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Geography of the Dominican Republic

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Geography of Dominican Republic
ContinentNorth America
RegionCaribbean
Greater Antilles
Coordinates19°00' N 70°40' W
AreaRanked 131st
 • Total48,670 km2 (18,790 sq mi)
 • Land99.2%
 • Water0.8%
Coastline1,288 km (800 mi)
BordersTotal land borders: 275 km
Highest pointPico Duarte
3,098 m
Lowest pointLake Enriquillo
-46 m
Longest riverYaque del Norte River
Largest lakeLake Enriquillo
Exclusive economic zone255,898 km2 (98,803 sq mi)

The Dominican Republic is a country in the Caribbean that occupies the eastern five-eighths of Hispaniola. It has an area of 48,670 km2, including offshore islands. The land border shared with Haiti, which occupies the rest of Hispaniola,[1][2] is 376 km long.[3] The maximum length, east to west, is 390 km from Punta de Agua to Las Lajas, on the border with Haiti. The maximum width, north to south, is 265 km from Cape Isabela to Cape Beata.[4] The capital, Santo Domingo, is located on the south coast.

The Dominican Republic's shores are washed by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the Caribbean Sea to the south. The Mona Passage, a channel about 130 km wide, separates the country (and Hispaniola) from Puerto Rico.[5] The country enjoys typical tropical weather.

The country has 10.8 million inhabitants (2020), of which approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo. Since the end of the 1990s, the country has had significant economic growth, mainly due to revenues from tourism. The Dominican Republic is the most visited destination in the Caribbean.[6] The United States is the country's most important trading partner. The official language of the country is Spanish and English, French, Haitian, Jewish, Chinese and Japanese as minority languages.

Physical features

Cordillera Central

The Dominican Republic is a country with many mountains, and the highest peaks of the West Indies are found here. The chains of mountains show a direction northwest–southeast, except in the Southern peninsula (in Haiti) where they have a direction west–east. The mountains are separated by valleys with the same general direction.

From north to south, the mountain ranges and valleys are:[7]

  • Cordillera Septentrional (in English, "Northern Range"). It runs parallel to the north coast, with extensions to the northwest, the Tortuga Island, and to the southeast, the Samaná Peninsula (with its Sierra de Samaná). Its highest mountain is Diego de Ocampo, close to Santiago, with 1,249 m. There are several small plains between this range and the Atlantic Ocean. Rivers are short and most of them flow to the north.
  • The Cibao Valley (Dominican Republic) is the largest and the most important valley of the country. This long valley stretches from North Haiti, where is called Plaine du Nord, to Samaná Bay. It can be divided in two sections: the northwestern part is the Yaque del Norte Valley (or Línea Noroeste) and the eastern Yuna Valley (or Vega Real, English: Royal Valley). The Vega Real is the most fertile area in the country, with a high population density.
  • The Cordillera Central (also called Sierra del Cibao) is the island's most rugged and imposing feature and is known in Haiti as the Massif du Nord ("Northern Massif"). The highest mountains of the West Indies are in this range: Pico Duarte, 3,098 m, and others above 3,000 m. Near the center of the island, this range turns southward and is called Sierra de Ocoa, finishing near the city of Azua de Compostela, on the Caribbean coast. Another branch, Cordillera Oriental or Sierra del Seibo, is separated from the main chain by a karstic region (Los Haitises) and with a west–east direction; it is located south of Samaná Bay.
  • The San Juan Valley and Plain of Azua are big valleys south of the Cordillera Central with altitude from 0 to 600 m.
  • The Sierra de Neiba, with Mount Neiba the highest mountain with 2,279 m. An extension to the southeast of Sierra de Neiba is the Sierra Martín García (Loma Busú, 1,350 m).
  • The Hoya de Enriquillo or Neiba Valley is a remarkable valley, with a west–east direction, of low altitude (on average 50 m with some points below sea level) and with a great salt lake: the Enriquillo Lake.
  • The Sierra de Bahoruco, called Massif de la Selle in Haiti. This southern group of mountains have a geology very different from the rest of the island.
  • Llano Costero del Caribe (in English, "Caribbean Coastal Plain") is in the southeast of the island (and of the Dominican Republic). It is a large prairie east of Santo Domingo.
A beach in the Samana province

