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[[File:Lanature1873 telescope foucault.png|thumb|Drawing of the 80 cm [[Léon Foucault|Foucault]] telescope of Marseille]] |
[[File:Lanature1873 telescope foucault.png|thumb|Drawing of the 80 cm [[Léon Foucault|Foucault]] telescope of Marseille]] |
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'''Marseille Observatory''' ({{lang-fr|'''Observatoire de Marseille'''}}) is an [[astronomical observatory]] located in [[Marseille]], [[France]], with a history that goes back to the early 18th century. In its 1877 incarnation, it was the discovery site of a group of galaxies known as [[Stephan's Quintet]], discovered by its director [[Édouard Stephan]]. Marseille Observatory is now run as a joint research unit by [[Aix-Marseille University]] and the [[French National Center for Scientific Research]] (CNRS). |
'''Marseille Observatory''' ({{lang-fr|'''Observatoire de Marseille'''}}) is an [[astronomical observatory]] located in [[Marseille]], [[France]], with a history that goes back to the early 18th century. In its 1877 incarnation, it was the discovery site of a group of galaxies known as [[Stephan's Quintet]], discovered by its director [[Édouard Stephan]]. Marseille Observatory is now run as a joint research unit by [[Aix-Marseille University]] and the [[French National Center for Scientific Research]] (CNRS). |
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The old Palais Longchamps facilities are a noted tourist destination in Marseilles area, and a [[planetarium]] was also added in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://provence-tourism.com/en/things-to-do/leisure-and-relaxation/top-10-family-activities-in-provence/|title=Top 10 family activities in Provence to enjoy with your clan|website=Provence|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> One of the noted exhibits is the [[Léon Foucault|Foucault]] glass-mirror telescope, and various items from centuries of astronomical activities. |
The old Palais Longchamps facilities are a noted tourist destination in Marseilles area, and a [[planetarium]] was also added in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://provence-tourism.com/en/things-to-do/leisure-and-relaxation/top-10-family-activities-in-provence/|title=Top 10 family activities in Provence to enjoy with your clan|website=Provence|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> One of the noted exhibits is the [[Léon Foucault|Foucault]] glass-mirror telescope, and various items from centuries of astronomical activities. |
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Foucault's telescope is a noted historical example, because it was the forerunner of the modern style of big reflecting telescopes which use a minute layer of metal on a figured piece of glass. Before this, the main technology was to make the whole mirror of metal, and it would really be another half-century before silvered glass mirrors really caught on for astronomy. A major change in the 20th century was to change from using solution to coat the glass with silver, to use a vapor deposition process. |
Foucault's telescope is a noted historical example, because it was the forerunner of the modern style of big reflecting telescopes which use a minute layer of metal on a figured piece of glass. Before this, the main technology was to make the whole mirror of metal, and it would really be another half-century before silvered glass mirrors really caught on for astronomy. A major change in the 20th century was to change from using solution to coat the glass with silver, to use a vapor deposition process. |
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The observatory was founded in 1701 in montee des Accoules (this is a location near [[Vieux Port, Marseille|Vieux Port]], Marseille, France).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jJfvAAAAMAAJ&q=Marseille+Observatory&dq=Marseille+Observatory|title=The message of the angles - astrometry from 1798 to 1998: proceedings of the International Spring Meeting of the Astronomische Gesellschaft, Gotha, May 11-15, 1998 : commemoratting the first meeting of astronomers at the Seeberg observatory 200 years ago|last=Meeting|first=Astronomische Gesellschaft (Germany) International Spring|date=1998|publisher=H. Deutsch|isbn=9783817115884|language=en}}</ref> Antoine Laval was the first director.<ref name=":1" /> |
The observatory was founded in 1701 in montee des Accoules (this is a location near [[Vieux Port, Marseille|Vieux Port]], Marseille, France).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jJfvAAAAMAAJ&q=Marseille+Observatory&dq=Marseille+Observatory|title=The message of the angles - astrometry from 1798 to 1998: proceedings of the International Spring Meeting of the Astronomische Gesellschaft, Gotha, May 11-15, 1998 : commemoratting the first meeting of astronomers at the Seeberg observatory 200 years ago|last=Meeting|first=Astronomische Gesellschaft (Germany) International Spring|date=1998|publisher=H. Deutsch|isbn=9783817115884|language=en}}</ref> Antoine Laval was the first director.<ref name=":1" /> |
