to most South American countries.

Visa requirements for Colombian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Colombia.

As of November 9 2022, Colombian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 137 countries and territories ranking the Colombian passport 28th in terms of travel freedom according to passportindex.org.[1]

Citizens of Colombia do not need a passport when travelling to Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. For these countries, they may use just their national identification cards.[2][3]

Visa requirements map

File:Visa requirements for Colombian citizens Real.png
Visa requirements for Colombian citizens
  Colombia
  ID card travel
  Visa free access
  Visa on arrival
  eVisa
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required

Visa requirements

Visa requirements for holders of ordinary passports travelling for tourism purposes:

Colombia is an associated member of Mercosur. As such, its citizens enjoy unlimited access to any of the full members (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay) and other associated members (Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru) with the right to residence and work, with no requirement other than nationality. Citizens of these eight countries (including Colombia) may apply for the grant of "temporary residence" for up to two years in another country of the bloc.[4][5] Then, they may apply for "permanent residence" just before the term of their "temporary residence" expires.[6][7] The case of Chile, although, is particular. The Chile's immigration policy does not include Colombian citizens in the agreement, thus Colombians need to hold a visa prior to travel if they want to reside and work in Chile.[8]

Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees)
 Afghanistan Visa required[9]
 Albania Visa not required[10] 90 days
 Algeria Visa required[11]
 Andorra Visa not required[12] 90 days
 Angola Visa required[13]
 Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required[14] 90 days[15]
 Argentina Visa not required[16] 90 days
  • Entry is allowed with a valid Colombian identity card.
  • Colombians can live and work legally in Argentina under the Mercosur (and Associated Members) immigration agreement with no requirement other than being a citizen at birth or a naturalized citizen for over 5 years, and passing a background check.
 Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival[17] 120 days
 Australia Visa required[18]
  • May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa).[19]
 Austria Visa not required[20] 90 days
 Azerbaijan eVisa[21] 30 days[22]
 Bahamas Visa not required[23] 3 months
 Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[24] 14 days
  • Visa is also obtainable online.[25]
 Bangladesh Visa on arrival[26] 30 days
 Barbados Visa not required[27] 90 days
 Belarus Visa required[28]
  • Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival.[29]
 Belgium Visa not required[30] 90 days
 Belize Visa not required[31] 90 days
 Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival[32][33] 30 days / 8 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
 Bhutan Visa required[34]
 Bolivia Visa not required[35] 90 days
  • Entry is allowed with a valid Colombian identity card.
  • Colombians can live and work legally in Bolivia under the Mercosur (and Associated Members) immigration agreement with no requirement other than being a citizen at birth or a naturalized citizen for over 5 years, and passing a background check.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required[36] 90 days
 Botswana Visa required[37]
 Brazil Visa not required[38] 90 days
  • Entry is allowed with a valid Colombian identity card.
  • Colombians can live and work legally in Brazil under the Mercosur (and Associated Members) immigration agreement with no requirement other than being a citizen at birth or a naturalized citizen for over 5 years, and passing a background check.
 Brunei Visa required[39]
 Bulgaria Visa not required[40] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Burkina Faso Visa on arrival[41]
 Burundi Visa on arrival[42] 1 month
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[43] 30 days
 Cameroon Visa required[44]
 Canada Visa required[45]
  • Visa not required if holding a Green Card from the U.S.
 Cape Verde Visa on arrival[46]
 Central African Republic Visa required[47]
 Chad Visa required[48]
 Chile Visa not required[49] 90 days
  • Entry is allowed with a valid Colombian identity card, although Colombians need to hold a visa prior to travel if they want to reside and work in Chile.
 China Visa required[50]
 Comoros Visa on arrival[51]
