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40°46′27″N 73°58′16″W / 40.774123°N 73.971135°W / 40.774123; -73.971135

Notable buildings and structures of Central Park. Click on the map and then on the points for details.

Bethesda Terrace and Fountain are two architectural features overlooking the southern shore of the Lake in New York City's Central Park. The fountain, with its Angel of the Waters statue, is located in the center of the terrace.

Bethesda Terrace's two levels are united by two grand staircases and a lesser one that passes under Terrace Drive. They provide passage southward to the Central Park Mall and Naumburg Bandshell at the center of the park. The upper terrace flanks the 72nd Street Cross Drive and the lower terrace provides a podium for viewing the Lake. The mustard-olive colored carved stone is New Brunswick sandstone, with a harder stone for cappings, with granite steps and landings, and herringbone pattern paving of Roman brick laid on edge.

Construction

Under construction in 1862

From the same viewpoint in 2008

Bethesda Terrace and Fountain form the northern end of the Central Park Mall, the only formal feature in the park's original blueprint, the Greensward Plan.^[1]

Construction of the terrace and fountain occurred during the American Civil War. Only two major structures besides the Bethesda Terrace were completed during the Civil War: the Music Stand and the Casino restaurant, both demolished.^[2] By the end of 1861, work on Bethesda Terrace was well underway.^[3]^[4] The stonework to be installed in the terrace arrived in 1862,^[5] and the masonry of the fountain was installed by 1863.^[6] In 1864, the stonework of Bethesda Terrace was completed except for minor details, and the Central Park commission hired a sculptor to design the figures for the Fountain.^[7] The upper level of the Terrace was mostly built by 1867, by which time the Fountain's figures were being cast in bronze.^[8] The Bethesda Fountain was officially completed in 1873.^[9]

Bethesda Terrace

Bethesda Terrace became a site for an outdoor luncheon restaurant at the end of the 1960s, then became a congregating spot for the Hair generation before devolving into a drug-trafficking venue in the 1970s.^[10] The Terrace, designed by Calvert Vaux with sculptural decoration by Jacob Wrey Mould, was restored in 1982, its stonework disassembled, cleaned, deteriorated surfaces removed, restored, patched, and reset. Resodding, and 50 new trees, 3,500 shrubs and 3,000 ground cover plants specified by Philip Winslow followed in 1986.^[11] However, after having matured into dense blocks, these plants were removed in 2008 to make way for plants native to the United States.

The Mintons encaustic tiles of the ceiling of the arcade between the flanking stairs, designed by Mould,^[12] were removed in the 1980s renovation because the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission deemed the tiles too costly to restore. Instead, the Commission approved the commission of a ceiling mural in its place.^[13] Mayor Ed Koch declared in June 1987 that the tiles would be restored.^[14] Nevertheless, the tiles sat in storage for more than 20 years until the Conservancy received a private donation for their restoration. The Conservancy embarked on a $7 million restoration effort to return the Minton tiles in 2004. A team of seven conservation technicians cleaned and repaired more than 14,000 original tiles by hand. Only three panels of replica tiles were needed to replace those that had been damaged beyond repair. For those recreations, the Conservancy decided to commission Maw and Company, Minton's successor in Stoke-on-Trent, England. The tiles were reinstalled in 2007.^[15]^[16]

Following an illustration in an 1891 book by the Superintendent of Planting in Central Park, Vaux's assistant and partner, Samuel Parsons,^[17] the lower basin once again has water lilies, lotus, and papyrus, grown in removable pots.

