COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: Difference between revisions
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On March 20, the day after Trump initially mentioned the drug, the Israeli company [[Teva Pharmaceuticals]] announced it would manufacture and donate as many doses as possible to U.S. hospitals at no charge, including 6 million doses by the end of the month.<ref name=TOI>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/teva-to-send-us-millions-of-malaria-pills-with-potential-to-help-covid-19/ "Teva to send US millions of malaria pills with potential to help COVID-19"], ''Times of Israel'', March 20, 2020</ref> On the same day, Sandoz, a subsidiary of [[Novartis]], said it would donate up to 130 million doses of the drug if approved.<ref name="novartis" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Novartis CEO: Malaria drug is biggest hope against coronavirus - SonntagsZeitung |url=https://news.yahoo.com/novartis-ceo-malaria-drug-biggest-071547625.html |accessdate=3 April 2020 |agency=Reuters |publisher=Yahoo News |date=March 29, 2020}}</ref> [[Mylan]] also began increasing its production of the drug in response to low supplies.<ref name="novartis">{{cite news |title=Novartis to donate malaria drug in fight against coronavirus |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/20/novartis-to-donate-malaria-drug-in-fight-against-coronavirus.html |accessdate=3 April 2020 |agency=Reuters |publisher=CNBC |date=March 20, 2020}}</ref> The HHS reported on March 29 that the government would make available 30 million doses of hydroxychloroquine and 1{{nbsp}}million doses of chloroquine recently donated to the [[Strategic National Stockpile]] for doctors to prescribe within limitations for COVID-19 patients under the FDA's Emergency Use Authorization.<ref name="JustinWise" /> |
On March 20, the day after Trump initially mentioned the drug, the Israeli company [[Teva Pharmaceuticals]] announced it would manufacture and donate as many doses as possible to U.S. hospitals at no charge, including 6 million doses by the end of the month.<ref name=TOI>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/teva-to-send-us-millions-of-malaria-pills-with-potential-to-help-covid-19/ "Teva to send US millions of malaria pills with potential to help COVID-19"], ''Times of Israel'', March 20, 2020</ref> On the same day, Sandoz, a subsidiary of [[Novartis]], said it would donate up to 130 million doses of the drug if approved.<ref name="novartis" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Novartis CEO: Malaria drug is biggest hope against coronavirus - SonntagsZeitung |url=https://news.yahoo.com/novartis-ceo-malaria-drug-biggest-071547625.html |accessdate=3 April 2020 |agency=Reuters |publisher=Yahoo News |date=March 29, 2020}}</ref> [[Mylan]] also began increasing its production of the drug in response to low supplies.<ref name="novartis">{{cite news |title=Novartis to donate malaria drug in fight against coronavirus |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/20/novartis-to-donate-malaria-drug-in-fight-against-coronavirus.html |accessdate=3 April 2020 |agency=Reuters |publisher=CNBC |date=March 20, 2020}}</ref> The HHS reported on March 29 that the government would make available 30 million doses of hydroxychloroquine and 1{{nbsp}}million doses of chloroquine recently donated to the [[Strategic National Stockpile]] for doctors to prescribe within limitations for COVID-19 patients under the FDA's Emergency Use Authorization.<ref name="JustinWise" /> |
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Also being tested in research clinics is the antiviral drug [[remdesivir]].<ref name=WSJ-drugs/> It was developed to fight [[Ebola]], although it failed to prove effective for that disease.<ref name=LATimes-drugs/> At a Coronavirus Task Force briefing on March 19, Food and Drug Administration Commissioner [[Stephen Hahn (oncologist)|Stephen Hahn]] noted that the FDA had made remdesivir available |
Also being tested in research clinics is the antiviral drug [[remdesivir]].<ref name=WSJ-drugs/> It was developed to fight [[Ebola]], although it failed to prove effective for that disease.<ref name=LATimes-drugs/> At a Coronavirus Task Force briefing on March 19, Food and Drug Administration Commissioner [[Stephen Hahn (oncologist)|Stephen Hahn]] noted that the FDA had made remdesivir available under compassionate use guidelines for coronavirus patients, while the FDA standard approval process was still ongoing.<ref name=March19Briefing /> In addition, the antibody rheumatoid arthritis treatment [[sarilumab]] is being tested in clinical trials in the hopes that suppressing some aspects of the immune response can help improve lung function patients who require supplemental oxygen.<ref name="boston-therapy" /> Due to the emergency nature of the pandemic, former FDA commissioners Drs. [[Scott Gottlieb]] and [[Mark McClellan]] have called for the FDA to develop therapeutics and vaccines that would be exempt from some regulatory requirements.<ref name=WSJ-drugs/> |
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The FDA sent warning letters to at least seven retailers selling essential oils, nasal sprays, herbal remedies, and other products claiming to test for, treat, or prevent COVID-19 (in violation of federal law, since none have been determined to be safe and effective by the FDA). The agency called them "scammers" and a threat to public health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/03/31/824879686/feds-warns-merchants-not-make-coronavirus-treatment-claims|title=Feds Warn Merchants Against Coronavirus Treatment Claims|website=NPR.org|accessdate=April 1, 2020}}</ref> |
The FDA sent warning letters to at least seven retailers selling essential oils, nasal sprays, herbal remedies, and other products claiming to test for, treat, or prevent COVID-19 (in violation of federal law, since none have been determined to be safe and effective by the FDA). The agency called them "scammers" and a threat to public health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/03/31/824879686/feds-warns-merchants-not-make-coronavirus-treatment-claims|title=Feds Warn Merchants Against Coronavirus Treatment Claims|website=NPR.org|accessdate=April 1, 2020}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 17:18, 3 April 2020
| 2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United States | |
|---|---|
 Confirmed cases per million residents | |
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | United States |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei, China[1] |
| Index case | Everett, Washington |
| Arrival date | January 15, 2020[2] (4 years, 8 months and 3 days ago) |
| Confirmed cases | 257,773 (JHU)[3] 239,279 (CDC confirmed)[4] |
| Suspected cases‡ | in one day 28,976 |
| Recovered | 9,058 (JHU)[3] |
Deaths | 5,759 (JHU)[3] 5,443 (CDC confirmed)[4] |
| Government website | |
| coronavirus | |
| ‡Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out. | |
 | This article is about a current disease pandemic where information can change quickly or be unreliable. The latest page updates may not reflect the most up-to-date information. |
An ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a new infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first confirmed to have spread to the United States in January 2020. Cases have been confirmed in all fifty U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and all inhabited U.S. territories except American Samoa.[5] As of March 31, 2020[update], the U.S. has the most confirmed active cases in the world and ranks third in the number of total deaths from the virus.[6]
The first known case of COVID-19 in the U.S. was confirmed on January 20, 2020, in a 35-year-old man who had returned from Wuhan, China, five days earlier.[2] The White House Coronavirus Task Force was established on January 29.[7] Two days later, the Trump administration declared a public health emergency and announced restrictions on travelers arriving from China.[8] On February 26, the first case in the U.S. in a person with "no known exposure to the virus through travel or close contact with a known infected individual" was confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in northern California.[9]
The United States got off to a slow start in COVID-19 testing.[10][11][12] Until the end of February, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) procedures forbade laboratories other than the CDC from releasing test results to patients, even if they followed internationally recognized test protocols. The CDC developed and distributed test kits of its own, but many of them were found to have a manufacturing flaw in a non-essential component, which made the kit illegal to use until the protocol was changed.[13][10][11] On February 29 the FDA began allowing public health agencies, hospitals, and private companies to develop tests and perform testing, and by mid-March private companies were shipping hundreds of thousands of tests.[14] The FDA initially had very restrictive guidelines on who was allowed to be tested; on March 5 it said anyone with a doctor's order could be tested.[11] As of March 25, at least 418,000 tests had been conducted,[15] and by April 2 the number had reached 1,280,000.[16]
The CDC warned that widespread transmission of the disease may force large numbers of people to seek hospitalization and other healthcare, which may overload healthcare systems.[17] Since March 19, 2020, the U.S. Department of State has advised U.S. citizens to avoid all international travel.[18] On March 16 the White House advised against any gatherings of more than 10 people.[19] In mid-March 2020, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) told the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to plan to construct new facilities, including leased hotels and other buildings, and to convert them for use as hospitals and intensive care units.[20][21] State and local responses to the outbreak have included prohibitions and cancellation of large-scale gatherings, the closure of schools and other educational institutions, the cancellation of trade shows, conventions, and music festivals, and the cancellation and suspension of sporting events and leagues.[22]
Current number of non-repatriated cases by states and territories
| Location[i] | Cases[ii] | Deaths[iii] | Recoveries[iv] | Hospital[v] | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 56 / 56 | 112,168,104 | 1,168,021 | — | — | ||
|
Alabama | 1,659,966[vi] | 21,138 [vi] | 509,800[vi] | 50,767 [vi] | [23] |
|
Alaska | 310,531 | 1,485[vi] | 7,165[vi] | 4,208[vi] | [24] |
|
American Samoa | 8,326 | 34 | 3 | — | [25] |
|
Arizona | 2,611,788 | 34,545 | — | 157,969 | [26] |
|
Arkansas | 1,039,712[vi] | 13,787 | 992,651[vi] | 48,032 | [27] |
|
California | 14,332,727 | 107,703 | — | 664,057 | [28] |
|
Colorado | 1,884,386 | 16,062 | — | 109,315 [vi] | [29][30] |
|
Connecticut | 983,652[vii] | 12,354[vii] | — | 12,257[vii] | [31] |
|
Delaware | 351,420 | 3,682 | 18,371[vi] | 36,436 | [32] |
|
District of Columbia | 182,395 | 1,434[vii] | 34,985[vi] | — | [33] |
|
Florida[viii] | 8,063,346 | 95,592 | — | 78,472[vi] | [34] |
|
Georgia | 3,293,182 | 44,201 | — | 149,236[vi] | [35] |
|
Guam | 64,279 | 419 | 63,816 | — | [36] |
|
Hawaii | 419,655 | 2,174 | 11,958[vi] | 14,887[vi] | [37] |
|
Idaho | 526,118[vi] | 5,766 | 92,573[vi] | 19,729[vi] | [38][39] |
|
Illinois | 4,139,537[vi] | 42,033[vi] | — | 239,809[vii] | [40][41] |
|
Indiana | 2,210,538 | 28,082 | 1,881,771 | 194,280 | [42][43] |
|
Iowa | 908,936 [vii] | 10,797 [vii] | 286,309 [vi] | — | [44] |
|
Kansas | 946,564 [vi] | 10,229 [vi] | — | 20,081 [vi] | [45] |
|
Kentucky | 1,808,735[vii] | 19,914 | 53,643[vi] | 78,142 | [46] |
|
Louisiana | 1,683,744[vi] | 19,727 | 429,935[vi] | — | [47] |
|
Maine | 347,116 | 3,417 | 12,975[vi] | 9,316 | [48] |
|
Maryland | 1,454,101 | 17,995 | — | 52,646[vi] | [49] |
|
Massachusetts | 2,374,055 | 25,822 | 644,061[vi] | 124,678 | [50][51] |
|
Michigan | 3,313,807 | 44,966 | 1,421,905 [vi] | — | [52] |
|
Minnesota | 1,903,408 | 15,990 | 1,529,440[vi] | 96,724 | [53] |
|
Mississippi | 1,000,415[vi] | 15,480 | 774,429[vi] | 14,042[vi] | [54][55] |
|
Missouri | 1,790,525[vi] | 22,931[vi] | — | — | [56] |
|
Montana | 333,758[vii] | 3,712[vii] | 329,725[vi] | 14,414[vi] | [57] |
|
Nebraska | 604,901 | 5,034 [vi] | 142,336[vi] | 31,570[vi] | [58] |
|
Nevada | 924,325 | 12,508 | — | — | [59] |
|
New Hampshire | 382,242[vi] | 3,340 | 378,906[vi] | 9,441[vi] | [60] |
|
New Jersey | 3,316,021 | 36,902 | — | 185,627 | [61] |
|
New Mexico | 727,786 | 9,236[vi] | 660,313[vi] | 40,692 | [62] |
|
New York | 7,975,950 | 65,835 | 475,270 | 471,317 | [63][64][65] |
|
North Carolina | 3,501,404 [vi] | 29,059 [vi] | 3,371,565[vi] | 194,248[vi] | [66][67][68] |
|
North Dakota | 310,409 | 2,233[vii] | 236,878[vi] | 7,831[vi] | [69] |
|
Northern Mariana Islands | 13,981[vi] | 46[vi] | 13,124[vi] | 311[vi] | [70] |
|
Ohio | 3,747,050 | 43,958 | 3,693,448 | 151,492 | [71] |
|
Oklahoma | 1,306,350[vi] | 16,435 | 1,288,527[vi] | 45,990[vi] | [72] |
|
Oregon | 975,856[vii] | 10,357 | — | 41,388[vi] | [73][74] |
|
Pennsylvania | 3,565,644[vi] | 53,837 | 1,843,620[vi] | — | [75] |
|
Puerto Rico | 1,486,077 | 7,362 | 442,126[vi] | — | [76] |
|
Rhode Island | 470,368 | 4,365 | — | 23,606 | [77] |
|
South Carolina | 1,859,979[vi] | 20,353[vi] | 559,814[vi] | — | [78] |
|
South Dakota | 305,444 | 3,401 | 275,931[vi] | 14,160 | [79] |
|
Tennessee | 2,736,444 | 30,811 | 1,996,027[vi] | 56,696 | [80] |
|
Texas | 9,198,592 | 94,912 | 4,445,607[vi][ix] | — | [81] |
|
US Virgin Islands | 26,148 | 133 | 26,002 | — | [82] |
|
Utah | 1,138,594 | 5,615 | 1,103,895[vi] | 43,431 | [83][84] |
|
Vermont | 153,806[vii] | 1,153 | 149,941[vi] | — | [85] |
|
Virginia | 2,534,905 | 25,489 | — | 68,154 | [86] |
|
Washington | 2,056,696 | 17,043 | — | 94,784[vii] | [87] |
|
West Virginia | 662,339[vii] | 8,247[vii] | 629,631[vi] | — | [88] |
|
Wisconsin | 2,043,839[vi] | 16,758[vi] | 596,339[vi] | 38,288[vi] | [89] |
|
Wyoming | 196,232 | 2,128 | 154,312 | 1,395[vi] | [90] |
| Updated:May 22, 2024 · History of cases: United States | ||||||
| ||||||