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The [[1761 transit of Venus|1761 Transit of Venus]] was observed from the Marseilles Observatory.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=J2IJC7tM3QQC&pg=PA44&dq=Marseille+Observatory#v=onepage&q=Marseille%20Observatory&f=false|title=The Moon that Wasn't: The Saga of Venus' Spurious Satellite|last=Kragh|first=Helge|date=2008-11-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783764389093|language=en}}</ref> A telescope 6 feet long made by Short was used for this observation.<ref name=":2" /> These observations were conducted by the astronomer Louis Lagrange.<ref |
The [[1761 transit of Venus|1761 Transit of Venus]] was observed from the Marseilles Observatory.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=J2IJC7tM3QQC&pg=PA44&dq=Marseille+Observatory#v=onepage&q=Marseille%20Observatory&f=false|title=The Moon that Wasn't: The Saga of Venus' Spurious Satellite|last=Kragh|first=Helge|date=2008-11-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783764389093|language=en}}</ref> A telescope 6 feet long made by Short was used for this observation.<ref name=":2" /> These observations were conducted by the astronomer Louis Lagrange.<ref name=":2"/> |
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In 1789 [[Jean-Louis Pons]] began work at Marseille Obs. as a doorkeeper, but he also received lesson in astronomy; by 1801 he discovered his first comet.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=1960ASPL....8..159R Page 159|journal = Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific|volume = 8|issue = 371|pages = 159|bibcode = 1960ASPL....8..159R|last1 = Roemer|first1 = Elizabeth|year = 1960}}</ref> Pons would become one of the most prolific comet discovers, finding 37 in all a significant portion of all [[comet]] discoveries for a quarter of a century.<ref name=":6" /> |
In 1789 [[Jean-Louis Pons]] began work at Marseille Obs. as a doorkeeper, but he also received lesson in astronomy; by 1801 he discovered his first comet.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=1960ASPL....8..159R Page 159|journal = Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific|volume = 8|issue = 371|pages = 159|bibcode = 1960ASPL....8..159R|last1 = Roemer|first1 = Elizabeth|year = 1960}}</ref> Pons would become one of the most prolific comet discovers, finding 37 in all a significant portion of all [[comet]] discoveries for a quarter of a century.<ref name=":6" /> |
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== 19th century == |
== 19th century == |
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Astronomer [[Jean-Félix Adolphe Gambart]] discovered 16 comets from the old observatory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marseilletourisme.fr/en/places-see/heritage-culture/museums/marseille-observatory/|title=Marseille Observatory|website=MarseilleTourisme.fr|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> Another astronomer of Marseilles Observatory was [[Benjamin Valz]]. |
Astronomer [[Jean-Félix Adolphe Gambart]] discovered 16 comets from the old observatory.<ref name="Marseille Observatory">{{Cite web|url=https://www.marseilletourisme.fr/en/places-see/heritage-culture/museums/marseille-observatory/|title=Marseille Observatory|website=MarseilleTourisme.fr|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> Another astronomer of Marseilles Observatory was [[Benjamin Valz]]. |
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Jean-Louis Pons (1761-1831) discovered his first comet in 1801, and went on to find 37 more in his career much of it at Marsielles Obs.<ref name=":6" /> |
Jean-Louis Pons (1761-1831) discovered his first comet in 1801, and went on to find 37 more in his career much of it at Marsielles Obs.<ref name=":6" /> |
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Pons also discovered comets that came to be known by other names including [[Encke's Comet]], [[Comet Crommelin]], and [[Biela's Comet]].<ref name=":6" /> One reason for this was the discoveries sometimes turned out to be re-discoveries or co-discoveries (discovered at the same time by others), and finally some Comet's were being named for their orbit computer's in style of Halley's comet.<ref name=":6" /> |
Pons also discovered comets that came to be known by other names including [[Encke's Comet]], [[Comet Crommelin]], and [[Biela's Comet]].<ref name=":6" /> One reason for this was the discoveries sometimes turned out to be re-discoveries or co-discoveries (discovered at the same time by others), and finally some Comet's were being named for their orbit computer's in style of Halley's comet.<ref name=":6" /> |