Bethesda Fountain

Bethesda Fountain is the central feature on the lower level of the terrace, constructed between 1859 and 1864,^[18] which is enclosed within two elliptical balustrades.^[15]

The pool is centered by a fountain sculpture designed by Emma Stebbins in 1868 and unveiled in 1873.^[19] Stebbins was the first woman to receive a public commission for a major work of art in New York City.^[19] The bronze, eight-foot statue depicts a female winged angel touching down upon the top of the fountain, where water spouts and cascades into an upper basin and into the surrounding pool. It was the only statue in the park called for in the original design. Beneath her are four four-foot cherubs representing Temperance, Purity, Health, and Peace.^[19] Also called the Angel of the Waters, the statue refers to Healing the paralytic at Bethesda, a story from the Gospel of John about an angel blessing the Pool of Bethesda, giving it healing powers.^[19] In Central Park the referent is the Croton Aqueduct opened in 1842, providing the city for the first time with a dependable supply of pure water: thus the angel carries a lily in one hand, representing purity, and with the other hand she blesses the water below.^[19]

The base of the fountain was designed by the architect of all the original features of Central Park, Calvert Vaux, with sculptural details, as usual, by Jacob Wrey Mould. In Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted's 1858 Greensward Plan, the terrace at the end of the Mall overlooking the naturalistic landscape of the Lake was simply called The Water Terrace, but after the unveiling of the angel, its name was changed to Bethesda Terrace.

The panels of carving in the abstracted organic style propounded by Owen Jones, a mentor of the sculptor Jacob Wrey Mould^[20] are organized by an iconographical program of themes: the Seasons, the Times of Day, the Ages of Mankind.^[21] Considerable latitude was offered the carvers executing the work, following Ruskinian principles.

By the 1970s, Bethesda Fountain was completely dry. However, the fountain was restored in 1980-1981 by the Central Park Conservancy as the first part of its plan to renovate Central Park.^[15]

Gallery

Lower passage
1858 rendering
View of the fountain from the terrace
During the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City

References

^ Kinkead, Eugene (1990). Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure. New York: Norton. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-393-02531-4.
^ Heckscher, Morrison H. (2008). Creating Central Park. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-30013-669-2.
^ "1861 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1861. pp. 12–13 (PDF pp. 14–16). Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "Improvements in Central Park". The New York Times. December 18, 1861. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
^ "1862 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1862. p. 6 (PDF p. 7). Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "1863 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1863. p. 16 (PDF p. 18). Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "1864 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1864. pp. 6–8 (PDF pp. 7–10). Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "1867 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1867. p. 8 (PDF p. 9). Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "THE BETHESDA FOUNTAIN.; Inauguration at the Terrace, Central Park The Multitudes of Visitors. Stealing Jewelry Arrest of the Thief. Brooklyn Sanitary Precautions". The New York Times. June 1, 1873. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
^ Anderson, Susan Heller (May 3, 1987). "In Central Park, a Terrace Is Saved from Decay". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ "1980–1988". The Official Website of Central Park. Central Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on January 26, 2007.
^ Clarence C. Cook, A Description of the New York Central Park, 1869, quoted in Murphy & Ottavino (1986), p. 35.
^ Neuffer, Elizabeth (June 7, 1987). "Terrace in Central Park Lacks Its Ornate Ceiling". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ "THE REGION; What's Up in the Park? Ceiling Tiles!". The New York Times. June 14, 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Murphy, Jean Parker; Ottavino, Kate Burns (1986). "The Rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace: The Terrace Bridge and Landscape, Central Park, New York". Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology. 18 (3): 24–38. doi:10.2307/1494116. JSTOR 1494116.: "materials science, chemical testing, historical research, and attentive site supervision contributed to the successful rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace".
^ Champe, Peter; Rabinowitz, Mark (1999). "Restoring the Minton Tile Ceiling, Bethesda Terrace Arcade, Central Park, New York City". APT Bulletin. 30 (2–3): 11–16. doi:10.2307/1504635. JSTOR 1504635. Described some of the difficulties surmounted in carrying out this project.
^ Parsons, Landscape Gardening: Notes and Suggestions on Lawns and Lawn Planting...(1891), lithograph after a watercolor, page 253
^ The concealed wrought-iron box-girder structure of the bridge, which forms part of the park drives' essential circulation pattern, was finished early, by 1860. (Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 35)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Ask Professor Ginkgo: The Fountains of New York". The Daily Plant. Vol. XVII, no. 3695. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. September 10, 2002. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
^ Murphy & Ottavino (1986), p. 26.
^ Commissioners of the Central Park Reports (New-York Historical Society), noted in Murphy & Ottavino (1986), p. 26.

