Zwoleń: Difference between revisions
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'''Zwoleń''' {{IPAc-pl|'|z|w|o|l|e|ń}} ({{lang-yi|זוואלין}} ''Zvolin'') is a town in [[Poland]], in [[Masovian Voivodeship]], about {{convert|30|km|0|abbr=off}} east of [[Radom]]. It is the capital of [[Zwoleń County]]. Population is 8,048 (2009).<ref name="stat.gov.pl">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm |title= Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym. Stan w dniu 31 XII 2010 r | |
'''Zwoleń''' {{IPAc-pl|'|z|w|o|l|e|ń}} ({{lang-yi|זוואלין}} ''Zvolin'') is a town in [[Poland]], in [[Masovian Voivodeship]], about {{convert|30|km|0|abbr=off}} east of [[Radom]]. It is the capital of [[Zwoleń County]]. Population is 8,048 (2009).<ref name="stat.gov.pl">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm |title= Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym. Stan w dniu 31 XII 2010 r |access-date=September 23, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127094758/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm |archive-date=November 27, 2011 }}</ref> Zwoleń belongs to [[Sandomierz]] Land of the historic province of [[Lesser Poland]], and is located on the Zwoleńka river. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:42-Kościół p.w. Podwyższenia Krzyża Świętego w Zwoleniu.jpg|thumb|left|175px|[[Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance]] epitaph of poet [[Jan Kochanowski]] in the Holy Cross church]] |
[[File:42-Kościół p.w. Podwyższenia Krzyża Świętego w Zwoleniu.jpg|thumb|left|175px|[[Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance]] epitaph of poet [[Jan Kochanowski]] in the Holy Cross church]] |
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The history of the town dates back to the early 15th century, when Zwoleń was founded on a privilege issued by King [[Władysław II Jagiełło]]. The first [[wójt]] was Jan Cielątko.<ref name=pttk>{{cite web|url=https://mazowsze.szlaki.pttk.pl/426-pttk-mazowsze-pomnik-partyzantow|title=Pomnik partyzantów|website=Szlaki turystyczne Mazowsza| |
The history of the town dates back to the early 15th century, when Zwoleń was founded on a privilege issued by King [[Władysław II Jagiełło]]. The first [[wójt]] was Jan Cielątko.<ref name=pttk>{{cite web|url=https://mazowsze.szlaki.pttk.pl/426-pttk-mazowsze-pomnik-partyzantow|title=Pomnik partyzantów|website=Szlaki turystyczne Mazowsza|access-date=29 November 2020|language=pl}}</ref> Zwoleń was a [[Royal city in Poland|royal town]] of Poland, administratively located in the Radom County in the [[Sandomierz Voivodeship]] in the [[Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown]].<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Województwo sandomierskie w drugiej połowie XVI wieku; Cz.1, Mapy, plany|year=1993|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN]]|page=3}}</ref> In the 16th century, it already was a center of local trade, located along the road from [[Lublin]] to [[Radom]] and [[Greater Poland]].<ref name=pttk/> In 1566–1575, Polish [[Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance]] poet and writer [[Jan Kochanowski]] worked at a local Roman Catholic parish. Kochanowski, who died in [[Lublin]], was buried in the local Holy Cross church. |
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During the Swedish invasion known as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]] (1655-1660), Zwoleń was destroyed to such a degree that it never recovered its regional significance. In late 18th century, during [[Partitions of Poland]], Zwoleń was annexed by the [[Austrian Empire]]. Between 1807 and 1815, it was part of the [[First French Empire|French]]-controlled Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]], established by [[Napoleon]]. In 1815 it became part of [[Congress Poland]], a protectorate of the [[Russian Empire]]. After the [[January Uprising]], in 1869, Russian authorities deprived Zwoleń of its town rights, as a punishment for residents' support of the insurgents.<ref name=pttk/> The village of Zwoleń stagnated for years, and did not regain its town rights until 1925, after Poland regained sovereignty in 1918. In 1921 Zwoleń had 8,544 residents, of which 3,787 were [[Jews]]. |
