Uyghurs in Pakistan
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 40,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Islamabad, Karachi, Gilgit-Baltistan, Rawalpindi | |
| Languages | |
| Uyghur · Urdu · Mandarin · Punjabi · Kashmiri | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz |
| Part of a series on |
| Uyghurs |
|---|
|
Uyghurs outside of Xinjiang |
Uyghurs in Pakistan are a small community of ethnic Uyghurs who live in Pakistan that originate from Xinjiang, China.
Migration history
Some members of ethnic minorities of China, primarily Muslim Uyghurs from Xinjiang, have historically migrated to and settled in the northern parts of Pakistan.[1] The earliest migrants, numbering in the thousands, came in as traders during the late 19th and early 20th centuries when the area that is Pakistan was still under British rule. Most of these Uyghurs used to have warehouses and residences in towns in the North and in parts of upper Punjab and used to travel between Kashgar and Yarkand and these places, regularly.[citation needed] Others came in the 1940s in fear of communist persecution.[2] A few hundred more fled to Pakistan in the aftermath of a failed uprising in Khotan in 1954.[3] Later waves of migration came in 1963 and again in 1974.[4] Some Pakistani descendants who previously lived in Xinjiang, especially at Kashgar, have also moved back to Pakistan with their Uyghur spouses.[5][6][7]
Beginning in the 1980s, Pakistan began to become a major transit point for Uyghurs going on the hajj; the temporary Uyghur settlements that formed there became the focal points of later, more permanent communities, as Uyghurs returning from their pilgrimage or from further studies at schools in Egypt and Saudi Arabia decided to settle down in Pakistan rather than return to China.[8] As of 2020[update], community leaders estimated their total numbers at 2,000[9] to 3,000 people, with 800 at Gilgit, another 2,000 at Rawalpindi, 100 at the border town of Sust on the Karakoram Highway and the remainder scattered throughout the rest of the country.[1]
Social integration
China is suspicious of the Uyghur community in Pakistan, generally viewing them as supporters of the East Turkestan independence movement. Pakistan has given them a friendly reception, but shows a cool attitude towards any promotion of separatism.[10] China claims that members of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement have taken refuge in Lahore.[4] In 1997, fourteen Uyghur students with Chinese nationality studying in Pakistan were deported back to China after they organised a sympathy protest in support of riots in Ghulja; Amnesty International claims that they were executed.[11] In 2009, another nine Uyghurs captured in Waziristan were extradited to China.[12] As of 2015, the Pakistani government asserted that Uyghur militants were no longer present in the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan.[13] However, some sources claim that there still exist suspicious Uyghur groups, mostly young militant students, hidden by the Pakistani authorities, in Mansehra District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and in parts of Rawalpindi city, Punjab.[14]
Many Uyghurs in Pakistan run small businesses.[2] In recent years, they have moved into the import-export field, buying Chinese ceramics, textiles, and other products from Xinjiang for resale in Pakistan.[15] The Uyghur community are usually well-integrated into Pakistani society. Intermarriage is common now, and most prefer to speak Urdu rather than Uyghur.[2]
Community organisations
Omar Uyghur Trust
Omar and Akbar Khan, two Uyghur brothers in Pakistan, set up a cultural organisation, the Omar Uyghur Trust, to educate their community's children in the Uyghur language and culture.[16] The group's organisers claim that the Chinese government has exerted diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to shut them down, and in late 2009 harassed one Uyghur with Pakistani citizenship during his trip to China in an attempt to get him to spy on the group.[17] In April 2010, the founders fled from police in the aftermath of a raid which saw their parents and two younger brothers detained. Again, they did not blame the Pakistani government for the situation, but attributed the action to pressure from the Chinese government.[16] There is also a Chinese Overseas Association which represents Pakistani Uyghurs.[18]
Guesthouses