Climate

Köppen climate types of the Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic is a tropical, maritime nation. Owing to its diverse mountainous topography the country's climate shows considerable variation for its size, and has the most diverse climate zones of all the Caribbean islands. Conditions are ameliorated in many areas by elevation and by the northeast trade winds, which blow steadily from the Atlantic all year long. The annual mean temperature is 25 °C (77 °F); regional mean temperatures range from 18 °C (64.4 °F) in the heart of the Cordillera Central (Constanza) to as high as 27 °C (80.6 °F) in arid regions. Temperatures rarely rise above 32 °C (89.6 °F), and freezing temperatures only occur in winter in the highest mountains. The average temperature in Santo Domingo in January is 24 °C (75.2 °F), and 27 °C (80.6 °F) in July.

The rain season for the northern coast is from November to January. For the rest of the country, the rain season is from May to November. The average annual rainfall is 1,346 mm (53.0 in), with extremes of 2,500 mm (98.4 in) or more in the mountainous northeast (the windward side of the island) and 500 mm (19.7 in) in the southwestern valleys. The western valleys, along the Haitian border, remain relatively dry, with less than 760 mm (29.9 in) of annual precipitation, due to the rain shadow effect caused by the central and northern mountain ranges. The northwestern and southeastern extremes of the country are also arid.

The Dominican Republic is located in the tropical climate belt and also has typical tropical weather. Evenly warm all year round with an average temperature of 25 °C. It happens all year round that a cyclone runs across the country and there are heavy rain showers, hail, floats, hurricanes and sometimes also thunderstorms in the summer months on the whole island of Hispaniola, both in the Dominican Republic and in Haiti and in the winter period in the north areas, in the mountains and in the valleys some snow may come but due to the high temperatures the snow melts away very quickly again and but mostly in the winter period and in northern areas, the mountains and in the valleys it can well past to other rain really much with hail and or thunderstorms throughout the island of Hispaniola, both in the Dominican Republic and in Haiti. [8][9][10] There is colder and more rainfall in the mountains, while the valleys and especially the eastern part does not get near as much precipitation. The precipitation and geography are favorable for soil cultivation and therefore approx. 2/3 of the area for agriculture. In the drier regions, agricultural land occurs as grazing areas. The Artibonite River originates in the Dominican Republic and flows through Haiti into the Gonâve Bay.

The Dominican Republic is occasionally damaged by tropical storms and hurricanes, which originate in the mid-Atlantic and southeastern Caribbean from June until November (mainly from August to October) each year.