External links

Angel of the Waters Fountain at Central Park's Official Website
The Bethesda Terrace and Fountain at CentralPark.com the Complete Guide to Central Park
Bethesda Fountain at On The Inside

[Kinkead-1] Kinkead, Eugene (1990). Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure. New York: Norton. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-393-02531-4.

[2] Heckscher, Morrison H. (2008). Creating Central Park. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-30013-669-2.

[NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1861-3] "1861 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1861. pp. 12–13 (PDF pp. 14–16). Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[4] "Improvements in Central Park". The New York Times. December 18, 1861. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 7, 2019.

[NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1862-5] "1862 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1862. p. 6 (PDF p. 7). Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1863-6] "1863 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1863. p. 16 (PDF p. 18). Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1864-7] "1864 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1864. pp. 6–8 (PDF pp. 7–10). Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[NYC_Parks_Annual_Report_1867-8] "1867 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1867. p. 8 (PDF p. 9). Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[9] "THE BETHESDA FOUNTAIN.; Inauguration at the Terrace, Central Park The Multitudes of Visitors. Stealing Jewelry Arrest of the Thief. Brooklyn Sanitary Precautions". The New York Times. June 1, 1873. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 12, 2019.

[10] Anderson, Susan Heller (May 3, 1987). "In Central Park, a Terrace Is Saved from Decay". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

[11] "1980–1988". The Official Website of Central Park. Central Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on January 26, 2007.

[12] Clarence C. Cook, A Description of the New York Central Park, 1869, quoted in Murphy & Ottavino (1986), p. 35.

[13] Neuffer, Elizabeth (June 7, 1987). "Terrace in Central Park Lacks Its Ornate Ceiling". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

[14] "THE REGION; What's Up in the Park? Ceiling Tiles!". The New York Times. June 14, 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

[Murphy_and_Ottavino-15] Murphy, Jean Parker; Ottavino, Kate Burns (1986). "The Rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace: The Terrace Bridge and Landscape, Central Park, New York". Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology. 18 (3): 24–38. doi:10.2307/1494116. JSTOR 1494116.: "materials science, chemical testing, historical research, and attentive site supervision contributed to the successful rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace".

[16] Champe, Peter; Rabinowitz, Mark (1999). "Restoring the Minton Tile Ceiling, Bethesda Terrace Arcade, Central Park, New York City". APT Bulletin. 30 (2–3): 11–16. doi:10.2307/1504635. JSTOR 1504635. Described some of the difficulties surmounted in carrying out this project.

[17] Parsons, Landscape Gardening: Notes and Suggestions on Lawns and Lawn Planting...(1891), lithograph after a watercolor, page 253

[18] The concealed wrought-iron box-girder structure of the bridge, which forms part of the park drives' essential circulation pattern, was finished early, by 1860. (Murphy & Ottavino 1986, p. 35)

[ginko-19] "Ask Professor Ginkgo: The Fountains of New York". The Daily Plant. Vol. XVII, no. 3695. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. September 10, 2002. Retrieved January 3, 2015.

[FOOTNOTEMurphyOttavino198626-20] Murphy & Ottavino (1986), p. 26.

[21] Commissioners of the Central Park Reports (New-York Historical Society), noted in Murphy & Ottavino (1986), p. 26.

