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Comparison of video container formats

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These tables compare features of multimedia container formats, most often used for storing or streaming digital video or digital audio content. To see which multimedia players support which container format, look at comparison of media players.

General information

Containers related by derivation

In many ways, derived containers are similar to those on which they are based, sometimes extending them, sometimes limiting their capabilities.

General information about video container formats
Format Filename extension Owner or creator Initial release License[a] VBR audio VFR Hardware players Streaming[A] Metadata[B] Chapters Attachments[C] Interactive menus 3D[D][3]
Matroska .mkv, .mk3d[E] CoreCodec[F] 2002-12-06 Freely licensed[G] Yes[H] Yes[H] Yes[I] Yes[J] Yes[13] Yes[14] Yes[15] Planned[16] Yes[15]
MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4) .mp4, m4v[K] MPEG 2001-10 Patent encumbered[17] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Not standard[L] Yes Yes Only at video format level
QuickTime File Format (QTFF) .mov, .qt Apple Inc. 1991-12-02 Proprietary[20] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Not standard
Advanced Systems Format (ASF) .asf, .wmv[M] Microsoft 1996-09-16 Royalties on codecs[N] Yes Yes Yes Yes[22] Yes Yes No No Not standard
Audio Video Interleave (AVI) .avi Microsoft 1992-11-10 Proprietary[23] Yes[O] Yes[P] Yes No Yes Needs alterations No No No
Material Exchange Format (MXF) .mxf SMPTE 2004-09-22 Patent-free[24] Yes Yes No Yes[24] Yes No No No Yes[25]
MPEG program stream (PS) .m2p, .ps[Q] MPEG 1993-08 Patent-free[26] Yes Yes[R] Yes No No No No No No
MPEG transport stream (TS) .ts, .tsv[S][Q] MPEG 1995-07-10 Patent-free[26] Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream (M2TS) .m2ts, .mts BDA 2004-08 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes With DVB[28] Needs multiple files[T] Needs multiple files[U] Needs multiple files[V] Yes Needs multiple files[W]
Video Object (VOB) .vob DVD Forum 1996-11-01 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes No No Needs multiple files[X] No Needs multiple files[X] No
Enhanced VOB (EVO) .evo DVD Forum 2006-03-31 Patent encumbered[29] Yes Yes Yes No No Needs multiple files[Y] No Yes No
3GPP (3GP) .3gp 3GPP 2003-04-04 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes Yes[31] Yes No No No No
3GPP2 (3G2) .3g2 3GPP2 2004-01 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No
Flash Video (F4V) .f4v[Z] Adobe Inc. 2007-12-03 Patent encumbered Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[32] No No No
Flash Video (FLV) .flv Adobe Inc. 2003-09-10 Proprietary[33] Yes[AA] Yes Yes With RTMP Yes Yes[32] No No No
Ogg .ogv, .ogx[AB] Xiph.Org 2003-05 Open source[38] Yes Yes Yes Yes[39] Yes[40] As Vorbis comments[AC] No No No
WebM .webm Google 2010-05-18 Royalty-free[42] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[43] Yes[43] No[43] No[43] Yes[AD]
RealMedia Variable Bitrate (RMVB) .rmvb RealNetworks 2003 Proprietary Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[44] No No No No
DivX Media Format (DMF) .divx DivX, Inc. 2005-06-15 Proprietary Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No
