Zamia pygmaea: Difference between revisions
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==Common names== |
==Common names== |
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The [[vernacular name]]s '''''guáyiga''''', '''''guayra''''', '''''guayará''''' or '''''guayaro''''', which are generic names for ''Zamia'' cycad in general in [[Caribbean Spanish]], are used for ''Zamia pygmaea'' and other closely related species in Cuba. The former name was first recorded by [[Bartolomé de Las Casas]] around 1550, who described it as the name used by the Native Americans ([[Taíno]]) living in the mountains of Cuba, the other names are thought to be bastardisations of the first name when it was adopted into Spanish. The Taíno name for this plant is thought to be a possible origin for the Spanish verb ''guayar'', 'to grate', due to the past use of ''Zamia'' species for making bread. Other names which are used for this species in Cuba are '''''yuquilla de paredón''''' and '''''yuquilla de ratón''''', which refer to the poisonous nature of the plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://acento.com.do/2012/opinion/205449-la-guayiga-alimento-del-pasado/ |title=Plantas, historia y cultura en el Caribe - La guáyiga, alimento del pasado |last=Hoffman |first=Carol |date=8 August 2012 |website=Acento.com.do |publisher=Editora Acento SAS |language= |
The [[vernacular name]]s '''''guáyiga''''', '''''guayra''''', '''''guayará''''' or '''''guayaro''''', which are generic names for ''Zamia'' cycad in general in [[Caribbean Spanish]], are used for ''Zamia pygmaea'' and other closely related species in Cuba. The former name was first recorded by [[Bartolomé de Las Casas]] around 1550, who described it as the name used by the Native Americans ([[Taíno]]) living in the mountains of Cuba, the other names are thought to be bastardisations of the first name when it was adopted into Spanish. The Taíno name for this plant is thought to be a possible origin for the Spanish verb ''guayar'', 'to grate', due to the past use of ''Zamia'' species for making bread. Other names which are used for this species in Cuba are '''''yuquilla de paredón''''' and '''''yuquilla de ratón''''', which refer to the poisonous nature of the plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://acento.com.do/2012/opinion/205449-la-guayiga-alimento-del-pasado/ |title=Plantas, historia y cultura en el Caribe - La guáyiga, alimento del pasado |last=Hoffman |first=Carol |date=8 August 2012 |website=Acento.com.do |publisher=Editora Acento SAS |language=es |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> |
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The species has been given the name '''red dwarf cycad''' by one US website.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=''Zamia pygmaea''|url=http://www.cycadpalm.com/zapygapl.html |
The species has been given the name '''red dwarf cycad''' by one US website.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=''Zamia pygmaea''|url=http://www.cycadpalm.com/zapygapl.html|website=Cycada.com- The Jurassic Garden|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The smallest [[cycad]] plant, some individuals have been found which have only grown to a height of only {{cvt|25|cm|0}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author1=P.S.Dhami|title=A textbook of Biology|author2=G.Chopra|author3=H.N.Srivastava|publisher=Pradeep Publication|year=2015 |
The smallest [[cycad]] plant, some individuals have been found which have only grown to a height of only {{cvt|25|cm|0}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author1=P.S.Dhami|title=A textbook of Biology|author2=G.Chopra|author3=H.N.Srivastava|publisher=Pradeep Publication|year=2015|location=Jalandhar, Punjab}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=''Zamia pygmea''|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Zamia-pygmaea|website=[[Britannica]]|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> It forms a short [[Underground stem|underground trunk]] which holds a small crown of short, stiff, slightly arching [[Leaf|leaves]] with rounded [[Leaflet (botany)|leaflets.]]<ref>{{cite web|title=''Zamia pygmaea''|url=https://www.rarepalmseeds.com/zamia-pygmaea|website=rarepalmseeds.com|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> |
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The plant has a small [[hypogeal]] [[Plant stem|stem]],<ref name=":0"/> up to {{cvt|2|cm}} in diameter. The stem bears small sheathing [[cataphyll]]s with a pair of inconspicuous [[stipule]]s. In its harsh native habitat the compound leaves are one to four in number, but in cultivation plants may grow with up to twenty leaves —these have smooth [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]] and [[rachis]], and bear five to fifteen pairs of ovate leaflets, although in cultivation the plant grows more pairs of leaflets. They bear dark reddish brown, [[Peduncle (botany)|pedunclate]] [[Conifer cone|pollen cones]] and dark reddish brown to gray [[Conifer cone|seed cones]]. The [[seed]]s are ovoid and red to orange-red in colour.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=''Zamia pygmaea''|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/cycadpg?taxname=Zamia+pygmaea |
The plant has a small [[hypogeal]] [[Plant stem|stem]],<ref name=":0"/> up to {{cvt|2|cm}} in diameter. The stem bears small sheathing [[cataphyll]]s with a pair of inconspicuous [[stipule]]s. In its harsh native habitat the compound leaves are one to four in number, but in cultivation plants may grow with up to twenty leaves —these have smooth [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]] and [[rachis]], and bear five to fifteen pairs of ovate leaflets, although in cultivation the plant grows more pairs of leaflets. They bear dark reddish brown, [[Peduncle (botany)|pedunclate]] [[Conifer cone|pollen cones]] and dark reddish brown to gray [[Conifer cone|seed cones]]. The [[seed]]s are ovoid and red to orange-red in colour.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=''Zamia pygmaea''|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/cycadpg?taxname=Zamia+pygmaea|website=The cycad pages|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> |
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''Zamia pygmaea'' is one of the species of ''[[Zamia]]'' that can change drastically under [[Agriculture|cultivation]].<ref name=":2" /> The plants become more vigorous and produce more and larger leaves and larger stems.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> |
''Zamia pygmaea'' is one of the species of ''[[Zamia]]'' that can change drastically under [[Agriculture|cultivation]].<ref name=":2" /> The plants become more vigorous and produce more and larger leaves and larger stems.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> |