The CDC publishes official numbers every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, reporting several categories of cases: individual travelers, people who contracted the disease from other people within the U.S., and repatriated citizens who returned to the U.S. from crisis locations, such as Wuhan, where the disease originated, and the cruise ship Diamond Princess.[91]
Statistics
-
![Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed cases (as of April 1, 2020[update]) None confirmed <500 confirmed 500–999 confirmed 1,000–1,999 confirmed 2,000–4,999 confirmed 5,000–50,000 confirmed >50,000 confirmed](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/COVID-19_Outbreak_Cases_in_the_United_States_%28Density%29.svg/180px-COVID-19_Outbreak_Cases_in_the_United_States_%28Density%29.svg.png)
Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed cases (as of April 1, 2020[update])None confirmed<500 confirmed500–999 confirmed1,000–1,999 confirmed2,000–4,999 confirmed5,000–50,000 confirmed>50,000 confirmed -
![Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed deaths (as of March 31, 2020[update]) None confirmed 1–4 confirmed 5–9 confirmed 10–49 confirmed 50–99 confirmed 100–500 confirmed >500 confirmed](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/COVID-19_Pandemic_Deaths_in_the_United_States_%28Density%29.svg/180px-COVID-19_Pandemic_Deaths_in_the_United_States_%28Density%29.svg.png)
Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed deaths (as of March 31, 2020[update])None confirmed1–4 confirmed5–9 confirmed10–49 confirmed50–99 confirmed100–500 confirmed>500 confirmed -
![Confirmed COVID-19 cases by county (as of April 1, 2020[update])](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_by_county.svg/180px-COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_by_county.svg.png)
Confirmed COVID-19 cases by county (as of April 1, 2020[update]) -
![Number of tests done per day in the United States by the CDC and public health labs (private labs are not included)[92] § Data during this period are pending.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/United_States_tests_for_SARS_CoV-2_-_May_11%2C_2020.jpg/180px-United_States_tests_for_SARS_CoV-2_-_May_11%2C_2020.jpg)
Number of tests done per day in the United States by the CDC and public health labs (private labs are not included)[92]
§ Data during this period are pending. -
Number of cases (blue) and number of deaths (red) on a logarithmic scale
![Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed cases (as of April 1, 2020[update]) None confirmed <500 confirmed 500–999 confirmed 1,000–1,999 confirmed 2,000–4,999 confirmed 5,000–50,000 confirmed >50,000 confirmed](/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_Outbreak_Cases_in_the_United_States_(Density).svg)
![Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed deaths (as of March 31, 2020[update]) None confirmed 1–4 confirmed 5–9 confirmed 10–49 confirmed 50–99 confirmed 100–500 confirmed >500 confirmed](/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_Pandemic_Deaths_in_the_United_States_(Density).svg)
![Confirmed COVID-19 cases by county (as of April 1, 2020[update])](/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_by_county.svg)
![Number of tests done per day in the United States by the CDC and public health labs (private labs are not included)[92] § Data during this period are pending.](/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_tests_for_SARS_CoV-2_-_May_11,_2020.jpg)
The following numbers are based on CDC data. However, CDC data is incomplete. In most U.S. locations, testing for some time was performed only on symptomatic people with a history of travel to Wuhan or with close contact to such people.[93][94][95] A quarantined nurse in California, showing symptoms of COVID-19 but without a travel history, said she was denied testing by the CDC in early March.[96] CDC testing protocols did not include non-travelling patients with no known contact with China until February 28.[97]
The original CDC-developed tests sent out on February 5 turned out to be faulty.[98] On February 29, the FDA announced that labs would be allowed to do their own in-house testing immediately, independently of CDC testing, as long as they complete an emergency use authorization (EUA) within 15 days.[98] In Washington, state regulators at one point told health care workers to stop testing previously collected samples from an existing non-COVID19 flu study.[99]
As of March 18, the CDC reported that 37,824 specimens had been tested for COVID-19, 4,484 of which were tested by CDC labs, and 33,340 tested by U.S. public health labs.[100]
The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation estimates a peak in deaths per day by April 15, with a total of about 80,000 deaths in the United States due to coronavirus by August.[101]
CDC reported U.S. totals
| Cases in the United States reported to CDC | |
|---|---|
| Travel-related | 1,110 |
| Close contact | 3,128 |
| Under investigation | 181,863 |
| Total cases | 186,101 |
| Cases among persons repatriated to the United States | |
| Wuhan, China | 3 |
| Cruise ship Diamond Princess | 46 |
| Total repatriated cases | 49 |
| Deaths | |
| Total deaths from all U.S. cases | 3,603[4] |
| This table reflects CDC-published totals, and may not include cases announced in the past 24 hours. | |
State number of non-repatriated cases by date
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
The plots above are charts showing the exponential growth of COVID-19 tests in the U.S. since February 26, 2020. The plot below uses a log scale for all four y axes on one plot to show relationships between the trends. On a log scale, data that shows exponential growth will plot as a more-or-less straight line. Each major division is a factor of ten. This makes the slope of the plot the relative rate of change anywhere in the timeline, which allows comparison of one plot with the others throughout the pandemic.
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
The deaths per day from existing endemic seasonal influenza and pneumonia[103] is about 551 deaths per day, averaged over seasonal variations. The death rate from COVID-19 exceeded that on March 30 2020.
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
The Institute for Health Measurements and Evaluation (IHME) publishes estimates for the U.S. and for each State at "IHME COVID-19 Resource and Fatality Projections". IHME. Retrieved April 2, 2020. This model shows estimates graphically for required hospital beds, ICU beds, and ventilators; the page presents separate graphics for estimates of hospital resources, death rate and total deaths, all as a function of date. The date of peak resource requirements are a function of number of current infections, growth rate, and the population of the state. For straight lines that fit early and late portions of the data that show spread rates, see the log plot in Statistics above. The IHME models, as of April 3, 2020, predict peak hospital bed requirements for New Jersey on about April 8, for California on about April 26, for Florida on about May 3, etc.