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[52]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required[53]
 Costa Rica Visa required[54]
  • No visa required if holding an Multiple Entry Visa for the United States, Canada.
  • May transit without visa if transit is through San José Airport and for no longer than 12 hours.[55]
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[56] 3 months
 Croatia Visa not required[57] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Cuba Visa not required[58] 30 days
  • Tourist card required
  • Can be acquired from the airline.
 Cyprus Visa not required[59] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Czech Republic Visa not required[60] 90 days
 Denmark Visa not required[61] 90 days
 Djibouti eVisa[62] 31 days
 Dominica Visa not required[63] 21 days
 Dominican Republic Visa not required[64] 30 days
  • Extendable up to 90 days
 Ecuador Visa not required[65] 90 days
  • Entry is allowed with a valid Colombian identity card.
  • Colombians can live and work legally in Ecuador under the Mercosur (and Associated Members) immigration agreement with no requirement other than being a citizen at birth or a naturalized citizen for over 5 years, and passing a background check.
 Egypt Visa on arrival[66] 30 days
 El Salvador Visa not required[67] 3 months
 Equatorial Guinea Visa required[68]
 Eritrea Visa required[69]
 Estonia Visa not required[70] 90 days
 Eswatini Visa required[71]
 Ethiopia eVisa[72] up to 90 days
 Fiji Visa not required[73] 4 months
 Finland Visa not required[74] 90 days
 France Visa not required[75] 90 days
 Gabon eVisa[76]
 Gambia Visa required[77]
  • An entry clearance must be obtained from the Gambian Immigration prior to travel.[78]
 Georgia Visa not required[79] 1 year
 Germany Visa not required[80] 90 days
 Ghana Visa required[81]
 Greece Visa not required[82] 90 days
 Grenada Visa required[83]
  • Beginning on 1 December 2020, all travellers to Grenada will be required to complete an online application in order to receive a Pure Safe Travel Authorization Certificate to enter Grenada.[84]
 Guatemala Visa not required[85] 90 days
 Guinea eVisa[86] 90 days
 Guinea-Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival[87] 90 days
 Guyana Visa not required[88] 90 days[89]
 Haiti Visa required[90]
  • No visa required if holding a United States Visa.
 Honduras Visa not required[91] 3 months
 Hungary Visa not required[92] 90 days
 Iceland Visa not required[93] 90 days
 India e-Visa[94] 60 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive via 26 designated airports[Note 1] or 3 designated seaports.[Note 2][95]
  • An Indian e-Tourist Visa may only be obtained twice within 1 calendar year.[citation needed]
  • Foreigners of Pakistani origin or who hold a Pakistani Passport are not eligible for an e-Visa. Foreigners who are not Pakistani nationals, but whose parents or grandparents (either paternal or maternal) were born in, or were permanent residents in Pakistan, are also not eligible for an e-Visa.[96]
 Indonesia Visa on arrival[97] 30 days
 Iran Visa required[98]
 Iraq Visa required[99]
 Ireland Visa required[100]
 Israel Visa not required[101] 3 months
 Italy Visa not required[102] 90 days
 Jamaica Visa not required[103] 30 days
 Japan Visa required[104]
 Jordan Visa on arrival[105]
 Kazakhstan Visa not required[106] 30 days[107]
 Kenya eVisa[108] 3 months
 Kiribati Visa required[109]
 North Korea Visa required[110]
 South Korea Electronic Travel Authorization[111] 90 days
  • Korea K-ETA required since September 2021 with a fee of 10,000 KRW per person.[112]
 Kuwait Visa required[113]
 Kyrgyzstan eVisa[114]
 Laos eVisa / Visa on arrival[116] 30 days
 Latvia Visa not required[120] 90 days
 Lebanon Visa required[121]
 Lesotho eVisa[122][123]
 Liberia Visa required[124]
 Libya Visa required[125]
 Liechtenstein Visa not required[126] 90 days
 Lithuania Visa not required[127] 90 days
 Luxembourg Visa not required[128] 90 days
 Madagascar eVisa / Visa on arrival[129] 90 days
 Malawi eVisa / Visa on arrival[130] 30 days
  • Can extend for a total of 90 days.
 Malaysia eVisa[131]
 Maldives Free visa on arrival[132] 30 days
 Mali Visa required[133]
 Malta Visa not required[134] 90 days
 Marshall Islands Visa on arrival[135] 90 days
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[136]
 Mauritius Visa on arrival[137]
 Mexico Visa not required[138] 180 days
 Micronesia Visa not required[139] 30 days
 Moldova Visa not required[140] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Monaco Visa not required[141] 90 days
 Mongolia Visa required[142]
  • Holders of a confirmation of a pre-arranged visa if their passport is valid for at least one year can obtain a visa on arrival.