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==Habitat and distribution== |
==Habitat and distribution== |
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''Zamia pygmaea'' is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the tropical islands of [[Cuba]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: ''Zamia pygmaea'' (yuquilla de ratón)|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en |
''Zamia pygmaea'' is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the tropical islands of [[Cuba]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: ''Zamia pygmaea'' (yuquilla de ratón)|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|date=31 October 2009|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> It is limited to western [[Cuba]] and [[Isla de la Juventud]].<ref name=":2" /> It generally grows in open, dry habitats varying from [[Serpentine soil|serpentine]] to [[Limestone|limestone outcrops]] to almost pure [[sand]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> |
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Along with [[Zamia angustifolia|''Z. angustifolia'']], ''Z. pygmaea'' is one of the most [[Xerophyte|xerophytic]] species in the genus. It occurs in dry brush covered hills, pine covered [[Subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland|tropical grassland]], [[tropical dry forest]] and tropical coastal areas of white sand. It is found from [[sea level]] up to {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref name=":4" /> |
Along with [[Zamia angustifolia|''Z. angustifolia'']], ''Z. pygmaea'' is one of the most [[Xerophyte|xerophytic]] species in the genus. It occurs in dry brush covered hills, pine covered [[Subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland|tropical grassland]], [[tropical dry forest]] and tropical coastal areas of white sand. It is found from [[sea level]] up to {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref name=":4" /> |
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Revision as of 14:56, 8 January 2021
| Zamia pygmaea | |
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| Zamia pygmaea, Illustration. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Cycadophyta |
| Class: | Cycadopsida |
| Order: | Cycadales |
| Family: | Zamiaceae |
| Genus: | Zamia |
| Species: | Z. pygmaea
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| Binomial name | |
| Zamia pygmaea | |
| Synonyms | |
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Zamia pygmia
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Zamia pygmaea is a species of plant in the family Zamiaceae found only in Cuba. It is the smallest living cycad. It is listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List based on its limited distribution, severely fragmented habitat, and population of less than 250 mature individuals.
Common names
The vernacular names guáyiga, guayra, guayará or guayaro, which are generic names for Zamia cycad in general in Caribbean Spanish, are used for Zamia pygmaea and other closely related species in Cuba. The former name was first recorded by Bartolomé de Las Casas around 1550, who described it as the name used by the Native Americans (Taíno) living in the mountains of Cuba, the other names are thought to be bastardisations of the first name when it was adopted into Spanish. The Taíno name for this plant is thought to be a possible origin for the Spanish verb guayar, 'to grate', due to the past use of Zamia species for making bread. Other names which are used for this species in Cuba are yuquilla de paredón and yuquilla de ratón, which refer to the poisonous nature of the plant.[2]
The species has been given the name red dwarf cycad by one US website.[3]
Description
The smallest cycad plant, some individuals have been found which have only grown to a height of only 25 cm (10 in).[4][5] It forms a short underground trunk which holds a small crown of short, stiff, slightly arching leaves with rounded leaflets.[6]
The plant has a small hypogeal stem,[4] up to 2 cm (0.79 in) in diameter. The stem bears small sheathing cataphylls with a pair of inconspicuous stipules. In its harsh native habitat the compound leaves are one to four in number, but in cultivation plants may grow with up to twenty leaves —these have smooth petioles and rachis, and bear five to fifteen pairs of ovate leaflets, although in cultivation the plant grows more pairs of leaflets. They bear dark reddish brown, pedunclate pollen cones and dark reddish brown to gray seed cones. The seeds are ovoid and red to orange-red in colour.[7]
Zamia pygmaea is one of the species of Zamia that can change drastically under cultivation.[7] The plants become more vigorous and produce more and larger leaves and larger stems.[3][7]
Habitat and distribution
Zamia pygmaea is endemic to the tropical islands of Cuba.[8] It is limited to western Cuba and Isla de la Juventud.[7] It generally grows in open, dry habitats varying from serpentine to limestone outcrops to almost pure sand.[3][8]
Along with Z. angustifolia, Z. pygmaea is one of the most xerophytic species in the genus. It occurs in dry brush covered hills, pine covered tropical grassland, tropical dry forest and tropical coastal areas of white sand. It is found from sea level up to 200 m (660 ft).[8]
Conservation
The primary threats to Z. pygmaea are from species mortality, brought on by direct harvest from the wild, farming and ranching as a result of agricultural expansion, and intensification and deforestation resulting in habitat loss or fragmentation. There are estimated to be fewer than 250 mature plants in western Cuba.[1] It is protected in the San Ubaldo-Sabanalamar Ecological Reserve in the Pinar del Río province, and also in the Los Indios Ecological Reserve on the Isla de la Juventud island.[1]
References
- ^ a b c Stevenson, D.W. (2010). "Zamia pygmaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T42187A10655426. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T42187A10655426.en.
- ^ Hoffman, Carol (8 August 2012). "Plantas, historia y cultura en el Caribe - La guáyiga, alimento del pasado". Acento.com.do (in Spanish). Editora Acento SAS. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ^ a b c "Zamia pygmaea". Cycada.com- The Jurassic Garden. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ a b P.S.Dhami; G.Chopra; H.N.Srivastava (2015). A textbook of Biology. Jalandhar, Punjab: Pradeep Publication.
- ^ "Zamia pygmea". Britannica. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ "Zamia pygmaea". rarepalmseeds.com. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Zamia pygmaea". The cycad pages. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ a b c "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Zamia pygmaea (yuquilla de ratón)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 31 October 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2020.