Total confirmed cases in USA vs. Europe
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
History
The COVID-19 outbreak, which the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by January 30,[104] and a pandemic by March 11,[22] has had a disparate impact on different areas of the U.S. Of the 154 known deaths in the country prior to March 20, 94 occurred in the state of Washington, with 35 of those at one nursing home.[105] By late March, the outbreak in the United States had grown the worst in New York. The state accounted for 56% of all U.S. confirmed cases on March 25, but was showing signs of a potentially declining growth rate of new cases.[106] For the country as a whole, the mortality rate for confirmed coronavirus cases was 1.3% based on March 24 data. In comparison, the other three most effected nations had significantly higher death rates of 4% in China, 9.8% in Italy, and 7.1% in Spain, while Germany in fifth place had a lower rate of 0.5%.[107]
In a series of travel restrictions announced between late January and mid-March, the United States government denied entry to foreign nationals who had traveled within the past 14 days through China, Iran, the United Kingdom, Ireland, or the 26 European countries that comprise the Schengen Area. Americans returning home after traveling in these regions were required to undergo a health screening and submit to a 14-day quarantine.[108][109] Such quarantines are governed by section 361 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S. Code § 264).[110][111] In early March, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advised Americans against non-essential travel to China, Iran, Malaysia, and the aforementioned European countries.[93]
Throughout March, several state, city, and county governments imposed "stay at home" quarantines on their populations, in order to stem the spread of the virus.[citation needed] By the middle of the month, all 50 states were able to perform tests, with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or from commercial labs in a state, but the number of available test kits remained limited,[112] which meant the true number of people infected with the virus was a challenge to estimate with any reasonable accuracy at the time. The CDC suggested that doctors use their own judgment along with certain guidelines before authorizing a test. By March 12, diagnosed cases of COVID-19 in the U.S. exceeded a thousand, which doubled every two days to reach more than 17,000 by March 20.[113][114]
Administration officials warned on March 19 that the number of cases would begin to rise sharply as the country's testing capacity substantially increased.[115] Around this time, the United States began running 50,000 to 70,000 coronavirus tests per day.[116] On March 26, the total number of confirmed cases surpassed that of China with over 85,000, making the U.S. the country with the highest number of coronavirus patients in the world.[117][118][119] The country reached another critical mark, as the number of positive cases surged over 100,000 the next day on March 27.[120]
Government responses
Task force formation
.jpg)
On January 29, 2020, President Trump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force to coordinate and oversee efforts to "monitor, prevent, contain, and mitigate the spread" of COVID-19 in the United States.[121] Secretary of HHS Alex Azar was appointed as the leader of the task force.[122][7] On February 26, Trump appointed Vice President Mike Pence to take charge of the nation's response to the virus.[123] FEMA was put in charge of procuring medical supplies on March 17.[124][125]
Containment and mitigation
The early phases of public health efforts for epidemics and pandemics are to contain or limit further outbreaks. Those actions will often involve tracing contacts, implementing quarantines, and isolating infectious cases. They will demand significant human resources and government staffing at all levels. As an outbreak grows, new facilities may need to be constructed to manage additional infectious cases.[126]
National medical organizations like the CDC focus on both containment to first keep the virus from spreading after its detection, and mitigation, to prevent it from spreading quickly beyond containment limits. The process of mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic is needed to extend its time frame by spreading out cases and isolating individuals, which slows the spread of the disease. By that means, it lowers the peak, or number of new cases, which reduces the likelihood of suddenly over-crowding doctors' offices and hospitals beyond their capacity.[127]
The risk of a truly global pandemic is limited for some diseases, such as Ebola, because of the slow pace of transmission or high probability of detection and containment. COVID-19 is at the other extreme, being a pathogen that has high potential to cause a severe pandemic, especially because it easily transmits between people and remains asymptomatic for a long period, thereby lengthening the time it is infectious and not detected.[126]
In general, once a pandemic has begun within a country's borders, the government must begin taking steps to curtail interactions between infected and uninfected populations. The methods used could include isolation of infected patients, quarantine, physical distancing practices, school closures, use of personal protective equipment, and travel restrictions.[126]
The WHO on January 30 warned that "all countries should be prepared for containment, including active surveillance, early detection, isolation and case management, contact tracing and prevention of onward spread" of the virus.[128] February 25 was the first day the CDC told the American public to prepare for an outbreak.[129]
At a White House press briefing on April 1, 2020, Dr. Anthony S. Fauci said that, even though he expected that "social distancing" rules can eventually be relaxed even before the availability of a vaccine, a vaccine will still be necessary to end the pandemic.[130]
Travel and entry restrictions
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Chinese health authorities confirmed that they identified a cluster of a novel infectious coronavirus on December 31, 2019, in the city of Wuhan, officially reporting their findings on January 7, 2020. An American citizen, after traveling from Wuhan, China to his home in Washington state, became the first U.S. case of the new virus on January 20.[131]
On January 31, President Trump imposed travel restrictions preventing foreign nationals from entering the U.S. if they had been in China within the previous two weeks. The immediate family members of U.S. citizens and permanent residents were exempt from this restriction.[132][133] By this time, three major U.S. airlines had already suspended flights between the U.S. and China,[134] although one of these, United Airlines, continued select flights for returning Americans.[135] Major Chinese carriers did not begin suspending flights from China to the United States until three days after the announcement of the travel restrictions.[135] In addition to restricting foreign nationals, Trump imposed a quarantine for up to 14 days on American citizens returning from Hubei province, the main coronavirus hotspot at the time. This is the first quarantine order the U.S. federal government has issued in over 50 years.[132][133] Although the WHO had recommended against travel restrictions at the time,[136] HHS Secretary Alex Azar said the decision stemmed from the recommendations of HHS health officials.[137] Trump expanded those travel restrictions to Iran on February 29.[137]
Over the following few weeks, the Trump administration imposed a number of other travel restrictions:
- In mid-February, the CDC, along with President Trump, opposed allowing fourteen people who had tested positive for COVID-19 while passengers on the cruise ship Diamond Princess to be flown back to the U.S. without completing a 14-day quarantine. They were overruled by officials at the U.S. State Department.[138]
- On March 12, the CDC recommended against any non-essential travel to China,[139] most of Europe,[140] Iran,[141] Malaysia,[142] and South Korea.[143][144] The following week, the U.S. Department of State recommended that U.S. citizens not travel abroad, while those who are abroad should "arrange for immediate return to the United States" unless prepared to remain abroad indefinitely.[145][146]
- On March 19, the State Department suspended routine visa services at all American embassies and consulates worldwide.[147]
- By March 20, the U.S. began barring entry to foreign nationals who had been in 28 European countries within the past 14 days. American citizens, permanent residents, and their immediate families returning from abroad can re-enter the United States under the new restrictions, but those returning from one of the specified countries must undergo health screenings and submit to quarantines and monitoring for up to 14 days. In addition to the earlier travel restrictions in place, Trump extended this quarantine and monitoring requirement to those coming from Iran and the entirety of China. Flights from all restricted countries are required to land at one of 13 airports where the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has "enhanced" entry screenings.[148][132] At least 241 foreigners (including several Canadians), who had recently traveled in China and Iran, were denied entry to the United States between February 2 and March 3.[149][150]
Containment efforts within the U.S.