Climate data for Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (1971-2000, extremes 1909-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.4
(93.9) 		33.9
(93.0) 		36.0
(96.8) 		37.0
(98.6) 		39.5
(103.1) 		37.2
(99.0) 		37.8
(100.0) 		38.8
(101.8) 		36.7
(98.1) 		38.8
(101.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		33.5
(92.3) 		39.5
(103.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.4
(84.9) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.3
(86.5) 		30.6
(87.1) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.3
(88.3) 		30.8
(87.4) 		29.8
(85.6) 		30.6
(87.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 24.7
(76.5) 		24.6
(76.3) 		25.1
(77.2) 		25.8
(78.4) 		26.5
(79.7) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.3
(81.1) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.3
(79.3) 		25.2
(77.4) 		26.2
(79.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.0
(68.0) 		19.9
(67.8) 		20.5
(68.9) 		21.4
(70.5) 		22.5
(72.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.0
(73.4) 		23.0
(73.4) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		20.6
(69.1) 		21.8
(71.2)
Record low °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		13.3
(55.9) 		15.5
(59.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.0
(64.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.0
(62.6) 		17.0
(62.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		11.0
(51.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 74.5
(2.93) 		67.9
(2.67) 		61.9
(2.44) 		72.1
(2.84) 		176.6
(6.95) 		116.4
(4.58) 		131.2
(5.17) 		178.1
(7.01) 		208.7
(8.22) 		186.2
(7.33) 		132.5
(5.22) 		82.9
(3.26) 		1,489
(58.62)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.3 6.8 7.0 6.5 10.5 9.3 10.8 11.5 12.1 12.5 10.7 9.1 115.1
Average relative humidity (%) 82.0 81.1 80.1 79.4 82.2 82.2 82.2 83.3 84.0 84.8 84.0 82.6 82.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 239.7 229.6 253.4 248.8 233.9 232.3 225.9 231.6 219.9 230.7 227.5 224.1 2,797.4
Source 1: ONAMET[11]
Source 2: Diario Libre (May record high, and record lows for January and February),[12] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[13]
Climate data for Santiago de los Caballeros (1971-2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.4
(93.9) 		34.7
(94.5) 		35.8
(96.4) 		36.0
(96.8) 		36.0
(96.8) 		36.7
(98.1) 		36.6
(97.9) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.5
(97.7) 		39.8
(103.6) 		34.7
(94.5) 		39.8
(103.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.9
(84.0) 		29.4
(84.9) 		30.4
(86.7) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.9
(89.4) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.1
(91.6) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.1
(91.6) 		32.4
(90.3) 		30.5
(86.9) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.3
(88.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 23.7
(74.7) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		26.6
(79.9) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.0
(80.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		26.0
(78.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.5
(65.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		19.3
(66.7) 		20.2
(68.4) 		21.4
(70.5) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.5
(68.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		20.7
(69.3)
Record low °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		12.5
(54.5) 		12.7
(54.9) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.5
(65.3) 		17.0
(62.6) 		17.6
(63.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		17.5
(63.5) 		15.0
(59.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		11.2
(52.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 55.0
(2.17) 		42.3
(1.67) 		61.9
(2.44) 		109.3
(4.30) 		133.1
(5.24) 		63.7
(2.51) 		48.1
(1.89) 		71.9
(2.83) 		85.3
(3.36) 		112.4
(4.43) 		94.4
(3.72) 		68.2
(2.69) 		945.6
(37.25)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.0 6.5 6.0 8.0 9.6 5.3 6.8 7.4 7.9 9.3 9.6 9.6 94
Average relative humidity (%) 77.2 75.1 71.6 71.5 73.5 71.0 70.5 71.5 73.4 75.4 78.4 78.5 74.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 224.1 202.2 245.2 236.9 242.7 245.9 255.1 262.8 234.5 235.4 212.2 205.1 2,802.1
Source: ONAMET[14]

Islands

Caribbean maritime boundaries.

There are several smaller islands and cays that are part of the Dominican territory. The largest islands are:

  1. Saona, close to the southeastern coast of the Hispaniola, in the Caribbean Sea. It has an area of 117 km2.[4] Its Taíno name was Iai [15] or Adamanay. Columbus named this island as Savona after the Italian city of the same name but the use during years has eliminated the letter v.
  2. Beata, in the southern coast of the Hispaniola, in the Caribbean Sea. It has an area of 27 km2.[4] Its Taíno name is unknown. Columbus named this island as Madama Beata.
  3. Catalina, very close to the southeastern coast of the Hispaniola, in the Caribbean Sea. It has an area of 9.6 km2.[4] Its Taíno name was Iabanea[15] but some writers, including poets, say that it was called Toeya or Toella. It was visited by Columbus who named it Santa Catalina.

Mountains, hills and valleys

Topographic map of the Dominican Republic
Topography of Hispaniola
Dominican Republic Satellite Image

