Hyperendemic
In epidemiology, the term hyperendemic disease is used to refer to a disease which is constantly and persistently present in a population at a high rate of incidence and/or prevalence (occurrence) and which equally affects (i.e. which is equally endemic in) all age groups of that population.[1][2][3][4] It is one of the various degrees of endemicity (i.e. degrees of transmission of an infectious disease).
Definitions
According to a more precise definition given by the Robert Koch Institute in Germany, hyperendemicity is not necessarily associated with a high incidence rate. A hyperendemic disease is one which is ubiquitously present with ongoing circulation in an endemic region with a high prevalence rate. As a result, a hyperendemic region shows a relatively low incidence rate but at the same time it poses a high risk of infection to people coming into the region.[5]
Examples
In the discussion of the dengue fever, a hyperendemic state is characterized by the continuous circulation of multiple viral serotypes in an area where a large pool of susceptible hosts and a competent vector (with or without seasonal variation) are constantly present.[6]
In another example, World Health Organization defines malaria to be hyperendemic if the percentage of persons with an enlarged spleen (spleen rate) is constantly greater than 50% for all age groups.[7]
Difference with holoendemic
An endemic disease is one with a continuous occurrence at an expected frequency over a certain period of time and in a certain geographical location. Two terms are used when the degree of transmission or infection of an endemic disease is high: hyperendemic and holoendemic. One of the differences between hyperendemic and holoendemic diseases is that hyperendemic diseases show a seasonally intense transmission in all age groups with a period of low or no transmission, whereas in holoendemic diseases, there is perennial (year-round) high level of transmission predominantly among young population with higher immunity among adults.[8][9]
References
- ^ Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health (7th ed.), Saunders, 2003
- ^ Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice (3rd ed.), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2006, p. 72
- ^ Miquel Porta; John M. Last, eds. (2018), A Dictionary of Public Health (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press
- ^ Miquel Porta, ed. (2016), A Dictionary of Epidemiology (6th ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 46-47
- ^ Wolfgang Kiehl (2015), Infektionsschutz und Infektionsepidemiologie. Fachwörter – Definitionen – Interpretationen (PDF), Berlin: Robert Koch Institute, p. 32-33, ISBN 978-3-89606-258-1
- ^ Darvin Scott Smith, MD, MSc, DTM&H. "What is characteristic of hyperendemic dengue?". Medscape. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ WHO Malaria Terminology, World Health Organization, 2019, p. 13
- ^ J. Kevin Baird; Michael J. Bangs; Jason D. Maguire; Mazie J. Barcus (2002), "Epidemiological Measures of Risk of Malaria", Malaria Methods and Protocols, p. 13–22
- ^ Mauricio L Barreto; Maria Glória Teixeira; Eduardo Hage Carmo (March 2006), "Infectious diseases epidemiology", Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60 (3): 192–195
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