As part of the early efforts to contain and mitigate the pandemic within the United States, Surgeon General Jerome Adams announced in early March that local leaders would soon have to consider whether to cancel large gatherings, consider telework policies, and close schools.[151] Over the next few weeks, a number of states imposed lockdown measures of different scope and severity, which placed limits on where people can travel, work and shop away from their homes.[152]
By March 21, governors in New York, California and other large states had ordered most businesses to close and for people to stay inside, with limited exceptions. The order in New York, for instance, exempts financial institutions, some retailers, pharmacies, hospitals, manufacturing plants and transportation companies, among others. It placed a ban on non-essential gatherings of any size and for any reason.[152]
In late March, Trump announced that the National Guard would be deployed to California, New York, and Washington, and FEMA would send large medical stations with thousands of beds to the three states.[153] The city of Chicago said it will rent more than a thousand empty hotel rooms to house coronavirus patients who need to be isolated but do not require hospitalization.[154] Another containment and care facility planned would be two Navy hospital ships.[155] The USNS Mercy arrived in Los Angeles on March 27,[156] and the USNS Comfort arrived in New York City on March 30.[157]
On March 28, the president said he had decided not to enact a tri-state lockdown of New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, after having publicly suggested earlier in the day that he was considering such a move; instead he ordered the CDC to issue a travel advisory suggesting voluntary travel limitations in these states.[158]
COVID-19 testing
Beyond identifying whether a person is currently infected, coronavirus testing helps health professionals ascertain how bad the epidemic is and where it is worst.[159] However, the accuracy of national statistics on the number of cases and deaths from the outbreak depend on knowing how many people are being tested every day, and how the available tests are being allocated. But as of late March, most countries do not provide official reports on tests performed, therefore there is no centralized WHO data on COVID-19 testing.[160]
While the World Health Organization opted to use an approach developed by Germany to test for COVID-19, the United States developed its own testing approach. The German testing method was made public on January 13, and the American testing method was made public on January 28. The World Health Organization did not offer any test kits to the U.S. because the U.S. normally had the supplies to produce their own tests.[161] In February, the U.S. CDC produced 160,000 coronavirus tests, but soon it was discovered that many were defective and gave inaccurate readings.[10][162] Although academic laboratories and hospitals had developed their own tests, they were not allowed to use them until February 29, when the FDA issued approvals for them and private companies.[10] Approvals were required by federal law due to the outbreak being declared as a public health emergency.[14]
Meanwhile, from the start of the outbreak to early March 2020, the CDC gave restrictive guidelines on who should be eligible for COVID-19 testing. The initial criteria were (a) people who had recently traveled to certain countries affected by the outbreak, or (b) people with respiratory illness serious enough to require hospitalization, or (c) people who have been in contact with a person confirmed to have COVID-19. Only on March 5 did the CDC relax the criteria to allow doctors discretion to decide who would be eligible for tests.[11]
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As a result, the United States had a slow start in conducting widespread testing for COVID-19.[163][164] Fewer than 4,000 tests were conducted in the U.S. by February 27, with U.S. state laboratories conducting only around 200.[10] The first U.S. case of a person having COVID-19 of unknown origin (a possible indication of community transmission in the state of California) saw the patient's test being delayed for four days after being hospitalized on February 19, because he had not qualified for a test under the initial federal testing criteria.[165] Whereas in Washington state, a group of researchers defied a lack of clearance from federal and state officials to conduct their own tests from February 25, using samples already collected from their flu study that their subjects had not given permission for COVID-19 testing. They quickly found a teenager infected with COVID-19 of unknown origin, newly indicating that an outbreak was already occurring in Washington. State regulators stopped these researchers' testing on March 2.[166]
On March 5, Vice President Mike Pence, the leader of the coronavirus response team, acknowledged that "we don't have enough tests" to meet the predicted future demand; this announcement came only three days after FDA commissioner Stephen Hahn committed to producing nearly a million tests by that week.[167] Senator Chris Murphy of Connecticut and representative Stephen Lynch of Massachusetts both noted that as of March 8 their states had not yet received the new test kits.[168][169] Anthony Fauci, the head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, acknowledged on March 12 that it was "a failing" of the U.S. system that the demand for coronavirus tests was not being met; Fauci later clarified that he believed the private sector should have been brought in sooner to address the shortfall.[170] By March 13, fewer than 14,000 tests had been done in the United States, reported The Atlantic.[171]
The timing and availability of testing varies across countries. For example, by March 13 South Korea offered drive-through testing centers, which could get results the next day.[172] South Korea also had a government-funded daily testing capacity of 15,000.[173] According to March 16 and 17 statistics from Our World in Data, the U.S. had tested 125 people per million of their population—around the same as Japan. The U.K. tested nearly 750 per million, Italy more than 2,500 per million, and South Korea more than 5,500 per million.[174] The first COVID-19 cases in the U.S. and South Korea were identified at around the same time.[175] Critics say the U.S. government has botched the approval and distribution of test kits, losing crucial time during the early weeks of the outbreak, with the result that the true number of cases in the United States was impossible to estimate with any reasonable accuracy.[112][176]
As of March 12, all 50 states were able to perform tests, with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or from commercial labs in a state.[177] This was followed by the government announcing a series of measures intended to speed up testing. These measures included the appointment of Admiral Brett Giroir of the U.S. Public Health Service to oversee testing, funding for two companies developing rapid tests, and a hotline to help labs find needed supplies.[178] The FDA also gave emergency authorization for New York to obtain an automated coronavirus test unit that will reduce testing time to 3.5 hours.[179]
On March 13, drive-through testing in the U.S. began in New Rochelle, Westchester County, as New Rochelle was the U.S. town with the most diagnosed cases at that time.[180] By March 22, drive-through testing had appeared in more than thirty states, however the Associated Press reported that "the system has been marked by inconsistencies, delays, and shortages," leading to many people waiting hours or days even though they showed symptoms and were recommended by a doctor to get a test. A lack of supplies had already forced the closure of drive-through testing in Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana, New Mexico, Utah, and Virginia.[181]
In a March 13 press conference, the Trump administration announced an effort for tests to be conducted in retail store parking lots across the country, with participating franchises including Walmart, Target, CVS, and Walgreens. The plan was that test data would be sent to labs to complete testing in partnership with local health departments and diagnostic labs.[182] Two weeks later, five stations had been opened by the companies: Walmart two, Target none, CVS one, Walgreens one, and one more from newcomer Rite Aid. These were labelled as "prototype sites" by the Trump administration.[183]
Research into vaccine and drug therapies
There is currently no drug approved for treating COVID-19 either as a therapy or a vaccine, nor is there any clear evidence that COVID-19 infection leads to immunity (experts assume it does for some period).[184] As of late March 2020, more than a hundred drugs are in testing.[185]