The Dominican Republic extends beyond two-thirds of the island Hispaniola. It is a mountain rich island with high forested mountains. There are 22 smaller mountain ranges on the island, Cordillera Septentrional, Cordillera Central, Cerro El Muerto, Loma del Muerto, Loma de los Muertos, Jornada del Muerto, Mount Isabel de Torres, Montaña Redonda, El Morro de Montecristi, Loma Del Gallo, Montañas del Cibao, Macizo de Tierra Nueva, (Pico la Selle "Morne La Selle"), Pic la Selle, (Massif de la Selle, Chaîne de la Selle), Monte del Cibao, Sierra Martín García, Sierra de Yamasá, Sierra de Samaná, San Juan de la Maguana and Loma De La Viuda (mountain), Firme del Medio, Loma Caracol, Laguna Limón, Monte Redondov and Sierra de Bahoruco. La Pelona, Loma La Rucilla and Yaque some of the largest mountain. The highest mountain is Pico Duarte in the Cordillera Central. Between the chains lie deep, fertile valleys e, which are well supplied with water from the mountains. The entire eastern part is a lower, drier part. The water surface of Saltwater Lake a Lago de Enriquillo, which is 40 meters below sea level, is also the lowest point in the Caribbean Islands and Lake Enriquillo is a hyperdaline lake in the Dominican Republic, located in the southwestern part of the country. Its waters are divided between the provinces of Bahoruco and Independencia, the latter bordering Haiti. Lake Enriquillo is the largest lake in both the Dominican Republic and Hispaniola as well as the entire Caribbean and Lake Enriquillo is home to saltwater crocodiles, iguanas, flamingos and many other animals.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]

Rivers, streams, waterfalls and lakes

Yaque del Norte river.
Oviedo Lake in Pedernales.

The 8 longest rivers of the Dominican Republic are:[27]

  1. Yaque del Norte. At 296 km, it is the longest river in the Dominican Republic. Its sources are in the Cordillera Central and flows to the Atlantic Ocean. Its watershed has an area of 7,044 km2.
  2. Yuna. It is 185 km long. Its sources are in the Cordillera Central and flows to the east into Samaná Bay. Its watershed has an area of 5,498 km2.
  3. Yaque del Sur. It is 183 km long and its sources are in the Cordillera Central. It flows to the south into the Caribbean Sea. Its watershed has an area of 4,972 km2.
  4. Ozama. It is 148 km long. Its sources are in Sierra de Yamasá (a branch of the Cordillera Central). It flows into the Caribbean Sea. Its watershed has an area of 2,685 km2.
  5. Camú. It is 137 km long. Its sources are in the Cordillera Central and flows into the Yuna River. Its watershed has 2,655 km2.
  6. Nizao. It is 133 km long. Its sources are in the Cordillera Central and flows to the south into the Caribbean Sea. Its watershed has an area of 974 km2.
  7. San Juan. It is 121 km long. Its sources are in the Cordillera Central and flows to the south into the Yaque del Sur River. Its watershed has an area of 2,005 km2.
  8. Mao. It is 105 km long. Its sources are in the Cordillera Central and flows to the north into the Yaque del Norte River. Its watershed has an area of 864 km2.
  9. Río Cuarón. It is a stream in Dominican Republic. Río Cuarón is situated southwest of Río Cedro, and north of Arroyo Las Lisas.
  10. Arroyo Fortunato. It is a stream in Dominican Republic and has an elevation of 12 metres. Arroyo Fortunato is situated nearby to Arroyo Las Lisas, and northeast of Arroyo Chiquito.
  11. Puerto Limón. It is a bight in Dominican Republic. Puerto Limón is situated nearby to Río Cedro, and west of Punta Limón.
  12. Arroyo Las Lisas. It is an intermittent stream in Dominican Republic and has an elevation of 15 metres. Arroyo Las Lisas is situated nearby to Arroyo Fortunato, and north of Arroyo Chiquito.
  13. Río Cedro. It is a stream in Dominican Republic. Río Cedro is situated nearby to Puerto Limón, and northeast of Río Cuarón.
  14. Arroyo Chiquito. It is a stream in Dominican Republic and has an elevation of 16 metres. Arroyo Chiquito is situated southwest of Arroyo Fortunato, and east of Loma Caracol.
  15. Ciénaga de Cuarón. It is a marsh in Dominican Republic. Ciénaga de Cuarón is situated nearby to Arroyo Juana, and close to Arroyo Anón.
  16. Arroyo Juana. It is a stream in Dominican Republic. Arroyo Juana is situated nearby to Ciénaga de Cuarón, and close to Arroyo Anón.
  17. Arroyo La Majagua. It is a stream in Dominican Republic and has an elevation of 15 metres. Arroyo La Majagua is situated nearby to Arroyo Caracol, and close to Arroyo Fortuna.
  18. Caño Caracol. It is a stream in Dominican Republic and has an elevation of 15 metres. Caño Caracol is situated nearby to Arroyo Caracol, and north of Loma Caracol.