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In 1863 Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the [[Paris Observatory]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cWBDAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121&dq=Marseille+Observatory#v=onepage&q=Marseille%20Observatory&f=false|title=Le Verrier—Magnificent and Detestable Astronomer|last=Lequeux|first=James|date=2013-03-15|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461455653|language=en}}</ref> This |
In 1863 Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the [[Paris Observatory]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cWBDAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121&dq=Marseille+Observatory#v=onepage&q=Marseille%20Observatory&f=false|title=Le Verrier—Magnificent and Detestable Astronomer|last=Lequeux|first=James|date=2013-03-15|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461455653|language=en}}</ref> This led to a new building inaugurated by 1864, designed by the architect of [[Notre-Dame de la Garde|Notre Dame de la Garde]], also the 80 cm reflector was installed by that year.<ref name=":0" /> (At the [[Palais Longchamp]] site) |
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Work continued on improvements and by 1866 a [[Comet seeker|Comet Seeker]] telescope of 18 |
Work continued on improvements and by 1866 a [[Comet seeker|Comet Seeker]] telescope of 18 cm aperture by Martin, and 25.8 cm (10.25") aperture refractor by Merz by 1872.<ref name=":0" /> The Merz refractor was on [[equatorial mount]]ing with governor done by Focault.<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[Léon Foucault|Focault]] operated his 80 cm [[Silvering|silver-on-glass]] reflector at Marseille Observatory<ref>{{citation|last1=Tobin|first1=William|title=Foucault's invention of the silvered-glass reflecting telescope and the history of his 80-cm reflector at the observatoire de Marseille|journal=Vistas in Astronomy|volume=30|issue=2|pages=153–184|year=1987|bibcode=1987VA.....30..153T|doi=10.1016/0083-6656(87)90015-8}}</ref> (a telescope with aperture 80 cm (31.5 inches) from about 1862 to its retirement in 1965.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=1996QJRAS..37..101G Page 101|journal = Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume = 37|pages = 101|bibcode = 1996QJRAS..37..101G|last1 = Gascoigne|first1 = S. C. B.|year = 1996}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wyWjVWYWoO8C&pg=PA419&lpg=PA419&dq=Foucault+80+cm+1965#v=onepage&q=Foucault%2080%20cm%201965&f=false|title=Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue|last=Steinicke|first=Wolfgang|date=2010-08-19|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139490108|language=en}}</ref> <!-- 1864?--> The telescope was noted for being a pioneering design, that used [[Silvering|silver-coated glass]] in a reflecting telescope.<ref |
[[Léon Foucault|Focault]] operated his 80 cm [[Silvering|silver-on-glass]] reflector at Marseille Observatory<ref>{{citation|last1=Tobin|first1=William|title=Foucault's invention of the silvered-glass reflecting telescope and the history of his 80-cm reflector at the observatoire de Marseille|journal=Vistas in Astronomy|volume=30|issue=2|pages=153–184|year=1987|bibcode=1987VA.....30..153T|doi=10.1016/0083-6656(87)90015-8}}</ref> (a telescope with aperture 80 cm (31.5 inches) from about 1862 to its retirement in 1965.<ref name="1996QJRAS..37..101G Page 101">{{Cite journal|title=1996QJRAS..37..101G Page 101|journal = Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume = 37|pages = 101|bibcode = 1996QJRAS..37..101G|last1 = Gascoigne|first1 = S. C. B.|year = 1996}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wyWjVWYWoO8C&pg=PA419&lpg=PA419&dq=Foucault+80+cm+1965#v=onepage&q=Foucault%2080%20cm%201965&f=false|title=Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue|last=Steinicke|first=Wolfgang|date=2010-08-19|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139490108|language=en}}</ref> <!-- 1864?--> The telescope was noted for being a pioneering design, that used [[Silvering|silver-coated glass]] in a reflecting telescope.<ref name="1996QJRAS..37..101G Page 101"/> |
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There was also instruments and facilities for magnetic studies.<ref name=":0" /> |
There was also instruments and facilities for magnetic studies.<ref name=":0" /> |
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In 1873 Marseilles Observatory announced the discovery of 300 new nebula.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title=1873MNRAS..33..433S Page 433|journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume = 33|pages = 433|bibcode = 1873MNRAS..33..433S|last1 = Stéphan|first1 = M.|year = 1873}}</ref> Of these 75 had there positions accurately cataloged, which was done by comparing the location of the nebula with previously cataloged stars of known position.<ref name=":4" /> |