Among the labs working on a vaccine is the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, which has previously studied other infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and MERS. Speed in developing a vaccine is a key element in the midst of the pandemic, as social distancing, self-isolating, and closures will have to be maintained until a vaccine is developed, which could take 12 to 18 months at best, or else transmission will quickly rebound.[186] By March 18, tests had begun with a few dozen volunteers in Seattle, Washington, which was sponsored by the U.S. government. Similar safety trials of other coronavirus vaccines will begin soon in the U.S. Trials are also underway in China and Europe.[187] This search for a vaccine has taken on aspects of national security and global competition.[188]
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By March 19, President Trump directed the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to accelerate the testing and possible use of certain medications to discover if they would help treat patients who already have COVID-19.[189] Among potential drugs are chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, which have long been used successfully to treat malaria. In March, both hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine were already being used to treat coronavirus patients by a number of physicians under the limited compassionate use approval of the FDA or as an off-label prescription, while trials and analysis are still ongoing.[189][190] On March 29, the FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization, allowing the drugs as treatments for hospitalized coronavirus patients when clinical trials are not available for them to join.[191]
In China, trials of chloroquine are underway at dozens of clinics, with early laboratory results showing that it seems to reduce the virus's rate of replication. Chloroquine has been used to treat patients with malaria for nearly a century.[192] An Arizona man died after taking chloroquine phosphate in a high-concentration formulation which is used to control growth of algae and infectious organisms in aquariums.[193]
A closely-related drug, hydroxychloroquine, first approved in the U.S. for lupus in 1955, is typically used to treat certain autoimmune diseases.[192][194] A study in the peer-reviewed medical journal Clinical Infectious Diseases published on March 9 provided dosing recommendations for hydroxycholorquine as a COVID-19 treatment, and showed it to be more effective in inhibiting the virus in vitro than chloroquine.[195] Doctors are currently testing hydroxycholoroquine in coronavirus patients.[192] On March 20, the WHO announced a large global trial of both drugs.[196]
Hoarding of hydroxychloroquine, including by doctors prescribing the drug preemptively to family members, and publicity about the drug generated by President Trump caused spot shortages that endangered the health of patients using it to treat lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Some state pharmacy boards placed limitations on prescriptions for hydroxychloroquine and related medicines.[197] Similarly, Nevada's governor, Steve Sisolak released an executive order banning doctors from prescribing hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine as a coronavirus treatment in Nevada on March 24, although he later tweeted that doctors in hospitals were exempt from the prohibition.[198][199]
On March 20, the day after Trump initially mentioned the drug, the Israeli company Teva Pharmaceuticals announced it would manufacture and donate as many doses as possible to U.S. hospitals at no charge, including 6 million doses by the end of the month.[200] On the same day, Sandoz, a subsidiary of Novartis, said it would donate up to 130 million doses of the drug if approved.[201][202] Mylan also began increasing its production of the drug in response to low supplies.[201] The HHS reported on March 29 that the government would make available 30 million doses of hydroxychloroquine and 1 million doses of chloroquine recently donated to the Strategic National Stockpile for doctors to prescribe within limitations for COVID-19 patients under the FDA's Emergency Use Authorization.[191]
Also being tested in research clinics is the antiviral drug remdesivir.[189] It was developed to fight Ebola, although it failed to prove effective for that disease.[192] At a Coronavirus Task Force briefing on March 19, Food and Drug Administration Commissioner Stephen Hahn noted that the FDA had made remdesivir available under compassionate use guidelines for coronavirus patients, while the FDA standard approval process was still ongoing.[203] In addition, the antibody rheumatoid arthritis treatment sarilumab is being tested in clinical trials in the hopes that suppressing some aspects of the immune response can help improve lung function patients who require supplemental oxygen.[193] Due to the emergency nature of the pandemic, former FDA commissioners Drs. Scott Gottlieb and Mark McClellan have called for the FDA to develop therapeutics and vaccines that would be exempt from some regulatory requirements.[189]
The FDA sent warning letters to at least seven retailers selling essential oils, nasal sprays, herbal remedies, and other products claiming to test for, treat, or prevent COVID-19 (in violation of federal law, since none have been determined to be safe and effective by the FDA). The agency called them "scammers" and a threat to public health.[204]
On April 2 Sermo, a company that performs international healthcare polling, released the results of a survey of more than 6,200 physicians from 30 countries, which analyzed COVID-19 treatment patterns up to that time. Among the doctors surveyed, the most common treatments for the virus were analgesics (56%), Azithromycin (41%), and hydroxychloroquine (33%). In the United States specifically, 23% of doctors surveyed said they treated COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine. American doctors were significantly more likely to prescribe the drug only for high risk patients, while international doctors used it equally for mild and severe cases.[190][205]
Medical supplies
On March 15, senior federal health official Anthony Fauci said the United States had 12,700 ventilators in its national stockpile.[206] On March 19, Vice President Mike Pence declared that the federal government had "literally identified tens of thousands of ventilators", but did not provide further details.[207]
On March 16, Trump told state governors that for medical equipment including respirators and ventilators, "We will be backing you, but try getting it yourselves."[208] On March 24, Trump said state governors who wanted help from the federal government "have to treat us well, also", because "it's a two-way street"; he warned against governors arguing "we should get this, we should get that."[209] On March 24, the Governor of New York, Andrew Cuomo, declared that the state of New York would need 30,000 ventilators to handle the peak of the outbreak in the state, which was predicted to arrive in two weeks. Cuomo also said the federal government had sent only 400 ventilators to New York. Two days later, Trump, citing "a feeling", stated: "I don't believe you need 40,000 or 30,000 ventilators."[210] He also said that Governor of Washington, Jay Inslee, "shouldn't be relying on the federal government"; Inslee says the president needs to enact a "national mobilization of the industrial base in this country" to produce medical supplies.[211]
Trump signed the Defense Production Act on March 18, which allows the federal government a wide range of powers, including giving directions to industries on what to produce, having companies prioritize certain contracts, allocating supplies, giving incentives to industries, and allowing companies to cooperate. Initially under the act, he conferred more power over contracts and resources to the Health and Human Services Secretary and enacted provisions to prevent hoarding of medical resources.[212][213] He first invoked the act to direct industry production on March 27, instructing the HHS to compel General Motors to manufacture ventilators, after negotiations with the company stalled. He also appointed Peter Navarro to oversee enforcement of the act.[214]
On March 18, Trump remarked that the federal government purchased 500 million N-95 masks to make more private masks available and that American manufacturers were repurposing factories to manufacture masks.[215]
By March 21, the director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security described American hospitals as already facing shortages of test kit reagents, test kit swabs, masks, gowns and gloves.[216] In a March 20 to 24 survey of 214 American mayors (who manage a total 42 million people), 85% said they did not have enough ventilators, 92% said they did not have enough face masks, 88% said there was a shortage of other personal protective equipment, and 92% said they did not have enough test kits.[217] On the prevalence of medical supplies, Trump said on March 29 that "many of the states are stocked up," with certain hospitals "holding ventilators, they don't want to let 'em up." Trump said he could not understand how demand for face masks had supposedly surged from 10,000 to 300,000 per week, stating that it was "maybe worse than hoarding": "Are they going out the back door?"[218]