During the Swedish invasion known as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]] (1655-1660), Zwoleń was destroyed to such a degree that it never recovered its regional significance. In late 18th century, during [[Partitions of Poland]], Zwoleń was annexed by the [[Austrian Empire]]. Between 1807 and 1815, it was part of the [[First French Empire|French]]-controlled Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]], established by [[Napoleon]]. In 1815 it became part of [[Congress Poland]], a protectorate of the [[Russian Empire]]. After the [[January Uprising]], in 1869, Russian authorities deprived Zwoleń of its town rights, as a punishment for residents' support of the insurgents.<ref name=pttk/> The village of Zwoleń stagnated for years, and did not regain its town rights until 1925, after Poland regained sovereignty in 1918. In 1921 Zwoleń had 8,544 residents, of which 3,787 were [[Jews]]. |
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===World War II=== |
===World War II=== |
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[[File:Zwoleń, Pomnik ofiar faszyzmu - fotopolska.eu (226868).jpg|thumb|left|Memorial to Poles murdered by the Germans in mass executions in April 1944]] |
[[File:Zwoleń, Pomnik ofiar faszyzmu - fotopolska.eu (226868).jpg|thumb|left|Memorial to Poles murdered by the Germans in mass executions in April 1944]] |
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The Nazi German [[invasion of Poland]] in 1939 was a disastrous period for the town. Almost 80% of buildings were destroyed in air attacks and artillery bombardments. Houses around the market square and the local synagogue were burned. German occupiers carried out numerous mass executions of underground resistance fighters (from [[Home Army]] to [[Bataliony Chłopskie]]). At the beginning of 1941, the Nazi German administration established a [[Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland|ghetto]] in the southern part of Zwoleń for local Jews as well as all transports from neighbouring villages. In March 1941, Jews from [[Przytyk]] were transferred to Zwoleń (fact disputed by some scholars claiming that by then Jews of Przytyk were already removed).<ref name="books.google-2">{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iitQhYsM-dMC&q=Zwole%C5%84+ghetto+1942&pg=PA355 | title=Radom Region by Jolanta Kraemer | publisher=Indiana University Press | encyclopedia=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia | |
The Nazi German [[invasion of Poland]] in 1939 was a disastrous period for the town. Almost 80% of buildings were destroyed in air attacks and artillery bombardments. Houses around the market square and the local synagogue were burned. German occupiers carried out numerous mass executions of underground resistance fighters (from [[Home Army]] to [[Bataliony Chłopskie]]). At the beginning of 1941, the Nazi German administration established a [[Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland|ghetto]] in the southern part of Zwoleń for local Jews as well as all transports from neighbouring villages. In March 1941, Jews from [[Przytyk]] were transferred to Zwoleń (fact disputed by some scholars claiming that by then Jews of Przytyk were already removed).<ref name="books.google-2">{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iitQhYsM-dMC&q=Zwole%C5%84+ghetto+1942&pg=PA355 | title=Radom Region by Jolanta Kraemer | publisher=Indiana University Press | encyclopedia=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia | access-date=April 9, 2012 |author1=Geoffrey P. Megargee |author2=Christopher Browning |author3=Martin Dean | year=2009 | pages=355–356 | isbn=978-0253355997}}</ref> On December 22, 1941 the ''Jüdischer Wohnbezirk'' was formally registered. By April 1942, the unfenced, open ghetto had some 4,500 inhabitants living in 239 houses (7 per room on average). Hundreds were homeless. On August 19–20, 1942 approximately 5,000 Jews were shipped in from [[Gniewoszów, Masovian Voivodeship|Gniewoszów]] ghetto nearby. The Germans also brought to the ghetto Jews from other locations ([[Janowice, Puławy County|Janowice]], [[Pionki]], Jedlnia, [[Garbatka-Letnisko|Garbatka]]), further increasing their numbers. It is estimated that prior to mass deportations there were 6,500–10,000 Jews living there (top estimate by historian Adam Rutkowski has also been disputed).