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 |caption2=From the same viewpoint in 2008
 }}
-Bethesda Terrace and Fountain form the northern end of the [[Central Park Mall]], the only formal feature in the park's original blueprint, the [[Greensward Plan]].<ref name="Kinkead">{{cite book|last=Kinkead|first=Eugene|title=Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure|location=New York|publisher=Norton|year=1990|isbn=0-393-02531-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink}}</ref>{{rp|36–37}}
+Bethesda Terrace and Fountain form the northern end of the [[Central Park Mall]], the only formal feature in the park's original blueprint, the [[Greensward Plan]].<ref name="Kinkead">{{cite book|last=Kinkead|first=Eugene |title=Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure|location=New York|publisher=Norton|year=1990|isbn=0-393-02531-4|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink |pages=36–37}}</ref>
-Construction of the terrace and fountain occurred during the [[American Civil War]]. Only two major structures besides the Bethesda Terrace were completed during the Civil War: the Music Stand and the [[Central Park Casino|Casino]] restaurant, both demolished.<ref name="Heckscher">{{Cite book|last=Heckscher|first=Morrison H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx_GNFFLSXsC&pg=PA17|title=Creating Central Park|date=2008|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=|isbn=978-0-30013-669-2|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|58–59}} By the end of 1861, work on Bethesda Terrace was well underway.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1861">{{Cite web|url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4051annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1861.pdf|title=1861 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report|last=|first=|date=1861|website=|publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|access-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|12–13 (PDF pp. 14–16)}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1861/12/18/archives/improvements-in-central-park.html|title=Improvements in Central Park.|date=December 18, 1861|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 7, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The stonework to be installed in the terrace arrived in 1862,<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1862">{{Cite web|url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4077annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1862.pdf|title=1862 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report|last=|first=|date=1862|website=|publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|access-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|6 (PDF p. 7)}} and the masonry of the fountain was installed by 1863.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1863">{{Cite web|url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4085annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1863.pdf|title=1863 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report|last=|first=|date=1863|website=|publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|access-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|16 (PDF p. 18)}} In 1864, the stonework of Bethesda Terrace was completed except for minor details,<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1864">{{Cite web|url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4060annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1864.pdf|title=1864 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report|last=|first=|date=1864|website=|publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|access-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|7–8 (PDF pp. 9–10)}} and the Central Park commission hired a sculptor to design the figures for the Fountain.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1864"/>{{rp|6 (PDF p. 7)}} The upper level of the Terrace was mostly built by 1867, by which time the Fountain's figures were being cast in bronze.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1867">{{Cite web|url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4087annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1867.pdf|title=1867 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report|last=|first=|date=1867|website=|publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|access-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|8 (PDF p. 9)}} The Bethesda Fountain was officially completed in 1873.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1873/06/01/archives/the-bethesda-fountain-inauguration-at-the-terrace-central-park-the.html|title=THE BETHESDA FOUNTAIN.; Inauguration at the Terrace, Central Park The Multitudes of Visitors. Stealing Jewelry Arrest of the Thief. Brooklyn Sanitary Precautions.|date=June 1, 1873|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 12, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