 Montenegro Visa not required[143] 90 days
 Morocco Visa not required[144][145] 90 days
 Mozambique Visa on arrival[146] 30 days
 Myanmar eVisa[147] 28 days
 Namibia Visa required[148]
 Nauru Visa required[149]
   Nepal Visa on arrival[150] 90 days
 Netherlands Visa not required[151] 90 days
 New Zealand Visa required[152]
 Nicaragua Visa on arrival[155] 90 days
 Niger Visa required[156]
 Nigeria Visa required[157]
 North Macedonia Visa not required[158] 90 days
 Norway Visa not required[159] 90 days
 Oman Visa not required / eVisa[160] 14 days / 30 days
  • evisa is valid for 30 days is also available.
 Pakistan Online Visa[161]
  • Online Visa eligible.[162]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for business purposes.[163]
 Palau Visa on arrival[164] 30 days
 Panama Visa not required[165] 90 days
 Papua New Guinea Visa required[166]
 Paraguay Visa not required[167] 90 days
  • Entry is allowed with a valid Colombian identity card.
  • Colombians can live and work legally in Paraguay under the Mercosur (and Associated Members) immigration agreement with no requirement other than being a citizen at birth or a naturalized citizen for over 5 years, and passing a background check.
 Peru Visa not required[168] 183 days
  • Entry is allowed with a valid Colombian identity card.
  • Colombians can live and work legally in Peru under the Mercosur (and Associated Members) immigration agreement with no requirement other than being a citizen at birth or a naturalized citizen for over 5 years, and passing a background check.
 Philippines Visa not required[169] 30 days
 Poland Visa not required[170] 90 days
 Portugal Visa not required[171] 90 days
 Qatar Visa not required[172] 30 days
 Romania Visa not required[173] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Russia Visa not required[174] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[175] 30 days
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[176] 3 months
 Saint Lucia Visa required[177]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[178] 1 month
 Samoa Free entry permit on arrival[179] 60 days
 San Marino Visa not required[180] 90 days
 São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa[181]
 Saudi Arabia Visa required[182]
 Senegal Visa on arrival[183]
 Serbia Visa not required[184] 30 days
  • 30 days within any year period
 Seychelles Free Visitor's Permit on arrival[185] 3 months
 Sierra Leone Visa required[186]
 Singapore Visa not required[187] 30 days
 Slovakia Visa not required[188] 90 days
 Slovenia Visa not required[189] 90 days
 Solomon Islands Visa required[190]
 Somalia Visa on arrival[191] 30 days
 South Africa Visa required[192]
 South Sudan Electronic Visa[193]
  • Obtainable online[194]
  • Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel[194]
 Spain Visa not required[195] 90 days
 Sri Lanka ETA / Visa on arrival[196] 30 days
  • Electronic Travel Authorization can also be obtained on arrival.[197]
  • 30 days extendable to 6 months.[198]
 Sudan Visa required[199]
 Suriname E-tourist card[200] 90 days
  • Multiple entry eVisa is also available.[201]
 Sweden Visa not required[202] 90 days
  Switzerland Visa not required[203] 90 days
 Syria Visa required[204]
 Tajikistan eVisa[205][206] 45 days
 Tanzania eVisa / Visa on arrival[207][208] 3 months
 Thailand Visa required[209] 90 days
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[210] 30 days
 Togo Visa on arrival[211] 7 days
 Tonga Visa required[212]
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required[213] 90 days
 Tunisia Visa required[214]
 Turkey Visa not required[215] 90 days
 Turkmenistan Visa required[216]
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[217] 1 month
 Uganda eVisa[218] 3 months
  • Determined at the port of entry.
  • May apply online.[219]
 Ukraine Visa not required[220] 90 days
 United Arab Emirates Visa not required[221][222] 90 days
 United Kingdom Visa not required[223] 180 days
 United States Visa required[224]
 Uruguay Visa not required[225] 90 days
  • Entry is allowed with a valid Colombian identity card.
  • Colombians can live and work legally in Uruguay under the Mercosur (and Associated Members) immigration agreement with no requirement other than being a citizen at birth or a naturalized citizen for over 5 years, and passing a background check.
 Uzbekistan eVisa[226] 30 days
 Vanuatu Visa required[227]
 Vatican City Visa not required[228] 90 days
 Venezuela Visa not required[229] 90 days
 Vietnam eVisa[230] 30 days[231]
 Yemen Visa required[232]
 Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival[233] 90 days
 Zimbabwe eVisa[234] 90 days