<ref name="books.google-2"/> The Zwoleń ghetto was liquidated on 29 September 1942. All inmates (about 8,000 according to [[Daniel Blatman]])<ref name="Blatman">{{cite book | title=Zwolen | publisher=Kielce-Radom SIG Journal Volume 7, Number 3 | work=Pinkas HaKehillot, Polen, Volume VII (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1999), pages 187-189 | date=Summer 2003 | author=Daniel Blatman. Translated from the Hebrew by Judy Montel | pages=8–9}}</ref> were made to walk {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=off}} to the railway station in [[Garbatka]]. A few hundred prisoners unable to walk were shot along the way. From there, all Jews were transported in freight trains to [[Treblinka extermination camp]] where they were immediately gassed.<ref name="holocaustresearchproject">{{cite web | url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/zwolen.html | title=The Zwolen Ghetto | publisher=Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team | work=Jewish Ghettos | year=2012 | access-date=April 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Megargee |first1=Geoffrey |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos |date=2012 |publisher=University of Indiana Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-253-35599-7 |page=Volume II 354-356}}</ref> |
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Around 70 Jewish [[Holocaust]] survivors returned to Zwoleń after the war but soon moved on because of the hostility in post-war Poland.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dobroszycki |first1=Lucjan |title=Survivors of the Holocaust |date=1994 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, NY |isbn=1-56324-463-2 |page=78, 71}}</ref> |
Around 70 Jewish [[Holocaust]] survivors returned to Zwoleń after the war but soon moved on because of the hostility in post-war Poland.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dobroszycki |first1=Lucjan |title=Survivors of the Holocaust |date=1994 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, NY |isbn=1-56324-463-2 |page=78, 71}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 05:08, 4 January 2021
Zwoleń | |
|---|---|
 15th-century church in Zwoleń | |
 Coat of arms | |
  Zwoleń  Zwoleń | |
| Coordinates: 51°21′25″N 21°35′2″E / 51.35694°N 21.58389°E | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship | Masovian |
| County | Zwoleń County |
| Gmina | Gmina Zwoleń |
| Established | 1425 |
| Town rights | 1425 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Arkadiusz Sulima |
| Area | |
• Total | 15.78 km2 (6.09 sq mi) |
| Population (2006) | |
• Total | 8,176 |
| • Density | 520/km2 (1,300/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 26-700 |
| Area code | +48 48 |
| Car plates | WZW |
| Website | http://www.zwolen.pl |
Zwoleń [ˈzvɔlɛɲ] (Template:Lang-yi Zvolin) is a town in Poland, in Masovian Voivodeship, about 30 kilometres (19 miles) east of Radom. It is the capital of Zwoleń County. Population is 8,048 (2009).[1] Zwoleń belongs to Sandomierz Land of the historic province of Lesser Poland, and is located on the Zwoleńka river.
History
The history of the town dates back to the early 15th century, when Zwoleń was founded on a privilege issued by King Władysław II Jagiełło. The first wójt was Jan Cielątko.[2] Zwoleń was a royal town of Poland, administratively located in the Radom County in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown.[3] In the 16th century, it already was a center of local trade, located along the road from Lublin to Radom and Greater Poland.[2] In 1566–1575, Polish Renaissance poet and writer Jan Kochanowski worked at a local Roman Catholic parish. Kochanowski, who died in Lublin, was buried in the local Holy Cross church.
During the Swedish invasion known as the Deluge (1655-1660), Zwoleń was destroyed to such a degree that it never recovered its regional significance. In late 18th century, during Partitions of Poland, Zwoleń was annexed by the Austrian Empire. Between 1807 and 1815, it was part of the French-controlled Polish Duchy of Warsaw, established by Napoleon. In 1815 it became part of Congress Poland, a protectorate of the Russian Empire. After the January Uprising, in 1869, Russian authorities deprived Zwoleń of its town rights, as a punishment for residents' support of the insurgents.[2] The village of Zwoleń stagnated for years, and did not regain its town rights until 1925, after Poland regained sovereignty in 1918. In 1921 Zwoleń had 8,544 residents, of which 3,787 were Jews.
