James T. Wiley
James T. Wiley | |
|---|---|
| Born | James Thomas Wiley August 7, 1918 |
| Died | May 3, 2000 (aged 81) |
| Resting place | Non-Cemetery Burial |
| Occupations |
|
| Years active | 1942–1965 |
James Thomas Wiley (August 7, 1918 – May 3, 2000) was a U.S. Army Air Force/U.S. Air Force officer and combat fighter pilot of the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Pursuit Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen or "Red Tails".[1][2]
One of the United States' military first African American combat fighter pilots, Wiley was the first African American military combat pilot ever to land on foreign soil during combat readiness in North Africa.[3][2]
Early life
James T. Wiley was born on August 7, 1918 in Evansville, Indiana in Vanderburgh County to James Garfield Wiley (May 16, 1881 - February 3, 1959) and Allie Lena Stewart (November 17, 1881 — December 24, 1958 of Mount Vernon, Indiana.[4][5] The Wileys' children included James T. Wiley, Carolyn Victoria Wiley (1922–2009), Logan William Wiley (1920–2010), Mary Evans Wiley (1915–2012), and William Stewart Wiley (1920–1923).[4]
Though born in Indiana, he was raised in the Hill District of western Pennsylvania. He attended high school in the Pittsburgh Public School system. He attended University of Pittsburgh on scholarship, majoring in Physics and graduating in 1940.[6] Though most of his white physics classmates obtained immediate employment from large corporations, he was only able to secure a job as a chauffeur.[1]
He married to Ruby Ethylynn Morris Wiley (1919–2008) for 55 years.[4][6] They had two children: daughter Mary and son Jim. At the time of his death in 2000, Wiley and his wife had eight grandchildren.[6]
Civil Pilot Training
In 1941, he saw local advertising for no-cost, Civil Pilot Training Program flying lessons at the local airfield. After quitting his chauffeur job, he became the only non-white individual admitted among five white students. Weeks later, he graduated from Civil Pilot Training, obtaining his commercial and instructor pilot ratings. After graduation, he and his fellow pilot graduates went to a local restaurant to celebrate. When the restaurant refused to serve him based on his race, all six men immediately departed the restaurant in a show of solidarity.[1]
Though his white civil pilot cohorts were able to secure immediate job offers as pilots, he did not immediately receive an offer until he applied for an opening for a flight instructor at Tuskegee Institute's Civil Pilot Training Program. In the Fall 1941, he joined Tuskegee Institute's Civil Pilot Training Program as a faculty member.[1]
Military Service
In 1942, he joined the U.S. Army Air Corps's Advanced Flight Training at the Tuskegee Army Airfield.[1] On July 3, 1942, Wiley graduated from the program's four-ever Cadet Class Single Engine Section SE-42-F, earning his wings and a commission as a 2nd Lieutenant.[2] Wiley's parents attended the graduation ceremonies.[1] He was assigned to the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron.[1]
While logging flight training hours at an air field in Tallahassee, Florida without his normal African American ground crew, Wiley crashed his aircraft after a racist white crew person likely affiliated with the Ku Klux Klan tampered and sabotaged his aircraft.[7]
In April 1943, Wiley and his squadron were sent to North Africa in Casablanca. Wiley became the 99th Squadron's flight leader. On May 5, 1943: Wiley and Graham Smith were the 99th Fighter Squadron's first two P-40 pilots to land in North Africa, at Oued N’ja in French Morocco.[8] In late 1943, Wiley and his squadron moved from North Africa to Sicily. After buying a Ducati motorcycle on the island, Wiley crashed into a truck, landing him in the hospital for several days.[1]
As flight leader, Wiley led squadron planes on ground attacks upon a German troop train with 500 enemy soldiers. Wiley destroyed the train's engine and boiler, causing the German soldiers to scurry off the train.[1] Wiley flew 101 combat missions during World War II. In Spring 1944 after his hands had developed a constant tremor, Wiley boarded a ship enroute to the United States. When he returned to Pittsburgh, the Pittsburgh Courier and Pittsburgh Mayor, Cornelius D. Scully, declared June 26, 1944 as "Wiley Day". The city paraded Wiley down its Main Street.[1]
After the war he remained in the U.S. Air Force until his retirement as a Colonel in 1965.[7][1]
Freeman Field Mutiny
He was one of ten officers to preside over the Freemen Field Mutiny Court-Martials. Ten officers presided over the court-martials. They were appointed by General Hunter. Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Jr., Captain George L. Knox II, Captain James T. Wiley, captain John H. Duren, Captain Charles R. Stanton, captain William T. Yates, Captain Elmore M. Kennedy, Captain Fitzroy Newsum, 1st Lieutenant William Robert Ming Jr., 1st Lieutenant James Y. Carter Trial Judge Advocates were: Captain James W. Redden and 1st Lieutenant Charles B. Hall.[9]
Post-Military
After leaving the USAF, Wiley became a USAF plant representative and customer engineer at Boeing in Seattle, Washington where he worked on the Lunar Orbiter.[1][7] When Wiley moved his family into a modest residential neighborhood, his white neighbors began to sell their homes during a wave of white flight.[1]
Wiley was a member of the Queen City Yacht Club. He also enjoyed counseling young people as a volunteer for King County Juvenile Court.[6]
Death
On May 3, 2000, Wiley passed away from a heart attack at his home in Seattle at the age of 81.[6] His memorial service held at the University Unitarian Church in Seattle was attended by over 400 people and was covered by local TV news media.[1][6] Wiley was interred in a non-cemetery burial.
See also
- Executive Order 9981
- List of Tuskegee Airmen
- List of Tuskegee Airmen Cadet Pilot Graduation Classes
- Military history of African Americans
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Charlene Smith-Riedel (15 June 2020). "His Storied Life: James Wiley, Tuskegee Airman and American War Hero". Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
- ^ a b c "Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Roster". CAF Rise Above. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ TUSKEGEE AIRMEN CHRONOLOGY. DANIEL L. HAULMAN. ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY BRANCH. AIR FORCE HISTORICAL RESEARCH AGENCY. MAXWELL AFB, AL 36112-6424. 14 November 2011. "5 May 1943: Lieutenants James T. Wiley and Graham Smith were the first two P-40 pilots of the 99th Fighter Squadron to land in North Africa, at Oued N’ja in French Morocco. (99th Fighter Squadron history, Mar 1941-Oct 1943)."
- ^ a b c "James Thomas Wiley". Woodson Family Tree. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
- ^ "James Wiley; One of First Fliers in World War II Tuskegee Airmen". Los Angeles Times. 12 May 2000.
- ^ a b c d e f Joshua Robin (10 May 2000). "Tuskegee Airman James Wiley flew 101 missions". The Seattle Times.
- ^ a b c "Racial Prejudice". Monticello. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
- ^ CAF Rise Above. https://cafriseabove.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/05-RA.pdf
- ^ Reilly, Thomas; Homan, Lynn (2008). Black Knights: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen (7 ed.). Gretna Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company. p. 203. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