Ventilator manufacturers are facing a shortage of sub-components needed to produce the ventilators, reported Bloomberg News on March 25.[219] When Trump was asked by a reporter on whether the United States would have enough ventilators as needed, he told the reporter: "Don't be a cutie pie."[220]
On March 27, Trump stated governors should be "appreciative", with his administration having "done a job, the likes of which nobody has seen". Trump's outlook on the governors was: "If they don't treat you right, I don't call." Thus, Trump told of advising Vice President Mike Pence, "don't call" Washington governor Inslee and Michigan governor Gretchen Whitmer—although Pence would call anyway, said Trump.[221][222] Whitmer, who had previously argued that "the federal government did not take this seriously early enough," responded that Michigan still needed personal protective equipment, ventilators, masks and test kits.[223]
Congressional response
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On March 6, 2020, President Trump signed into law the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020, approved by both Houses to provide $8.3 billion to fight the pandemic. The deal includes "more than $3 billion for the research and development of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics, as well as $2.2 billion for the CDC, and $950 million to support state and local health agencies".[224][225] Another bill, the Families First Coronavirus Response Act was approved on March 18. It provides paid emergency leave and food assistance be provided to affected employees, along with free testing.[226]
The U.S. House Committee on Financial Services, chaired by Representative Maxine Waters, released a stimulus proposal on March 18 in which the Federal Reserve would fund monthly payments of "at least $2,000 for every adult and an additional $1000 for every child for each month of the crisis". Other elements include suspending all consumer and small business credit payments.[227] On March 18, Representative Rashida Tlaib proposed the similar "Automatic BOOST to Communities Act", which would involve sending pre-loaded $2,000 debit cards to every American, with $1,000 monthly payments thereafter until the economy recovers. This would be funded by the U.S. Treasury minting two trillion-dollar coins. According to Tlaib, the Treasury has this authority, and it would not increase the national debt.[228]
With guidance from the White House, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell proposed a third stimulus package amounting to over $1 trillion.[b][c][d] On March 22 and 23, the $1.4 trillion package, known as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (or CARES Act), failed to pass in the Senate.[242][e][f] The act was revised in the Senate, coming to $2 trillion, including $500 billion for loans to larger businesses such as airlines, $350 billion for small business loans, $250 billion for individuals, $250 billion for unemployment insurance, $150 billion for state and municipal governments, and $130 billion for hospitals.[247] It passed unanimously in the Senate late the night of March 25.[248] On March 27, the House approved the stimulus bill, and it was signed into law by President Trump.[249]
President Trump has floated using the low interest rates caused by the outbreak to invest in infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and tunnels.[250] House Speaker Nancy Pelosi has made similar proposals, suggesting that broadband and water projects be included.[251]
Other federal policy responses
On March 3, 2020, the Federal Reserve lowered target interest rates from 1.75% to 1.25%,[252] the largest emergency rate cut since the 2008 global financial crisis,[253] in an attempt to counteract the outbreak's effect on the American economy. "The coronavirus poses evolving risks to economic activity," the Federal Reserve said in a statement. "In light of these risks and in support of achieving its maximum employment and price stability goals, the Federal Open Market Committee decided today to lower the target range for the federal funds rate."[254]
On March 11, during his Oval Office address, Trump announced that he had requested a number of other policy changes:
- He would ask Congress to provide financial relief and paid sick leave for workers who were quarantined or had to care for others.
- He would instruct the Small Business Administration (SBA) to provide loans to businesses affected by the pandemic, and would ask Congress for an additional $50 billion to help hard-hit businesses.
- He would request that tax payments be deferred beyond April 15 without penalty for those affected, which he said could add $200 billion in temporary liquidity to the economy.
- He would ask Congress to provide payroll tax relief to those affected.[255]
On March 15, the Fed cut their target interest rate again to a range of 0% to 0.25%.[256] The Fed also announced a $700 billion quantitative easing program similar to the one initiated during the financial crisis of 2007–08. Despite the moves, stock index futures plunged, triggering trading limits to prevent panic selling.[257] The Dow lost nearly 13% the next day, the third-largest one-day decline in the 124-year history of the index.[258] That day, the VIX—informally known as the market "fear index"—closed at the highest level since its inception in 1990.[259]
On March 17, the Federal Reserve announced a program to buy as much as $1 trillion in corporate commercial paper to ensure credit continued flowing in the economy. The measure was backed by $10 billion in Treasury funds.[260] At this point, the federal government neared agreement on an economic stimulus proposal totaling about $1 trillion, including direct cash payments to Americans.[261] Trump said his administration was working with the Congress to provide rapid relief to affected industries. He remarked that the relief would ensure the American economy would emerge as the strongest on earth. In addition, Trump announced that the Small Business Administration would be providing disaster loans which could provide impacted businesses with up to $2 million.[262]
On March 18, Trump announced that the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) would be suspending all kinds of foreclosures and evictions until the end of April.[263]
The week of March 19, the Federal Housing Finance Agency ordered federally-guaranteed loan providers to grant forbearance of up to 12 months on mortgage payments from people who lost income due to the pandemic. It encouraged the same for non-federal loans, and included a pass-through provision for landlords to grant forbearance to renters who lost income.[264]
On March 20, Trump announced that the Department of Education will not be enforcing standardized testing for 2020. Trump had also instructed to waive all federally held student loans for the next sixty days, which could be extended if needed.[265] Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin also announced that the deadline for all tax filings is moved to July 15.[266]
On March 22, Trump announced that he had directed FEMA to provide four large federal medical stations with 1,000 beds for New York, eight large federal medical stations with 2,000 beds for California, and three large federal medical stations and four small federal medical stations with 1,000 beds for the State of Washington.[267]
On March 23, the Federal Reserve announced large-scale expansion of quantitative easing, with no specific upper limit, and reactivation of the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility. This injects newly created money into a variety of financial markets including corporate bonds, exchange-traded funds, small business loans, mortgage-backed securities, student loans, auto loans, and credit card loans. The Fed also lowered its repurchase agreement interest rate from 0.1% to 0%.[268] On the same day, Trump also postponed the October 1, 2020, deadline for Americans on commercial airlines to carry Real ID-compliant documents.[269]
Communication
President Trump
From January 2020 to mid-March 2020, President Trump downplayed the threat posed by COVID-19 to the United States, giving many optimistic public statements,[271] which may have been aimed at calming stock markets.[272] He initially said he had no worries about COVID-19 becoming a pandemic.[273] He went to state on multiple occasions that the situation was "under control".[271] On February 26, he said of the virus: "It's going to disappear. One day it's like a miracle, it will disappear. And from our shores, you know, it could get worse before it gets better. Could maybe go away. We'll see what happens. Nobody really knows."[274] On February 27, speaking of the number of infected people in the country at the time, he predicted "the 15 within a couple of days is going to be down to close to zero."[275] In other remarks, he expressed a focus on the number of U.S. cases; commenting about cruise ship Grand Princess, he stated his preference that infected passengers not disembark as he did not want "to have the [U.S. case] numbers double because of one ship".[276] He cited the relatively low number of confirmed cases in the initial stages of the outbreak, as proof of success of his travel restriction on China.[276] In late February he judged the country as "very, very ready for this, for anything",[277] while in mid-March he rated his administration's response a score of 10/10.[278]