+Construction of the terrace and fountain occurred during the [[American Civil War]]. Only two major structures besides the Bethesda Terrace were completed during the Civil War: the Music Stand and the [[Central Park Casino|Casino]] restaurant, both demolished.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heckscher |first=Morrison H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx_GNFFLSXsC&pg=PA17 |title=Creating Central Park |date=2008 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-30013-669-2|location= |pages=58–59}}</ref> By the end of 1861, work on Bethesda Terrace was well underway.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1861">{{Cite web |title= 1861 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4051annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1861.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |date=1861 |pages=12–13 (PDF pp. 14–16)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Improvements in Central Park |date=December 18, 1861 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1861/12/18/archives/improvements-in-central-park.html |work=The New York Times|access-date=April 7, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The stonework to be installed in the terrace arrived in 1862,<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1862">{{Cite web |title= 1862 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4077annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1862.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |date=1862 |page=6 (PDF p. 7)}}</ref> and the masonry of the fountain was installed by 1863.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1863">{{Cite web |title=1863 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |date=1863 |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4085annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1863.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |page=16 (PDF p. 18)}}</ref> In 1864, the stonework of Bethesda Terrace was completed except for minor details, and the Central Park commission hired a sculptor to design the figures for the Fountain.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1864">{{Cite web |title=1864 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |date=1864 |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4060annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1864.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |pages=6–8 (PDF pp. 7–10)}}</ref> The upper level of the Terrace was mostly built by 1867, by which time the Fountain's figures were being cast in bronze.<ref name="NYC Parks Annual Report 1867">{{Cite web |title=1867 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report |date=1867 |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4087annual_report_manhattan_central_park_1867.pdf |access-date=January 13, 2017 |page=8 (PDF p. 9)}}</ref> The Bethesda Fountain was officially completed in 1873.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1873/06/01/archives/the-bethesda-fountain-inauguration-at-the-terrace-central-park-the.html|title=THE BETHESDA FOUNTAIN.; Inauguration at the Terrace, Central Park The Multitudes of Visitors. Stealing Jewelry Arrest of the Thief. Brooklyn Sanitary Precautions.|date=June 1, 1873|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 12, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
 =={{anchor|The terrace}}Bethesda Terrace==
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 [[File:Bethesda Fountain, Central Park, New York, USA-1Aug2010.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The Terrace]]
-Bethesda Terrace became a site for an outdoor luncheon restaurant at the end of the 1960s, then became a congregating spot for the ''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'' generation before devolving into a drug-trafficking venue in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/03/nyregion/in-central-park-a-terrace-is-saved-from-decay.html|title=In Central Park, a Terrace Is Saved from Decay|last=Anderson|first=Susan Heller|date=May 3, 1987|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 18, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Terrace, designed by [[Calvert Vaux]] with sculptural decoration by [[Jacob Wrey Mould]], was restored in 1982, its stonework disassembled, cleaned, deteriorated surfaces removed, restored, patched, and reset. Resodding, and 50 new trees, 3,500 shrubs and 3,000 ground cover plants specified by Philip Winslow followed in 1986.<ref>[http://www.centralparknyc.org/aboutcpc/cpc-history/cpchistory1980-1988 Central Park Conservancy on-line history] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126152855/http://www.centralparknyc.org/aboutcpc/cpc-history/cpchistory1980-1988 |date=January 26, 2007 }}.</ref> However, after having matured into dense blocks, these plants were removed in 2008 to make way for plants native to the United States.
+Bethesda Terrace became a site for an outdoor luncheon restaurant at the end of the 1960s, then became a congregating spot for the ''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'' generation before devolving into a drug-trafficking venue in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=In Central Park, a Terrace Is Saved from Decay|last=Anderson |first=Susan Heller|date=May 3, 1987|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/03/nyregion/in-central-park-a-terrace-is-saved-from-decay.html |access-date=April 18, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Terrace, designed by [[Calvert Vaux]] with sculptural decoration by [[Jacob Wrey Mould]], was restored in 1982, its stonework disassembled, cleaned, deteriorated surfaces removed, restored, patched, and reset. Resodding, and 50 new trees, 3,500 shrubs and 3,000 ground cover plants specified by Philip Winslow followed in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Central Park Conservancy |url=http://www.centralparknyc.org/aboutcpc/cpc-history/cpchistory1980-1988 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126152855/http://www.centralparknyc.org/aboutcpc/cpc-history/cpchistory1980-1988 |archive-date=January 26, 2007 |title=1980–1988 |website=The Official Website of Central Park}}</ref> However, after having matured into dense blocks, these plants were removed in 2008 to make way for plants native to the United States.