In 1873 Marseilles Observatory announced the discovery of 300 new nebula.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title=1873MNRAS..33..433S Page 433|journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume = 33|pages = 433|bibcode = 1873MNRAS..33..433S|last1 = Stéphan|first1 = M.|year = 1873}}</ref> Of these 75 had there positions accurately cataloged, which was done by comparing the location of the nebula with previously cataloged stars of known position.<ref name=":4" /> |
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In 1873 Marseilles Observatory detached from Paris Observatory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prévot|first=Marie-Louise|last2=Caplan|first2=James|date=1998-00-00|title=History of the Marseille Observatory|journal=Acta Historica Astronomiae|language=en|volume=3|pages=78|issn=0003-2670|bibcode=1998AcHA....3...78P}}</ref> |
In 1873 Marseilles Observatory detached from Paris Observatory.<ref name="Prévot 78">{{Cite journal|last=Prévot|first=Marie-Louise|last2=Caplan|first2=James|date=1998-00-00|title=History of the Marseille Observatory|journal=Acta Historica Astronomiae|language=en|volume=3|pages=78|issn=0003-2670|bibcode=1998AcHA....3...78P}}</ref> |
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In 1874 the Comet [[C/1874 H1]] was discovered from the observatory. |
In 1874 the Comet [[C/1874 H1]] was discovered from the observatory. |
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In 1914, the [[Orion Nebula|Orion nebula]] was observed with the Perot-Fabry [[Interferometry|interferometer]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zGbvAAAAMAAJ&q=Marseille+Observatory&dq=Marseille+Observatory|title=Instrumentation in Astronomy|date=1984|publisher=Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers|language=en}}</ref> |
In 1914, the [[Orion Nebula|Orion nebula]] was observed with the Perot-Fabry [[Interferometry|interferometer]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zGbvAAAAMAAJ&q=Marseille+Observatory&dq=Marseille+Observatory|title=Instrumentation in Astronomy|date=1984|publisher=Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers|language=en}}</ref> |
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In 1965 the Focault 80 |
In 1965 the Focault 80 cm reflecting telescope was retired.<ref name=":8" /> |
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In 1989 the Marseille telescope was completed at the observatory, and then sent to the [[Southern Hemisphere|southern hemisphere]] later that year.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marseille/|title=Marseille 0.36-metre telescope|[email protected]|website=www.eso.org|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> The telescope is a reflecting telescope with 36 |
In 1989 the Marseille telescope was completed at the observatory, and then sent to the [[Southern Hemisphere|southern hemisphere]] later that year.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marseille/|title=Marseille 0.36-metre telescope|[email protected]|website=www.eso.org|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> The telescope is a reflecting telescope with 36 cm (~14.2") diameter mirror with a low-expansion glass-ceramic and of the [[Ritchey–Chrétien telescope|Richey-Chrétien]] type.<ref name=":3" /> |
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Starting in 1990 Marseille Observatory had a study of [[Hydrogen alpha|H alpha]] (''H-alpha'' (''Hα'')) in the southern galactic plane.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.atnf.csiro.au/pasa/15_1/russeil/paper/index.html|title=THE MARSEILLE OBSERVATORY H SURVEY OF THE SOUTHERN GALACTIC PLANE AND MAGELLANIC CLOUDS|last=scheme=AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent; corporateName=CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility; address=PO Box 76 Epping NSW 1710 Australia; contact=+61 2 9372 4100 (phone)|first=+61 2 9372 4310 (fax); jurisdiction=Commonwealth|date=2019-05-08|website=www.atnf.csiro.au|language=en|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref> This included observations of the [[Magellanic Clouds]] also.<ref name=":10" /> This study used the 36 |