Pakistan also used to have a number of Uyghur community reception centres.[19] Kashgarabad, located in Islamabad, was run by wealthy Uyghur traders. Anwar ul-Ulum Abu Hanifa Madrassah was run by a man named Sheikh Serajuddin in Rawalpindi.[20] A third, Hotanabad, was also located near Islamabad.[19] Hotanabad was shut down in December 2000, a situation which the Uyghur American Association also attributes to pressure from China, which expressed concerns about these centers of facilitating recruitment for extremism against Beijing.[11] Kashgarabad and Hotanabad both suffered another shutdown in 2006.[19]
Terrorism
A number of Uyghurs residing in Pakistan; especially remote northwestern mountainous tribal areas have been engaged in militancy and carrying out terrorist attacks on military and civilian targets.[21]
Notable people
- Abdul Rasul, Pakistani citizen of Uyghur ethnicity, leader of the Asian Muslims Human Rights Bureau.[22][23]
- Hakim Said, Pakistani herbalist.[24]
- Sadia Rashid, Pakistani academic.[25]
See also
References
- ^ a b Sun, Jincheng (19 July 2009), "巴基斯坦维族华人领袖：新疆维族人过得比我们好/Pakistan Uyghur leader: Xinjiang Uyghurs live better than us", Global Times Chinese Edition, retrieved 14 September 2009
- ^ a b c Rahman 2005, p. 60
- ^ Rahman 2005, p. 50
- ^ a b Ali, Wajahat (29 May 2004), "China says terrorists from Xinjiang hiding in Pakistan", Daily Times, retrieved 25 March 2009
- ^ "From Uyghurs to Kashgari: A Pakistani community finds itself caught between two worlds", The Diplomat, 20 December 2013, retrieved 15 May 2015
- ^ Hadid, Diaa (15 November 2018). "'My Family Has Been Broken': Pakistanis Fear For Uighur Wives Held In China". NPR. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ "China frees 'lost' Uighur wives but at a price, families say". Bangkok Post. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ Haider 2005, pp. 525–6
- ^ Liuhto, Maija (15 January 2019). "'China is after us': Uighurs in Pakistan report intimidation". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ Haider 2005, p. 526
- ^ a b Haider 2005, p. 535
- ^ "Nine Uyghur militants extradited to China", The Daily Mail, Pakistan, 28 April 2009, retrieved 11 May 2010
- ^ "Uighur militants eliminated from Pakistani territory: Asif". The Express Tribune. 18 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ AFP Special Report of 19th October 2015
- ^ "巴基斯坦北部华裔维吾尔人/Uyghurs of China in Northern Pakistan", Broadcasting Corporation of China, 23 February 2009, retrieved 26 July 2009
- ^ a b Shohret Hoshur; Shemshidin, Zubeyra (6 April 2010), "Pakistan Uyghurs in Hiding: Brothers blame raids and arrests on pressure from China", Radio Free Asia, retrieved 11 May 2010
- ^ "Uyghur pressed to spy", Radio Free Asia, 2 December 2009, retrieved 4 January 2010
- ^ "How the Uighurs keep their culture alive in Pakistan". BBC Urdu. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ a b c "EDITORIAL: Uighur terrorism in Pakistan", Daily Times (Pakistan), 27 June 2006, retrieved 29 April 2010
- ^ Starr 2004, p. 144
- ^ "From his Pakistan hideout, Uighur leader vows revenge on China". Saud Mehsud, Maria Golovnina. Reuters.
- ^ B. Raman (22 December 1998), Osama bin Laden: Rumblings in Afghanistan, South Asia Analysis Group, archived from the original on 13 June 2010, retrieved 26 June 2009
- ^ B. Raman (14 March 1999), Continuing unrest in Xinjiang: An Update, South Asia Analysis Group, archived from the original on 14 June 2011, retrieved 26 June 2009
- ^ Baruah, Amit (6 August 2007). Dateline Islamabad. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9780143102465 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Promoting Japanese culture: Japan confers prestigious award on Hamdard chief". 3 February 2019.
- Sources
- Haider, Ziad (2005), "Sino-Pakistan relations and Xinjiang's Uyghurs: Politics, Trade, and Islam along the Karakoram Highway" (PDF), Asian Survey, 45 (4): 522–545, doi:10.1525/as.2005.45.4.522, archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2012
- Rahman, Anwar (2005), Sinicization beyond the Great Wall: China's Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, Troubador Publishing, ISBN 978-1-904744-88-7
- Starr, S. Frederick (2004), Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-7656-1318-9
- "Displaced dreams: Uighur families have no place to call home in G-B", The Express Tribune, 21 May 2015, retrieved 21 May 2015
Further reading
- "Uighur militants eliminated from Pakistani territory: Asif". The Express Tribune. Reuters.
- "Pakistan says has eliminated Uighur militants from territory". Samaa TV. Reuters.