-The [[Mintons]] [[encaustic tile]]s of the ceiling of the arcade between the flanking stairs, designed by Mould,<ref>Clarence C. Cook, ''A Description of the New York Central Park'', 1869, quoted in Murphy and Ottavino 1986:35.</ref> were removed in the 1980s renovation because the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] deemed the tiles too costly to restore. Instead, the Commission approved the commission of a ceiling mural in its place.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/07/nyregion/terrace-in-central-park-lacks-its-ornate-ceiling.html|title=Terrace in Central Park Lacks Its Ornate Ceiling|last=Neuffer|first=Elizabeth|date=June 7, 1987|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 18, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Mayor [[Ed Koch]] declared in June 1987 that the tiles would be restored.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/14/weekinreview/the-region-what-s-up-in-the-park-ceiling-tiles.html|title=THE REGION; What's Up in the Park? Ceiling Tiles!|date=June 14, 1987|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 18, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Nevertheless, the tiles sat in storage for more than 20 years until the Conservancy received a private donation for their restoration. The Conservancy embarked on a $7 million restoration effort to return the Minton tiles in 2004. A team of seven conservation technicians cleaned and repaired more than 14,000 original tiles by hand. Only three panels of replica tiles were needed to replace those that had been damaged beyond repair. For those recreations, the Conservancy decided to commission Maw and Company, Minton's successor in Stoke-on-Trent, England.  The tiles were reinstalled in 2007.<ref>Murphy and Ottavino 1986 and {{Cite journal |last1=Champe |first1=Peter |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=Mark |title=Restoring the Minton Tile Ceiling, Bethesda Terrace Arcade, Central Park, New York City |journal=[[APT Bulletin]] |volume=30 |issue=2-3 |date=1999 |pages=11–16 |doi=10.2307/1504635 |jstor=1504635}} described some of the difficulties surmounted in carrying out this project.</ref>
+The [[Mintons]] [[encaustic tile]]s of the ceiling of the arcade between the flanking stairs, designed by Mould,<ref>Clarence C. Cook, ''A Description of the New York Central Park'', 1869, quoted in {{harvp |Murphy |Ottavino |1986 |p=35}}.</ref> were removed in the 1980s renovation because the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] deemed the tiles too costly to restore. Instead, the Commission approved the commission of a ceiling mural in its place.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Terrace in Central Park Lacks Its Ornate Ceiling|last=Neuffer|first=Elizabeth|date=June 7, 1987 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/07/nyregion/terrace-in-central-park-lacks-its-ornate-ceiling.html |access-date=April 18, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Mayor [[Ed Koch]] declared in June 1987 that the tiles would be restored.<ref>{{Cite news |title=THE REGION; What's Up in the Park? Ceiling Tiles! |date=June 14, 1987|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/14/weekinreview/the-region-what-s-up-in-the-park-ceiling-tiles.html |access-date=April 18, 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Nevertheless, the tiles sat in storage for more than 20 years until the Conservancy received a private donation for their restoration. The Conservancy embarked on a $7 million restoration effort to return the Minton tiles in 2004. A team of seven conservation technicians cleaned and repaired more than 14,000 original tiles by hand. Only three panels of replica tiles were needed to replace those that had been damaged beyond repair. For those recreations, the Conservancy decided to commission Maw and Company, Minton's successor in Stoke-on-Trent, England. The tiles were reinstalled in 2007.<ref name="Murphy and Ottavino"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Champe |first1=Peter |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=Mark |title=Restoring the Minton Tile Ceiling, Bethesda Terrace Arcade, Central Park, New York City |journal=[[APT Bulletin]] |volume=30 |issue=2-3 |date=1999 |pages=11–16 |doi=10.2307/1504635 |jstor=1504635}} Described some of the difficulties surmounted in carrying out this project.</ref>
 Following an illustration in an 1891 book by the Superintendent of Planting in Central Park, Vaux's assistant and partner, [[Samuel Parsons]],<ref>Parsons, ''Landscape Gardening: Notes and Suggestions on Lawns and Lawn Planting...''(1891), lithograph after a watercolor, page 253</ref> the lower basin once again has [[Nymphaeaceae|water lilies]], [[Lotus (plant)|lotus]], and [[papyrus]], grown in removable pots.
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 [[File:Bethesda Fountain in 2007.jpg|thumb|Bethesda Fountain with restored plants]]