World War II
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The Nazi German invasion of Poland in 1939 was a disastrous period for the town. Almost 80% of buildings were destroyed in air attacks and artillery bombardments. Houses around the market square and the local synagogue were burned. German occupiers carried out numerous mass executions of underground resistance fighters (from Home Army to Bataliony Chłopskie). At the beginning of 1941, the Nazi German administration established a ghetto in the southern part of Zwoleń for local Jews as well as all transports from neighbouring villages. In March 1941, Jews from Przytyk were transferred to Zwoleń (fact disputed by some scholars claiming that by then Jews of Przytyk were already removed).[4] On December 22, 1941 the Jüdischer Wohnbezirk was formally registered. By April 1942, the unfenced, open ghetto had some 4,500 inhabitants living in 239 houses (7 per room on average). Hundreds were homeless. On August 19–20, 1942 approximately 5,000 Jews were shipped in from Gniewoszów ghetto nearby. The Germans also brought to the ghetto Jews from other locations (Janowice, Pionki, Jedlnia, Garbatka), further increasing their numbers. It is estimated that prior to mass deportations there were 6,500–10,000 Jews living there (top estimate by historian Adam Rutkowski has also been disputed).[4] The Zwoleń ghetto was liquidated on 29 September 1942. All inmates (about 8,000 according to Daniel Blatman)[5] were made to walk 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the railway station in Garbatka. A few hundred prisoners unable to walk were shot along the way. From there, all Jews were transported in freight trains to Treblinka extermination camp where they were immediately gassed.[6][7] Around 70 Jewish Holocaust survivors returned to Zwoleń after the war but soon moved on because of the hostility in post-war Poland.[8]
On April 7 and 19, 1944, the Germans carried out mass public executions of Poles.[2] Nevertheless, the Polish resistance movement was active in the town.[2]
Postwar development
In 1954, a new Zwoleń County of Kielce Voivodeship was created, which was a great boost to the town economy. Factories and new schools were opened including a meat plant and a branch of Radom's Łucznik Arms Factory. In 1975, after administrative reform of the communist Poland, all counties were abolished and Zwoleń became part of Radom Voivodeship. It regained its county capital status in 1999.
Transport
The town is located in southeastern corner of Mazovian Voivodeship, at the crossroads of two national roads: the 79th (Warsaw - Sandomierz - Kraków - Bytom), and the 12th (Łęknica - Dorohusk). Zwoleń does not have a rail station, but maintains bus connections with several towns and cities.
Culture
Every year in late June, the "Name day of Pan Jan" ("Imieniny Pana Jana") Festival takes place there, in memory of Jan Kochanowski. The poet himself is buried at the local Catholic church of the Holy Cross.
Sports
The town has a sports club Zwolenianka and other sports associations.
People
- Stanisław Chomętowski (1673–1728), military commander
- Jan Kochanowski (1530–1584), a Renaissance poet
- Leib Malach (1894—1936), a poet and a playwright
- Jan Karol Tarło (c. 1593–1645), nobleman
- Stanisław Tarło (?–1601), nobleman
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Zwoleń is twinned with:
References
- ^ "Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym. Stan w dniu 31 XII 2010 r". Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e "Pomnik partyzantów". Szlaki turystyczne Mazowsza (in Polish). Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- ^ Województwo sandomierskie w drugiej połowie XVI wieku; Cz.1, Mapy, plany (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. 1993. p. 3.
- ^ a b Geoffrey P. Megargee; Christopher Browning; Martin Dean (2009). "Radom Region by Jolanta Kraemer". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. pp. 355–356. ISBN 978-0253355997. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
- ^ Daniel Blatman. Translated from the Hebrew by Judy Montel (Summer 2003). Zwolen. Kielce-Radom SIG Journal Volume 7, Number 3. pp. 8–9.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ "The Zwolen Ghetto". Jewish Ghettos. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
- ^ Megargee, Geoffrey (2012). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. Volume II 354-356. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.
- ^ Dobroszycki, Lucjan (1994). Survivors of the Holocaust. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 78, 71. ISBN 1-56324-463-2.
External links
- Official town webpage
- Jewish Community in Zwoleń on Virtual Shtetl
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