  1. ^ Indicates if the container can be used for a container bitstream, for example, for use as an RTP payload format. Some technologies, such as WebRTC, do not use any container formats for streaming. Some use fragmented MP4 (fMP4) or MPEG-TS segment files, such as HLS and MPEG-DASH.[2]
  2. ^ Tags.
  3. ^ Attachments are additional files, such as fonts for subtitles.
  4. ^ Container format level.
  5. ^ Also .mka for content that is primarily audio or .mks for subtitles only.[4]
  6. ^ Although CoreCodec, Inc. holds the copyrights and trademarks for the Matroska specification, the specifications are open to everybody. The source code of the libraries developed by the Matroska team is licensed under the LGPL and BSD licenses.
  7. ^ Anyone can use it or modify it for their own needs without paying any license or patents.[5][6]
  8. ^ a b Matroska is designed to store VBR and VFR content.[7]
  9. ^ Companies producing Matroska-supporting hardware include Asus,[8] OPPO Digital,[9] Samsung,[10] and LG[11]
  10. ^ Matroska can be streamed over HTTP and RTP/RTSP, through it is not meant to be streamed over RTP, as the two have duplicate features.[12]
  11. ^ Also .m4a, .m4b or .m4p for audio-only content.
  12. ^ There are two popular representations: text track (QuickTime), and userdata atom (Nero).[18][19]
  13. ^ Also .wma for audio-only content.
  14. ^ License required from manufacturers or developers of codecs, but no license fees for the distribution of content.[21]
  15. ^ ACM cannot handle VBR audio streams in AVI files. Thus, software using ACM to read audio from AVI files will not be able to handle VBR audio streams correctly, even though such files are compliant to the AVI file specification. This is a limitation of the ACM, not of the AVI file format.
  16. ^ Although AVI is not designed for variable framerates, it is possible to use them without creating a non-standard file by using 0-byte chunks for skipped frames. However, it requires the framerate to be set to the least common multiple of all framerates used, and produces slight overhead compared to true VFR.
  17. ^ a b The following extensions are also often used for an MPEG program or a transport stream: .mpg, .mpeg, .mpv, .m1v; also .mpa, .mp3, .mp2, .mp1, .m2a or .m1a for audio-only content.
  18. ^ MPEG-2 Part 1 specification,[27] p. 64, sec. 2.6.3.
  19. ^ Also .tsa for audio-only content.
  20. ^ Blu-ray adopts a specific file structure. Simple title metadata are stored in the /BMDV/index.bdmv file.
  21. ^ Blu-ray adopts a specific file structure. Chapters require a companion .mpls file in the /BDMV/PLAYLIST/ directory.
  22. ^ Blu-ray adopts a specific file structure. Fonts for subtitles .otf files in the /BDMV/AUXDATA/ directory.
  23. ^ Blu-ray 3D adopts a specific file structure to encode stereoscopic video. MVC stereoscopic data is in .ssif files in the /BDMV/STREAM/SSIF/ directory and require a respective base .m2ts file.
  24. ^ a b VOB adopts a specific file structure to encode DVD content. Chapters and menus require a companion .ifo file.
  25. ^ EVO adopts a specific file structure to encode HD DVD content. Chapters require companion .xpl file.[30]
  26. ^ Also .f4a, .f4b and .f4p for audio-only content.
  27. ^ Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[34] p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[35] p. 188.
  28. ^ Also .oga, .ogg or .opus for audio-only content.[36][37]
  29. ^ Chapters stored as Vorbis comments[41] are well supported by common tools such as FFmpeg and VLC.
  30. ^ Some stereo modes are supported.[43]