Starting in 1990 Marseille Observatory had a study of [[Hydrogen alpha|H alpha]] (''H-alpha'' (''Hα'')) in the southern galactic plane.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.atnf.csiro.au/pasa/15_1/russeil/paper/index.html|title=THE MARSEILLE OBSERVATORY H SURVEY OF THE SOUTHERN GALACTIC PLANE AND MAGELLANIC CLOUDS|last=scheme=AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent; corporateName=CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility; address=PO Box 76 Epping NSW 1710 Australia; contact=+61 2 9372 4100 (phone)|first=+61 2 9372 4310 (fax); jurisdiction=Commonwealth|date=2019-05-08|website=www.atnf.csiro.au|language=en|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref> This included observations of the [[Magellanic Clouds]] also.<ref name=":10" /> This study used the 36 cm Marsielle telescope at La Silla observatory in the southern hemisphere for data.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.atnf.csiro.au/pasa/15_1/russeil/paper/node2.html|title=The instrument|last=scheme=AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent; corporateName=CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility; address=PO Box 76 Epping NSW 1710 Australia; contact=+61 2 9372 4100 (phone)|first=+61 2 9372 4310 (fax); jurisdiction=Commonwealth|date=2019-05-08|website=www.atnf.csiro.au|language=en|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref> The telescope was equipped with both a photon counter and a Fabry-Perot interferometer for this study.<ref name=":11" /> |
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In 1999 a Marseilles Observatory published a study on simulating the formation of [[Protoplanet|proto-planets]] and [[ |
In 1999 a Marseilles Observatory published a study on simulating the formation of [[Protoplanet|proto-planets]] and [[planetesimal]]s with a large planetary body.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Athanassoula|first=E|last2=Barge|first2=P|date=1999-01-01|title=Dynamical evolutuion of planetesimals driven by a massive planet: First simulations|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C: Solar, Terrestrial & Planetary Science|volume=24|issue=5|pages=557–559|doi=10.1016/S1464-1917(99)00091-4|issn=1464-1917}}</ref> This simulation used the [[GRAPE-4]] system.<ref name=":7" /> |
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== 2000s == |
== 2000s == |
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==Marseille Observatory Palais Longchamp facilities== |
==Marseille Observatory Palais Longchamp facilities== |
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[[File:Honeymoon-433_(14586751896).jpg|thumb|Palais Longchamp]] |
[[File:Honeymoon-433_(14586751896).jpg|thumb|Palais Longchamp]] |
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The old Marseille Observatory site is a noted [[tourist attraction]] in the [[Palais Longchamp]] area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france-hotel-guide.com/en/marseille-travel-guide.php|title=Marseille Travel Guide : practical and useful information for tourists|website=France Hotel Guide|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> Exhibits include the Focault telescope, and there is also a [[planetarium]].<ref |
The old Marseille Observatory site is a noted [[tourist attraction]] in the [[Palais Longchamp]] area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france-hotel-guide.com/en/marseille-travel-guide.php|title=Marseille Travel Guide : practical and useful information for tourists|website=France Hotel Guide|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> Exhibits include the Focault telescope, and there is also a [[planetarium]].<ref name="Marseille Observatory"/> |
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The planetarium has 30-seats and opened in 2001.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aplf-planetariums.info/en/index.php?onglet=planetariums&menu=sheet_planetarium&filtre=967|title=World Planetariums Database|website=www.aplf-planetariums.info|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref> |
The planetarium has 30-seats and opened in 2001.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aplf-planetariums.info/en/index.php?onglet=planetariums&menu=sheet_planetarium&filtre=967|title=World Planetariums Database|website=www.aplf-planetariums.info|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref> |
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The facilities at Plateau longchamp date the 1860s, the older site was at Vieux Port.<ref |
The facilities at Plateau longchamp date the 1860s, the older site was at Vieux Port.<ref name="Prévot 78"/> |
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== Directors == |
== Directors == |
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* [[Esprit Pézenas]], 1729-1763 |
* [[Esprit Pézenas]], 1729-1763 |
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* [[Guillaume de Saint-Jacques de Silvabelle|Saint-Jacques de Silvabelle]], 1763-1801 |
* [[Guillaume de Saint-Jacques de Silvabelle|Saint-Jacques de Silvabelle]], 1763-1801 |
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* [[Jacques-Joseph Thulis]], 1801-1810 <ref name="Prévot 78"/> |
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* [[Jacques-Joseph Thulis]], 1801-1810 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prévot|first=Marie-Louise|last2=Caplan|first2=James|date=1998-00-00|title=History of the Marseille Observatory|journal=Acta Historica Astronomiae|language=en|volume=3|pages=78|issn=0003-2670|bibcode=1998AcHA....3...78P}}</ref> |