-Bethesda Fountain is the central feature on the lower level of the terrace, constructed between 1859 and 1864,<ref>The concealed wrought-iron box-girder structure of the bridge, which forms part of the park drives' essential circulation pattern, was finished early, by 1860 (Murphy and Ottavino 1986:35).</ref> which is enclosed within two elliptical balustrades.<ref name="Murphy and Ottavino">{{Cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=Jean Parker |last2=Ottavino |first2=Kate Burns |date=1986 |title=The Rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace: The Terrace Bridge and Landscape, Central Park, New York |journal=[[Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology]] |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=24–38 |doi=10.2307/1494116 |jstor=1494116}}: "materials science, chemical testing, historical research, and attentive site supervision contributed to the successful rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace".</ref>
+Bethesda Fountain is the central feature on the lower level of the terrace, constructed between 1859 and 1864,<ref>The concealed wrought-iron box-girder structure of the bridge, which forms part of the park drives' essential circulation pattern, was finished early, by 1860. {{harv |Murphy |Ottavino |1986 |p=35}}</ref> which is enclosed within two elliptical balustrades.<ref name="Murphy and Ottavino">{{Cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=Jean Parker |last2=Ottavino |first2=Kate Burns |date=1986 |title=The Rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace: The Terrace Bridge and Landscape, Central Park, New York |journal=[[Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology]] |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=24–38 |doi=10.2307/1494116 |jstor=1494116}}: "materials science, chemical testing, historical research, and attentive site supervision contributed to the successful rehabilitation of Bethesda Terrace".</ref>
 The pool is centered by a fountain sculpture designed by [[Emma Stebbins]] in 1868 and unveiled in 1873.<ref name="ginko">{{Cite news |title=Ask Professor Ginkgo: The Fountains of New York |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/daily_plants/daily_plant_main.php?id=15031 |date=September 10, 2002 |volume=XVII |issue=3695 |work=The Daily Plant |accessdate=January 3, 2015 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] }}</ref> Stebbins was the first woman to receive a public commission for a major work of art in New York City.<ref name=ginko /> The bronze, eight-foot statue depicts a female winged angel touching down upon the top of the fountain, where water spouts and cascades into an upper basin and into the surrounding pool.  It was the only statue in the park called for in the original design. Beneath her are four four-foot [[cherub]]s representing [[Temperance (virtue)|Temperance]], [[Virtue|Purity]], [[Health]], and [[Peace]].<ref name=ginko /> Also called the ''Angel of the Waters'', the statue refers to [[Healing the paralytic at Bethesda]], a story from the [[Gospel of John]] about an angel blessing the [[Pool of Bethesda]], giving it healing powers.<ref name=ginko /> In Central Park the referent is the [[Croton Aqueduct]] opened in 1842, providing the city for the first time with a dependable supply of pure water: thus the angel carries a [[lily]] in one hand, representing purity, and with the other hand she blesses the water below.<ref name=ginko />
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 The base of the fountain was designed by the architect of all the original features of Central Park,  [[Calvert Vaux]], with sculptural details, as usual,  by [[Jacob Wrey Mould]]. In Calvert Vaux and [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]'s 1858 [[Central Park#Greensward Plan|Greensward Plan]], the terrace at the end of the Mall overlooking the naturalistic landscape of the Lake was simply called ''The Water Terrace'', but after the unveiling of the angel, its name was changed to ''Bethesda Terrace''.
-The panels of carving in the abstracted organic style propounded by [[Owen Jones (architect)|Owen Jones]], a mentor of the sculptor Jacob Wrey Mould<ref>Murphy and Ottavino 1986:26.</ref> are organized by an iconographical program of themes: the Seasons, the Times of Day, the Ages of Mankind.<ref>''Commissioners of the<!--the in original--> Central Park Reports'' ([[New-York Historical Society]]), noted in Murphy and Ottavino 1986:26.</ref> Considerable latitude was offered the carvers executing the work, following [[John Ruskin|Ruskinian]] principles.
+The panels of carving in the abstracted organic style propounded by [[Owen Jones (architect)|Owen Jones]], a mentor of the sculptor Jacob Wrey Mould{{sfnp |Murphy |Ottavino |1986 |p=26}} are organized by an iconographical program of themes: the Seasons, the Times of Day, the Ages of Mankind.<ref>''Commissioners of the<!--the in original--> Central Park Reports'' ([[New-York Historical Society]]), noted in {{harvp |Murphy |Ottavino |1986 |p=26}}.</ref> Considerable latitude was offered the carvers executing the work, following [[John Ruskin|Ruskinian]] principles.
 By the 1970s, Bethesda Fountain was completely dry. However, the fountain was restored in 1980-1981 by the [[Central Park Conservancy]] as the first part of its plan to renovate Central Park.<ref name="Murphy and Ottavino" />
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 ==References==
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