Unrecognized or partially recognized countries

Countries Conditions of access
 Abkhazia Visa required[235]
 Artsakh Visa required[236]
 Kosovo Visa not required[237]
 Northern Cyprus Visa not required[238]
 Palestine Visa not required[239]
 Somaliland Visa required[240]
 South Ossetia Visa not required[241]
 Taiwan Visa Required/ eVisa [242]
 Transnistria Visa not required[243]

Dependent and autonomous territories

Countries Conditions of access Notes
China
 Hong Kong Visa not required 90 days[244]
 Macau Visa on arrival 30 days[245]
Denmark
 Faroe Islands Visa not required[246]
 Greenland Visa not required[247]
France
 French Guiana Visa not required [248] 90 days
 French Polynesia Visa not required[249] 90 days
France French West Indies Visa not required [248] 90 days includes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique

France Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy

Visa not required [248] 90 days
 Mayotte Visa not required [248] 90 days
 New Caledonia Visa not required [249] 90 days
 Réunion Visa not required[248] 90 days
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa not required[248] 90 days
 Wallis and Futuna Visa not required [248] 90 days
Netherlands
 Aruba Visa not required[250] 90 days
Netherlands Caribbean Netherlands Visa not required[251] 90 days (includes Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba)
 Curaçao Visa not required[252] 90 days
 Sint Maarten Visa not required[252] 90 days
New Zealand
 Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days[253]
 Niue Visa not required 30 days[254]
 Tokelau Visa required[255]
United Kingdom
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia Visa not required Aktotiri and Dhekelia joined the Schengen area following Brexit.[256]
 Anguilla Visa required[257]
 Bermuda Visa required
 British Virgin Islands Visa required[258]
 Cayman Islands Visa required[259] Visa not required if holding a Green Card from the U.S. Or a Permanent resident Card from Canada and you arrive directly from that country; and you produce on arrival a return or round trip ticket to the United States or Canada.
 Falkland Islands Visa required[260]
 Gibraltar Visa not required Gibraltar joined the Schengen area on 01.01.2021 following Brexit.[261]
 Guernsey Visa not required[262] 180 days
 Isle of Man Visa not required[262] 180 days
 Jersey Visa not required[262] 180 days
 Montserrat Visa required[263]
 Saint Helena eVisa[264]
 Turks and Caicos Visa not required [265]
United States
 American Samoa Visa required[266]
 Guam Visa required[267]
 Northern Mariana Islands Visa required[268]
 U.S. Virgin Islands Visa required[269]
 Puerto Rico Visa required[270]

Non-visa restrictions

This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions. (edit | history)

Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption. Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes.

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[271] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being valid or available.

Vaccination

Main articles: Vaccination requirements for international travel, International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, and Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic
Cover of the new International Certificate of Vaccination issued by the Bureau of Quarantine in the Philippines since 2021

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers older than nine months to one year[272] to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[273]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently or has transited for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[274][275]

Passport validity length

Very few countries, such as Paraguay, just require a valid passport on arrival.