Some common multimedia file formats are not completely distinct container formats. Some are containers for specific audio and video coding formats, such as WebM, a subset of Matroska. Some are combinations of common container formats and audio and video coding profiles, such as AVCHD and DivX formats. Although sometimes compared to DivX products, Xvid is neither a container format nor a video format, it is a software library that encodes video using specific coding profiles of the common MPEG-4 ASP video format. Those types of restrictions are intended to simplify the construction of multimedia recorders and players.

Video coding formats support

See also: Comparison of video codecs
Video container support for video coding formats
Format Type License[a] MKV MP4[45] QTFF[46] ASF[47] AVI[b] MXF PS, TS[I] M2TS VOB EVO 3GP, 3G2 F4V FLV[II] Ogg[c] WebM[43]
MPEG-H HEVC Lossy or lossless Patent encumbered[53] Yes[III] Yes Yes[56] Yes Yes Yes[57] Yes No No No Yes No No No No
MPEG-4 AVC Lossy or lossless Patent encumbered[58] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[IV] Yes Yes[59] Yes No Yes Yes Yes Not standard No No
AV1 Lossy or lossless Patent claims Beta[60] Yes No No No No Planned No No No No No No No Beta[60]
VP9 Lossy or lossless Patent claims Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No Needs Firefox[61] Yes
VP8 Lossy or lossless Patent claims Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No Needs Firefox[61] Yes
Dirac Lossy or lossless Patent-free[62] VCM[d] No Not standard No Needs Dirac[63] No Private No No No No No No Yes[64][65] No
MVC Stereoscopic Patent encumbered Yes[15] No No No No No[V][VI] No No No No Yes No No No No
MPEG-1 Video Lossy Expired patents[68][69] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
MPEG-2 Video Lossy Expired patents Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Needs VLC[VII] No
MPEG-4 Visual Lossy Patent encumbered[71] Yes Yes First edition Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Needs VLC[VII] No
Microsoft MPEG4 V2 Lossy Patent encumbered, proprietary Yes Not standard Not standard Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No
VC-1 Lossy Patent encumbered[72] VCM[d] Yes[73] Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Needs VLC[VII] No
H.263 Lossy Patent encumbered[71] No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No No
Theora Lossy Free license[74] Yes No No No Needs ffdshow No No No No No No No No Yes No
Cinepak Lossy Proprietary Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No No No
Sorenson Lossy Proprietary Yes No Versions 1 and 3 No Version 1 No No No No No No No Spark No No
RealVideo Lossy Proprietary RV10, RV20, RV30, RV40 RV60 No No Not standard No No No No No No No No No No
VP6 Lossy Proprietary No No No No Needs VP6[75][76] No No No No No No No Yes No No
DV Intra-frame Proprietary VCM[d] DVCPRO HD DV 25 Yes Yes Yes[78][VIII] No No No No No No No No No
M-JPEG Intra-frame Expired patents[79] VCM[d] Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No
MJ2 Intra-frame Patent encumbered[80] No Yes No No Not standard Yes No No No No No No No No No
Apple ProRes Intra-frame Proprietary No No Yes[81] No No Yes[81] No No No No No No No No No
HuffYUV Lossless Open source VCM[d] No No No Needs HuffYUV[82] No No No No No No No No No No
YCbCr[IX] Not compressed Patent-free Yes SheerVideo Yes Yes Yes Yes[83] No No No No No No No Planned[84] No
Other Other Varies — — DVC Pro 50, Photo JPEG, Graphics, QuickTime Animation — Indeo — JPEG 2000, TICO — — — — — Screen Video MNG, JNG, PNG[85] —
  1. ^ See the MPEG-2 Part 1 specification[27] and registered TS identifiers.[51]
  2. ^ Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[34] p. 72, sec. E.4.3.1; p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[35] Chapter 14: Video, pp. 204-218.
  3. ^ HEVC is mentioned in the latest (07) draft of Matroska,[54] MKVToolNix and VLC already support it.[55]
  4. ^ B-frames in an AVI file are a problem only for the ancient Video-for-Windows API, not for the AVI container itself.
  5. ^ MVC is not covered by the latest iteration of the MXF standards.[66]
  6. ^ MPEG, MXF, and SMPTE 381M,[67] pp. 201-219.
  7. ^ a b c VLC supports some video codecs in Ogg not officially covered by the specifications of Ogg.[70]
  8. ^ DV, DVC Pro, and DVCam in MXF,[67] pp. 166-172.
  9. ^ The digital YCbCr format is often informally called YUV, the analog format used as basis for it.

Some containers only support a restricted set of video formats:

Audio coding formats support

See also: Comparison of audio coding formats
Video container support for audio coding formats
Format Type License[a] MKV MP4[45] QTFF[46] ASF[47] AVI[b] MXF PS, TS[51] M2TS VOB[86] EVO 3GP 3G2 F4V FLV[α] Ogg[c] WebM[43] RMVB DMF
AAC Lossy Royalties on codecs[β] Yes Yes Yes AAC-LC, HE-AAC[88] AAC-LC, HE-AAC[γ][88] Yes Private No No No AAC-LC, HE-AAC AAC-LC, HE-AAC v1 Yes[δ] Yes No No AAC-LC, HE-AAC v1 No
MP3 Lossy Expired patents[89] Yes Yes MPEG-1 Audio Yes Yes[γ] Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Needs OGMtools[92] No No Yes
AC-3 Lossy Expired patents Yes Yes[93] Yes Yes Yes Yes Private Yes Private Yes No No No No Needs OGMtools[92] No Yes Yes
E-AC-3 Lossy Patent encumbered QuickTime[ε] Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No
DTS Lossy Proprietary Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Private Yes Private Yes No No No No No No No Yes
WMA Lossy Proprietary[94] ACM[d] No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Opus Lossy Royalty-free Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No
Vorbis Lossy Open source[95] Yes Private No No Tricky[ζ] No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No
MP2 Lossy Patent-free[η] Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No
MP1 Lossy Expired patents Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No
QDesign Music 1 and 2 Lossy Proprietary QuickTime[ε] No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
ATRAC3 Lossy Proprietary Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No
FLAC Lossless Open source Yes Not standard[99] No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No Yes No No No
ALAC Lossless Open source Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No
WMA Lossless Lossless Proprietary[100] ACM[d] No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No
DTS-HD Lossless Proprietary Yes Yes[45] Yes No No No No Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No
Dolby TrueHD Lossless Proprietary Mature[θ] Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No
MLP Lossless Proprietary No Yes[45] No No No No Private No Private Yes No No No No No No No No
ALS Lossless Patent encumbered No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No
SLS Lossless Patent encumbered No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No
LPCM Not compressed Patent-free[101] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Private Yes Private Yes No No No Yes Planned[102] No No Yes
A-law PCM Not compressed Expired patents[103] ACM[d] No Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No
μ-law PCM Not compressed Expired patents[103] ACM[d] No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No
IEEE floating-point PCM Not compressed Patent-free[ι] Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No Yes No No No
Microsoft ADPCM Not compressed Proprietary ACM[d] No Yes Yes[47] Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No
DV Audio Not compressed Proprietary No Yes Yes No No Yes[78] No No No No No No No No No No No No
AMR Speech Patent encumbered No Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes AMR-NB, AMR-WB No No No No No No
G.728 Speech Expired patents No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No
Speex Speech Open source[104] ACM[d] No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No
QCELP Speech Proprietary No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No 13K No No No No No No
Other Other Varies Musepack, WavPack, TTA, any format supported by ACM — IMA 4:1, non-IEEE floating-point PCM Microsoft GSM 6.10 G.721, G.722, G.723, G.726, G.729a, CVSD, ATRAC1, Dolby AC-2 — — — — — EVS EVRC, EVRC-B, EVRC-WB, SMV, VMR-WB — Asao, SWF ADPCM[105] — — IS-54, Cook Codec, Sipro Lab ACELP-NET, RealAudio Lossless —
Obsolete Other Varies — — MACE 3:1, MACE 6:1 — Truespeech, many others — — — — — — — — — CELT — — —
  1. ^ Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[34] p. 70, sec. E.4.3.2; p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[35] Chapter 11: Sounds, pp. 177-192.
  2. ^ License required from manufacturers or developers of codecs, but no license fees for the distribution of content.[87]
  3. ^ a b Setting dwSampleSize to 0 in the stream headers triggers VBR stream seeking[90] allowing VBR audio formats in AVI.[91]
  4. ^ Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[34] pp. 7-8, sec. 1.8.
  5. ^ a b Matroska can support some codecs privately when wrapped in a QuickTime data structure.[77]
  6. ^ Vorbis is not officially supported in AVI. While it can technically be muxed into AVI using FFmpeg, Nandub and AVI-Mux GUI[96] many sources report trouble playing back the resulting files,[97] which are incompatible with existing Vorbis decoders for DirectShow and ACM, occasionally causing desynchronization when seeking.
  7. ^ Proprietary tools.[98]
  8. ^ Dolby TrueHD is supported by common tools such as MKVToolNix and VLC.
  9. ^ Special case of LPCM.[101]

Audio-only content can sometimes be placed in a simpler audio-only container, such as Native FLAC for FLAC[106] and ADTS for AAC.