The Artibonite River is the longest river of the island, but only 68 km flows through the Dominican Republic.

The largest lake of Hispaniola, and of the Caribbean, is Lake Enriquillo. It is located in the Hoya de Enriquillo with an area of 265 km2. There are three small islands within the lake. It is around 40 meters below sea level, and is a (hypersaline lake, saltwater lake), with a higher concentration of salt than seawater.

Other lakes are Rincón (fresh water, area of 28.2 km2), Oviedo (brackish water, area of 28 km2), Redonda, and Limón.

Flora and fauna

Fauna

Some of the prominent birds in the reserve are cuca hispaniolan amazon, hispaniolan parakeet, limpkin (Aramus guarana elecus), red-tailed quail and endangered red-collared sparrow and hispaniolan plaice (Melanerpes striatus). In addition to these, otherOther species include Antillian euphonia, black-faced grassquit, Hispaniolan spindalis, yellow-throated, black-throated bluebird and black-throated greenbird, Cape May singer, golden swallow, Hispaniolan emerald, Hispaniolan trogon, white collar, common pigeon, hawk with sharp shin , eastern chat-tanager, the Hispaniolan night-earthquake (Antrostomus ekmani) and greater Antillean elaenia here are some of the ugly species that live throughout the island (Dominican Republic and Haiti, Hispaniola).[28]

Birds

Mammals, arthropods, amphibians, fish and reptiles

The mammals, arthropods, amphibians, fish and reptiles that species that lives in (Dominican Republic and Haiti, Hispaniola). List of mammals of the Dominican Republic and List of mammals of Haiti and List of amphibians of Hispaniola and Environment of Haiti and Draft:List of reptiles of Hispaniola and Wildlife of Haiti.

List of fishs of Hispaniola

Plants

The plants that are found in (Dominican Republic and Haiti, Hispaniola). Flora of the Dominican Republic, List of palms native to the Caribbean, List of near threatened plants, List of Agave species and List of trees of the Caribbean.

Also extremely important are the rarely mentioned species of Pinguicula casabitoana (a carnivorous plant), Gonocalyx tetraptera, Gesneria sylvicola, Lyonia alaini and Myrcia saliana, as well as palo de viento (Didymopanax tremulus), jaiqui (Bumelia salicifolia), pino criciolio) (pino criciol) , sangre de pollo (Mecranium amigdalinum) and palo santo (Alpinia speciosa).

According to reports in the Dominican Republic and Haiti, the flora in this naturally protected area consists of 621 species of vascular plants, of which 153 are highly endemic to La Hispaniola. The most prominent endemic species of flora that abound in the area are Ebano Verde (green ebony), Magnolia pallescens, a highly endangered hardwood.