However many countries and groupings now require only an identity card – especially from their neighbours. Other countries may have special bilateral arrangements that depart from the generality of their passport validity length policies to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[276][277] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[278]

Some countries, such as Japan,[279] Ireland and the United Kingdom,[280] require a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[281] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[282] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru,[283] Philippines,[284] Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[285]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Honduras, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except Ireland) together with Switzerland also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[286] and South Africa.

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[287] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record, while others impose restrictions depending on the type of conviction and the length of the sentence.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning them from entering the country or expelling them if they have already entered. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[288]

Israeli stamps

Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[289] Lebanon,[290] Libya,[291] Syria,[292] and Yemen[293] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.[citation needed]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Biometrics

See also: Countries applying biometrics

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to change planes rather than go landside.[294]

Fingerprinting countries/regions include Afghanistan,[295][296] Argentina,[297] Brunei, Cambodia,[298] China,[299] Ethiopia,[300] Ghana, Guinea,[301] India, Japan,[302][303] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[304] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[305] Mongolia, Saudi Arabia,[306] Singapore, South Korea,[307] Taiwan, Thailand,[308] Uganda,[309] the United Arab Emirates and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its own legislation),[310][311][312] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[313]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[314] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[315][316]

See also

References

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  310. ^ Brown, Theresa Cardinal (9 May 2016). "Biometric Entry-Exit Update: CBP Developing Land Border Process". Bipartisan Policy Center. Retrieved 25 April 2019. While a requirement for a biometric entry-exit system has been in law for over a decade, it is not yet a reality. Many reasons for the long gestating development have been documented in BPC's 2014 report Entry-Exit System: Progress, Challenges, and Outlook, including the technological, operational, and cost challenges of creating exit systems and infrastructure where none exist today. However, many critics, especially in Congress, simply accused the Department of Homeland security of dragging its feet... the major operational, logistical, and technical challenge in implementing exit capability at our ports has been the land borders. Unlike airports and seaports, the land border environment is not physically controlled, there is no means to get advance information on who is arriving, and the sheer volume of travel—both vehicular and pedestrian—creates challenges in any system to not further exacerbate delays. While biometric exit for land vehicular traffic is still in the "what if" stage, CBP is moving ahead and piloting systems and technology to use with the large population of pedestrian crossers at the U.S.-Mexico border.
  311. ^ Lipton, Eric (21 May 2013). "U.S. Quietly Monitors Foreigners' Departures at the Canadian Border". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.
  312. ^ Lipton, Eric (15 December 2006). "Administration to Drop Effort to Track if Visitors Leave". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Efforts to determine whether visitors actually leave have faltered. Departure monitoring would help officials hunt for foreigners who have not left, if necessary. Domestic security officials say, however, it would be too expensive to conduct fingerprint or facial recognition scans for land departures.
  313. ^ Campoy, Ana (17 April 2019). "The US wants to scan the faces of all air passengers leaving the country". Quartz. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  314. ^ "ICAO Document 9303: Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 9: Deployment of Biometric Identification and Electronic Storage of Data in MRTDs, 7th edition" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  315. ^ "Iris Scan Implemented at Doha International Airport". Archived from the original on 8 January 2012.
  316. ^ "Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE". SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018. The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn't the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.

Notes

  1. ^
  2. ^
  3. ^
    • Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam)
    • Lantui - Baka (China)
    • Meuang mom - Wan Pong (Myanmar)
    • Tanalaeng Dry Port - Nongkai (Thailand)
    • Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam)
    • Pakxan - Bungkan (Thailand)
    • Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam)
    • Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam)
    • Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand)
    • Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand)
    • Phoudou (Thailand)
    • Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam)
    • Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam)
    • Lalai (Vietnam)
    • Pangmone - Phayao (Thailand)
    • Daktaock - Nam Giang (Vietnam)
    • Savannakhet Airport
  4. ^
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Bokeo
  5. ^
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Khammouane
    • Bokeo
  6. ^
    • Samliemkham (Thailand and Myanmar)
    • Tanalaeng - Nongkai (Thailand)
    • Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam)
    • Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia)
    • Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand)
    • Boten - Bo han (China)
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