Subtitle formats support

See also: Subtitles § Subtitle formats
Video container support for subtitle formats
Format Type License[a] MKV[107] MP4 QTFF[46] ASF[47] AVI[i] MXF[ii] PS, TS[51] M2TS VOB EVO 3GP, 3G2 F4V FLV Ogg[c] WebM[43]
SubRip[iii] Formatted text Open source Yes[113] As TTXT[114] As TTXT[114] As SAMI[iv] Needs alterations[96] As SMPTE-TT No No No No As TTXT[114] As TTXT[114] No As Ogg Kate[115] As WebVTT
WebVTT Formatted text Open source Yes[116] Yes[117] As TTXT[114] No No As SMPTE-TT No No No No As TTXT[114] As TTXT[114] Using ActionScript[v] No Yes
ASS, SSA Formatted text Open source Yes[119] No No No Needs alterations[96] As SMPTE-TT No No No No No No No No No
TTXT[vi] XML Patent encumbered No[vii] Yes Yes[46] No No No No No No No Yes Yes[34] No No No
USF XML Proprietary Planned No No No Needs alterations No No No No No No No No No No
SAMI HTML Proprietary No No No Yes Needs alterations As SMPTE-TT No No No No No No No No No
VobSub Picture Patent encumbered Mature[viii] Yes Not standard No Needs alterations No No As PGS[ix] Yes No No No No No No
PGS[x] Picture Patent encumbered Mature[viii] As VobSub[ix] No No No No No Blu-ray As VobSub[ix] HD DVD No No No No No
DVB-SUB[122] Picture Patent encumbered Mature[viii] No No No No Yes[123] Yes No No No No No No No No
Ogg Kate[124] Picture or formatted text Open source Mature[viii] No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No
TextST[x] Text stream Patent encumbered Beta No No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No
MicroDVD Plain text Proprietary No No No No Needs alterations No No No No No No No No As Ogg Writ[xi] No
Other Other Varies Generic bitmap images, generic plain text[54] BIFS Quicktime SMIL, EIA-608 — XSUB[xii] SMPTE-TT, EBU-TT[110][127] CEA-708 — — — — — — Ogg Writ[xi] —
Obsolete Other — — — — — — — — — — — — — — CMML —
  1. ^ AVI is not designed to embed subtitles, requiring changes to the format and third party tools such as DirectVobSub[108] and VLC.
  2. ^ SMPTE standardized the format for text subtitles in MXF[109][110][111] without a reference software implementation, leaving it to independent developers.[112]
  3. ^ SubRip can be converted losslessly to and from native subtitle formats of several containers, and this conversion is supported by many common tools.
  4. ^ Requires tools that are not officially related to the container format.[112]
  5. ^ Loading subtitles with ActionScript[118] may be restricted to the official Adobe Flash Player.
  6. ^ TTXT is often called MPEG-4 Timed Text (MP4TT, MP4-TT) or 3GPP Timed Text (3GPP-TT, tx3g).
  7. ^ MPEG-4 Timed Text subtitles aren't supported in Matroska according to developer of MKVToolNix.[120]
  8. ^ a b c d VobSub, PGS, DVB-SUB and Ogg Kate are well supported by common tools such as MKVToolNix and VLC. The storage format is specified,[54] but the specification is not officially approved yet.
  9. ^ a b c Requires tools that are not officially related to the container format.[121]
  10. ^ a b HDMV PGS and TextST subtitles are used on HD DVD and Blu-ray.
  11. ^ a b Ogg Writ[128] is well supported in common tools such as OGMtools[92] and VLC, but there's no intention to turn its draft into a fully supported specification. Xiph recommends using Kate for subtitles.[129]
  12. ^ Needs alterations to the container.[125][126]

Some containers only support a restricted set of subtitle formats:

Converting image subtitles to text formats is possible using third-party tools[130] but relies on optical character recognition, which is not perfectly accurate and can at best extract basic formatting. Conversion of text to images is possible while preserving content and style. Round-trip format conversion between text formats may not be possible without losing some formatting features.