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* [[Jean-Jacques Blanpain]], 1810-1821 |
* [[Jean-Jacques Blanpain]], 1810-1821 |
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* [[Jean-Félix Adolphe Gambart]], 1821-1836 |
* [[Jean-Félix Adolphe Gambart]], 1821-1836 |
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* [[Benjamin Valz]], 1836-1860 |
* [[Benjamin Valz]], 1836-1860 |
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* [[Charles Simon (astronome)|Charles Simon]], dit ''Darembert'', du {{date|18|7|1861}} à {{date||10|1863}}<ref name=Simon/> |
* [[Charles Simon (astronome)|Charles Simon]], dit ''Darembert'', du {{date|18|7|1861}} à {{date||10|1863}};<ref name=Simon/> |
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* Auguste Voigt, d'{{date||10|1863}} au {{date|10|10|1865}}<ref>[http://www.obs-hp.fr/dictionnaire/par_lettre/lettres_UV.pdf#page=18 Dictionnaire des Astronomes Français 1850-1950 : lettres '''U''' et '''V'''], page 18/32, publié le {{date|24|8|2016}} sur le site de l'[[observatoire de Haute-Provence]] (consulté le 8 juin 2019)</ref> |
* Auguste Voigt, d'{{date||10|1863}} au {{date|10|10|1865}}<ref>[http://www.obs-hp.fr/dictionnaire/par_lettre/lettres_UV.pdf#page=18 Dictionnaire des Astronomes Français 1850-1950 : lettres '''U''' et '''V'''], page 18/32, publié le {{date|24|8|2016}} sur le site de l'[[observatoire de Haute-Provence]] (consulté le 8 juin 2019)</ref> |
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* [[Édouard Stephan]], 1866-1907 |
* [[Édouard Stephan]], 1866-1907 |
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* [[Henri Buisson (physicien)|Henri Buisson]], (directeur intérimaire) 1921-1923 |
* [[Henri Buisson (physicien)|Henri Buisson]], (directeur intérimaire) 1921-1923 |
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* [[Jean Bosler]], 1923-1948 |
* [[Jean Bosler]], 1923-1948 |
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* [[Charles Fehrenbach (astronomer)|Charles Fehrenbach]], 1948-1971 <br /> |
* [[Charles Fehrenbach (astronomer)|Charles Fehrenbach]], 1948-1971 <br />... |
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* [[James Lequeux]], 1983-1988 ;<br /> |
* [[James Lequeux]], 1983-1988 ;<br />... |
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* [[Roger Malina]], 2008- |
* [[Roger Malina]], 2008- |
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== References == |
== References == |
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==External links== |
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Revision as of 21:08, 14 September 2020
 | |
| Observatory code | 014  |
|---|---|
| Location | Marseille, France |
| Coordinates | 43°18′20″N 5°23′41″E / 43.30547°N 5.39477°E |
| Altitude | 40 m (130 ft) |
| Established | 1702 |
| Website | www |
  Location of Marseille Observatory | |
Marseille Observatory (French: Observatoire de Marseille) is an astronomical observatory located in Marseille, France, with a history that goes back to the early 18th century. In its 1877 incarnation, it was the discovery site of a group of galaxies known as Stephan's Quintet, discovered by its director Édouard Stephan. Marseille Observatory is now run as a joint research unit by Aix-Marseille University and the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS).
The old Palais Longchamps facilities are a noted tourist destination in Marseilles area, and a planetarium was also added in 2001.[1][2] One of the noted exhibits is the Foucault glass-mirror telescope, and various items from centuries of astronomical activities.
Foucault's telescope is a noted historical example, because it was the forerunner of the modern style of big reflecting telescopes which use a minute layer of metal on a figured piece of glass. Before this, the main technology was to make the whole mirror of metal, and it would really be another half-century before silvered glass mirrors really caught on for astronomy. A major change in the 20th century was to change from using solution to coat the glass with silver, to use a vapor deposition process.
18th century
The observatory was founded in 1701 in montee des Accoules (this is a location near Vieux Port, Marseille, France).[3] Antoine Laval was the first director.[3]
The 1761 Transit of Venus was observed from the Marseilles Observatory.[4] A telescope 6 feet long made by Short was used for this observation.[4] These observations were conducted by the astronomer Louis Lagrange.[4]
In 1789 Jean-Louis Pons began work at Marseille Obs. as a doorkeeper, but he also received lesson in astronomy; by 1801 he discovered his first comet.[5] Pons would become one of the most prolific comet discovers, finding 37 in all a significant portion of all comet discoveries for a quarter of a century.[5]
19th century
Astronomer Jean-Félix Adolphe Gambart discovered 16 comets from the old observatory.[6] Another astronomer of Marseilles Observatory was Benjamin Valz.