Statistics

Satellite view of Dominican Republic.
Location
Caribbean, it occupies five-eighths of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Haiti
Geographic coordinates
19°00′N 70°40′W / 19.000°N 70.667°W / 19.000; -70.667
Area
  • Total: 48,670 km²
  • Land: 48,320 km²
  • Water: 350 km²
Land boundaries
  • Total: 376 km
  • Border countries: Haiti 360 km (223.7 mi)
Coastline
1,288 km
Maritime claims
  • Territorial sea: 6 nmi (11.1 km; 6.9 mi)
  • Contiguous zone: 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)
  • Exclusive economic zone: 255,898 km2 (98,803 sq mi) with 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
  • Continental shelf: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate
Tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
Rivers
Significant rivers include the Jimani River, Río Yaque del Norte, Río Jamao del Norte, Río Isabela and the Ozama River
Topography map of Hispaniola
Terrain
Rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed
Elevation extremes
Natural resources
Nickel, bauxite, gold, silver
Land use
  • Arable land: 16.56%
  • Permanent crops: 10.35%
  • Other: 73.10% (2012 est.)
Irrigated land
3,241 km² (2018)
Total renewable water resources
21 km3 (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)
  • total: 5.47 km3/yr (26%/1%/72%)
  • per capita: 574.2 m3/yr (2005)
Natural hazards
Lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues
Water shortages; soil eroding into the sea damages coral reefs; deforestation; damage caused by Hurricane Georges
Environment - international agreements
Geography - note
Shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (eastern five-eighths is the Dominican Republic, western three-eighths is Haiti)[1][2]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Dardik, Alan, ed. (2016). Vascular Surgery: A Global Perspective. Springer. p. 341. ISBN 9783319337456. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  2. ^ a b Josh, Jagran, ed. (2016). "Current Affairs November 2016 eBook". p. 93. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  3. ^ "CIA World Factbook: Haiti". 24 May 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d De la Fuente, Santiago (1976). Geografía Dominicana. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Editora Colegial Quisqueyana. pp. 90–92.
  5. ^ "Dominican Republic| History, Geography, & Culture". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  6. ^ UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2018 Edition | World Tourism Organization. 2018. doi:10.18111/9789284419876. ISBN 9789284419876. S2CID 240334031.
  7. ^ Butterlin, Jacques (1977). Géologie Structural de la Région des Caraïbes (in French). Paris: Masson. pp. 110–111. ISBN 2-225-44979-1.
  8. ^ "¿Nieve en República Dominicana?Estas fotos son del Caribe, no es broma [VIDEO]". 22 January 2017.
  9. ^ https://lodehoyrd.com/increible-cae-nieve-en-constanza-republica-dominicana/
  10. ^ https://www. telemundo47.com/noticias/local/ver-para-creer-epica-nevada-en-pleno-caribe/3224/?amp
  11. ^ "Datos climatológicos normales y extremos 71-2000 estaciones Sinópticas - tercer trimestre 2019" (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Meteorología. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  12. ^ Mejía, Mariela (7 January 2011). "Frío extremo, calor agobiante" (in Spanish). Diario Libre. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  13. ^ "Station Santo Domingo" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  14. ^ "Datos climatológicos normales y extremos 71-2000 estaciones Sinópticas - tercer trimestre 2019" (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Meteorología. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  15. ^ a b As shown in a map made by Andrés Morales in 1508 and published in 1516. In Vega, Bernardo (1989). Los Cacicazgos de la Hispaniola. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Museo del Hombre Dominicano. p. 88.
  16. ^ "República Dominicana Lago Enriquillo guía muestra la boca de cuatro días de edad el cocodrilo de agua salada Fotografía de stock - Alamy".
  17. ^ "Caimanes de agua salada en el Lago Enriquillo - República Dominicana - Ser Turista". 12 December 2011.
  18. ^ "República Dominicana - Lista de reptiles".
  19. ^ "COCODRILOS DE AGUA SALADA en REPúBLICA DOMINICANA".
  20. ^ "Cocodrilo Americano | American Crocodile | Crocodylus Acutus". 10 July 2021.
  21. ^ "Un cocodrilo pasó cinco años con neumático en el cuello". 9 February 2022.
  22. ^ "Peligra la fauna en el lago Enriquillo".
  23. ^ "¿Cocodrilos o caimanes?".
  24. ^ "Lo que no sabías de los Cocodrilos que habitan en el Lago Enriquillo". Turismoverde. 3 April 2015.
  25. ^ https://do.municipiosaldia.com/suroeste/enriquillo/bahoruco/item/18515-denuncia-pescadores-estan-acabando-con-cocodrilos-e-iguanas-del-lago-enriquillo%E2%80%8F
  26. ^ "Lo que no sabías de los Cocodrilos que habitan en el Lago Enriquillo. – Turismoverde".
  27. ^ De la Fuente, Santiago (1976). Geografía Dominicana. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Editora Colegial Quisqueyana. pp. 110–114.
  28. ^ "Ebano Verde Reserve".
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