Overhead

Multimedia containers interleave data in media streams to enable efficient playback using fewer computational resources, such as time spent reading from the storage drive, memory needed to buffer selected media streams, and time spent decoding when seeking to a different position in time. In this sense, muxing overhead is the control information added by the container to carry interleaved streams. A smaller overhead results in a smaller file when carrying the same streams with the same data. Overhead is affected by the total number of packets and by the size of stream packet headers. In high bitrate encodings, the content payload is usually large enough to make the overhead data relatively insignificant, but in low bitrate encodings, the inefficiency of the overhead can significantly affect the resulting file size if the container uses large stream packet headers or a large number of packets.

In general, Matroska[131] offers the least overhead, followed by MP4, AVI and Ogg.[132]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Indicates whether the standard is open or proprietary, patent-free or encumbered, whether royalty payments are required for streaming and codec implementation, and may indicate the availability of free tools for it.[1]
  2. ^ a b AVI officially supports all codecs in the Media Foundation[48][47] which is an evolution of VCM and ACM, both of which are now obsolete. Some older codecs used to be officially supported,[49] and there are many known non-standard third-party extensions.[50]
  3. ^ a b c Xiph has standardized the support for codecs in Ogg,[36] but added support for more codecs afterwards.[52][37]
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[77] but support outside Windows may be limited.[77]

References

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  2. ^ Siglin T (8 April 2020). "Understanding How to Acquire and Deliver Live Streams". Wowza Media Systems. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  3. ^ Gavrilov K (2017). "Stereoscopic Formats". sView (Guide). Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  4. ^ "Matroska Media Container Homepage". Matroska. 2018. Archived from the original on 2003-12-10. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  5. ^ Lhomme S, Vialle L, Bunkus M (2018). "Legal Aspect" (License). Roubaix, France: Matroska. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  6. ^ Matroska Multimedia Container (Partial draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2021.{{cite tech report}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ "Matroska FAQ" (FAQ). Matroska. 2018. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  8. ^ "O!Play Air" (Product). Asus. 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  9. ^ "BDP-83/BDP-83SE Product Support" (Guide). Oppo Digital. 29 December 2001. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  10. ^ Buchanan M (29 December 2008). "Samsung's 2009 HDTV Lineup Leaked". Gizmodo. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  11. ^ Wong P (18 October 2010). "How to select the right LG HDTV (2010)". CNET Asia (Guide). CNET. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  12. ^ "Matroska Streaming" (Guide). Matroska. 2018. Archived from the original on 2010-05-25. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  13. ^ Tag Specifications (Specification). Matroska. 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.{{cite tech report}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ Chapter Specifications (Specification). Matroska. 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  15. ^ a b c "Elements semantic". Specifications (Draft). Matroska. 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  16. ^ Menu Specifications (Draft). Matroska. 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  17. ^ MPEG-4 File Format, Version 2 (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  18. ^ "MP4: how are chapters and text subs stored?". Doom9's Forum (Forum message). 28 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  19. ^ FFmpeg Formats Documentation (Manual). FFmpeg. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  20. ^ QuickTime File Format (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 14 February 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  21. ^ ASF (Advanced Systems Format) (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 6 April 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  22. ^ "Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) – Relationship to Other Protocols" (Guide). Microsoft. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  23. ^ AVI (Audio Video Interleaved) File Format (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  24. ^ a b Material Exchange Format (MXF) (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  25. ^ Stereoscopic 3D in MXF for Operations – Common Provisions (Standard). White Plains, NY: SMPTE. 13 May 2014. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.ST2070-1.2014. ISBN 978-1-61482-808-2. ST 2070-1:2014 – via IEEE Xplore Digital Library.
  26. ^ a b MPEG-2 Encoding Family (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2021. Licenses pertain to tools and not to streams or files per se.
  27. ^ a b Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems (PDF) (Standard) (2nd ed.). ISO. 1 December 2000. ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010.
  28. ^ "Questions on m2ts". Doom9's Forum (Forum message). 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
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