Jean-Louis Pons (1761-1831) discovered his first comet in 1801, and went on to find 37 more in his career much of it at Marsielles Obs.[5]
The Comet Pons-Brook was discovered by J.L. Pons in July 1812, however it was not seen again until June 1883.[7] (The next time it was recovered was in 1953)[7] Some other famous comets discovered by Pons include 7P/Pons–Winnecke, 12P/Pons–Brooks, and 273P/Pons–Gambart, among many others.[5] (see also Comet Pons)
Pons also discovered comets that came to be known by other names including Encke's Comet, Comet Crommelin, and Biela's Comet.[5] One reason for this was the discoveries sometimes turned out to be re-discoveries or co-discoveries (discovered at the same time by others), and finally some Comet's were being named for their orbit computer's in style of Halley's comet.[5]
In 1863 Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the Paris Observatory.[8] This led to a new building inaugurated by 1864, designed by the architect of Notre Dame de la Garde, also the 80 cm reflector was installed by that year.[8] (At the Palais Longchamp site)
Work continued on improvements and by 1866 a Comet Seeker telescope of 18 cm aperture by Martin, and 25.8 cm (10.25") aperture refractor by Merz by 1872.[8] The Merz refractor was on equatorial mounting with governor done by Focault.[8]
Focault operated his 80 cm silver-on-glass reflector at Marseille Observatory[9] (a telescope with aperture 80 cm (31.5 inches) from about 1862 to its retirement in 1965.[10][11] The telescope was noted for being a pioneering design, that used silver-coated glass in a reflecting telescope.[10]
There was also instruments and facilities for magnetic studies.[8]
1872 Marseilles reported several new nebula discovered using the Eichens searcher.[12]
In 1873 Marseilles Observatory announced the discovery of 300 new nebula.[13] Of these 75 had there positions accurately cataloged, which was done by comparing the location of the nebula with previously cataloged stars of known position.[13]
In 1873 Marseilles Observatory detached from Paris Observatory.[14]
In 1874 the Comet C/1874 H1 was discovered from the observatory.
20th century
In 1914, the Orion nebula was observed with the Perot-Fabry interferometer.[15]
In 1965 the Focault 80 cm reflecting telescope was retired.[11]
In 1989 the Marseille telescope was completed at the observatory, and then sent to the southern hemisphere later that year.[16] The telescope is a reflecting telescope with 36 cm (~14.2") diameter mirror with a low-expansion glass-ceramic and of the Richey-Chrétien type.[16]
Starting in 1990 Marseille Observatory had a study of H alpha (H-alpha (Hα)) in the southern galactic plane.[17] This included observations of the Magellanic Clouds also.[17] This study used the 36 cm Marsielle telescope at La Silla observatory in the southern hemisphere for data.[18] The telescope was equipped with both a photon counter and a Fabry-Perot interferometer for this study.[18]
In 1999 a Marseilles Observatory published a study on simulating the formation of proto-planets and planetesimals with a large planetary body.[19] This simulation used the GRAPE-4 system.[19]
2000s
In 2000, Marseille Observatory merged with the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique Spatiale to become the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM) within the broader Observatoire Astronomique Marseille Provence which also included the Haute-Provence Observatory.
In 2008, LAM was relocated to a new 10,000 square meter facility in the Technopôle Chateau-Gombert in Marseille. The facility includes two major technology platforms for qualification of space instruments and for fabrication and metrology of optical mirrors. LAM astronomers specialize in cosmology and galaxy evolution, exoplanets and Solar System, and R&D in optics and instrumentation.
In 2012, the Observatoire Astronomique Marseille Provence merged with other earth-sciences research institutes from Aix-Marseille University and became a new entity called the Observatoire des Science de l'Univers Institut Pythéas (OSU-IP) which now includes 6 major labs for earth and universe sciences: CEREGE, IMBE, MIO, LAM. LPED, MIO as well as the Haute-Provence Observatory.
Marseille Observatory Palais Longchamp facilities
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The old Marseille Observatory site is a noted tourist attraction in the Palais Longchamp area.[20] Exhibits include the Focault telescope, and there is also a planetarium.[6] The planetarium has 30-seats and opened in 2001.[2]
The facilities at Plateau longchamp date the 1860s, the older site was at Vieux Port.[14]
Directors
- Antoine Laval, 1702-1728
- Esprit Pézenas, 1729-1763
- Saint-Jacques de Silvabelle, 1763-1801
- Jacques-Joseph Thulis, 1801-1810 [14]
- Jean-Jacques Blanpain, 1810-1821
- Jean-Félix Adolphe Gambart, 1821-1836
- Benjamin Valz, 1836-1860
- Charles Simon, dit Darembert, du 18 à 14 September;[21]
- Auguste Voigt, d'14 September au 10[22]
- Édouard Stephan, 1866-1907
- Henry Bourget, 1907-1921
- Henri Buisson, (directeur intérimaire) 1921-1923
- Jean Bosler, 1923-1948
- Charles Fehrenbach, 1948-1971
... - James Lequeux, 1983-1988 ;
... - Roger Malina, 2008-
See also
References
- ^ "Top 10 family activities in Provence to enjoy with your clan". Provence. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
- ^ a b "World Planetariums Database". www.aplf-planetariums.info. Retrieved 2019-11-15.
- ^ a b Meeting, Astronomische Gesellschaft (Germany) International Spring (1998). The message of the angles - astrometry from 1798 to 1998: proceedings of the International Spring Meeting of the Astronomische Gesellschaft, Gotha, May 11-15, 1998 : commemoratting the first meeting of astronomers at the Seeberg observatory 200 years ago. H. Deutsch. ISBN 9783817115884.
- ^ a b c Kragh, Helge (2008-11-06). The Moon that Wasn't: The Saga of Venus' Spurious Satellite. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783764389093.
- ^ a b c d e f Roemer, Elizabeth (1960). "1960ASPL....8..159R Page 159". Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 8 (371): 159. Bibcode:1960ASPL....8..159R.
- ^ a b "Marseille Observatory". MarseilleTourisme.fr. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
- ^ a b Yeomans, D. K. (1986). "1986AJ.....91..971Y Page 971". The Astronomical Journal. 91: 971. Bibcode:1986AJ.....91..971Y. doi:10.1086/114073.
- ^ a b c d e Lequeux, James (2013-03-15). Le Verrier—Magnificent and Detestable Astronomer. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461455653.
- ^ Tobin, William (1987), "Foucault's invention of the silvered-glass reflecting telescope and the history of his 80-cm reflector at the observatoire de Marseille", Vistas in Astronomy, 30 (2): 153–184, Bibcode:1987VA.....30..153T, doi:10.1016/0083-6656(87)90015-8
- ^ a b Gascoigne, S. C. B. (1996). "1996QJRAS..37..101G Page 101". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 37: 101. Bibcode:1996QJRAS..37..101G.
- ^ a b Steinicke, Wolfgang (2010-08-19). Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139490108.
- ^ "New Nebulæ discovered and observed by Alph. Borrelly at the Marseilles Observatory, with the Eichens Searcher". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 32 (6): 248. 1872-04-12. doi:10.1093/mnras/32.6.248. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ a b Stéphan, M. (1873). "1873MNRAS..33..433S Page 433". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 33: 433. Bibcode:1873MNRAS..33..433S.
- ^ a b c Prévot, Marie-Louise; Caplan, James (1998-00-00). "History of the Marseille Observatory". Acta Historica Astronomiae. 3: 78. Bibcode:1998AcHA....3...78P. ISSN 0003-2670.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Instrumentation in Astronomy. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. 1984.
- ^ a b [email protected]. "Marseille 0.36-metre telescope". www.eso.org. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
- ^ a b scheme=AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent; corporateName=CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility; address=PO Box 76 Epping NSW 1710 Australia; contact=+61 2 9372 4100 (phone), +61 2 9372 4310 (fax); jurisdiction=Commonwealth (2019-05-08). "THE MARSEILLE OBSERVATORY H SURVEY OF THE SOUTHERN GALACTIC PLANE AND MAGELLANIC CLOUDS". www.atnf.csiro.au. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b scheme=AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent; corporateName=CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility; address=PO Box 76 Epping NSW 1710 Australia; contact=+61 2 9372 4100 (phone), +61 2 9372 4310 (fax); jurisdiction=Commonwealth (2019-05-08). "The instrument". www.atnf.csiro.au. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Athanassoula, E; Barge, P (1999-01-01). "Dynamical evolutuion of planetesimals driven by a massive planet: First simulations". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C: Solar, Terrestrial & Planetary Science. 24 (5): 557–559. doi:10.1016/S1464-1917(99)00091-4. ISSN 1464-1917.
- ^ "Marseille Travel Guide : practical and useful information for tourists". France Hotel Guide. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Simonwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Dictionnaire des Astronomes Français 1850-1950 : lettres U et V, page 18/32, publié le 24 sur le site de l'observatoire de Haute-Provence (consulté le 8 juin 2019)
External links
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, updated Jan. 2014
- OSU-Institut Pythéas, updated Jan. 2014
- Observatoire de Haute Provence, updated Jan. 2014
- Marseille Observatory Astronomical Museum