On March 11, 2020, Trump delivered an Oval Office address on national television, just hours after the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, which caused a quick fall in financial markets. It was the second such address to the country of his presidency, the first being in January 2019, addressing illegal immigration. In his speech, Trump declared that the United States was "suspending all travel from Europe to the United States for the next 30 days", except travel from the United Kingdom, and including "the tremendous amount of trade and cargo" (post-speech, Trump said trade was still approved, while administration officials clarified that "American citizens or legal permanent residents or their families" were not affected). Trump also listed several economic policy proposals, and declared that insurance companies "have agreed to waive all co-payments for coronavirus treatments" (post-speech, America's Health Insurance Plans clarified the waivers were only for tests, not treatments). Trump praised his administration's response to the "foreign" virus while stating that "a large number of new clusters in the United States were seeded by travelers from Europe."[279]
On March 16, Trump changed his tone on the outbreak to a somber one. For the first time, he acknowledged that COVID-19 was "not under control", the situation was "bad" with months of impending disruption to daily lives, and a recession might occur.[280] Also on March 16, President Trump and the Coronavirus Task Force released new recommendations based on CDC guidelines for Americans, titled "15 Days to Slow the Spread". These recommendations included social distancing and hygienic instructions, as well as directions to the states in dealing with school closures, nursing homes, and common public venues.[281][282] On March 17, "I felt it was a pandemic long before it was called a pandemic."[283] He also said America will achieve total victory against the "invisible enemy", and called Americans to sacrifice together.[263]
On March 16, Trump began referring to COVID-19 as the "Chinese virus", and as a result he was criticized by Chinese and WHO officials for creating a potential stigma against Chinese and Asians. Trump disagreed with the criticism, and said that "China tried to say at one point—maybe they stopped—that it was caused by American soldiers. That can't happen."[284][285] Trump stopped using the term on March 23, citing the possibility of "nasty language" towards Asian-Americans.[286] On March 26, President Trump spoke on the phone with China's President Xi Jinping, when they pledged to cooperate in fighting against the pandemic. It signaled a fresh détente between the two countries after weeks of rising tensions.[287] Trump described their conversation:
Just finished a very good conversation with President Xi of China. Discussed in great detail the Coronavirus that is ravaging large parts of our Planet. China has been through much and has developed a strong understanding of the Virus. We are working closely together. Much respect![287]
On the same day, after a video call summit with the other G20 leaders, Trump stated the United States was working with international allies to stop the spread of the coronavirus and to increase rapid information and data sharing.[288]
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After learning about a French clinical study which showed a 70% cure rate in 20 patients,[289][290] Trump promoted the drugs chloroquine (also known as chloroquine phosphate)[291] and hydroxychloroquine as potential treatments "by prescription" for COVID-19 on March 19. He noted the drugs showed "tremendous promise" and said he was working together with Governor Cuomo to begin quickly studying and treating coronavirus patients with the drugs in New York. He also remarked on their long-term usage as medicines in the United States saying, "the nice part is, it's been around for a long time, so we know that if it—if things don't go as planned, it's not going to kill anybody."[292][203] Fatal overdoses of these drugs have occurred, and potential side effects are also known.[293] Also during the briefing, Trump falsely claimed that chloroquine had already been "approved very, very quickly" by the Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for COVID-19 (leading the FDA to clarify that it had not yet approved any COVID-19 treatments[294] but that it was now allowing the usage of chloroquine for life-threatening coronavirus cases under compassionate use guidelines).[295][296]
Within days of this briefing, a shortage occurred for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the United States, while panic-buying occurred overseas in Africa and South Asia.[297][298] In the state of Arizona, a man died, with his wife in critical condition, after they ingested fish bowl cleaner, which contained chloroquine phosphate. The couple believed the chemical cleaner could prevent them from contracting COVID-19, although the chloroquine phosphate in fish bowl cleaners is not the same formulation found in the medicines chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine.[299] The woman said she'd watched Trump's briefing in which she believed he promoted chloroquine as "basically pretty much a cure".[300] During the same briefing, Trump also discussed remdesivir as another promising COVID-19 therapy.[203]
On March 22, Trump indicated that he was considering scaling back social distancing measures implemented around a week ago: "We cannot let the cure be worse than the problem itself." A day later, Trump argued that economic problems arising from social distancing measures will cause "suicides by the thousands" (without citing evidence) and "probably more death" than COVID-19 itself. He declared that the United States would "soon, be open for business", in a matter of weeks.[301][302] On March 24, Trump expressed a target of lifting restrictions "if it's good" by April 12, the Easter holiday, for "packed churches all over our country".[303] However, a survey of prominent economists by the University of Chicago indicated abandoning an economic lock-down prematurely would do more economic damage than maintaining it.[304] On March 29, Trump decided to extend the federal government's social distancing guidelines until April 30.[305]
On March 28, Trump raised the possibility of placing a two-week enforceable quarantine on New York, New Jersey, and "certain parts of Connecticut" in order to prevent travel from those places to Florida.[306] The federal quarantine power is limited to preventing people reasonably believed to be infected with a communicable disease from entering the country or crossing state lines.[307] Later that day, following criticism from the three governors, Trump withdrew the quarantine proposal. Instead, the CDC issued a travel advisory advising residents of the three states to "refrain from non-essential domestic travel for 14 days effective immediately".[308] On March 30, Trump said the total number of Americans who would die during the epidemic could be 100,000 or more, following a statement from Fauci that 100,000 to 200,000 Americans could die of the virus.[309]
Administration officials
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During the early stages of the outbreak, Trump administration officials gave mixed assessments of the seriousness and scale of the COVID-19 outbreak. CDC Director Robert Redfield said in late January that "the immediate risk to the American public is low," then in late February stated it would be "prudent to assume this pathogen will be with us for some time to come". While federal economic policy chief Larry Kudlow was declaring the COVID-19 spread being contained "pretty close to airtight" in late February, Dr. Nancy Messonnier (head of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases) and Anthony Fauci (head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) warned of the impending community spread of the virus in the United States, with Messonnier stating: "Disruption to everyday life might be severe." Around this point, Stephen Hahn, the head of the FDA, warned of national medical supplies being disrupted due to the outbreak. Later in early March, the U.S. Surgeon General, Vice Admiral Jerome Adams, declared that "this is likely going to get worse before it gets better."[310] In March, while giving public briefings from the White House addressing the pandemic, many administration officials and health experts took time to thank Trump for his leadership, as he watched nearby.[209]
In February 2020, the CDC was notifying the press that it was expecting the infections to spread, and urged local governments, businesses, and schools to develop plans for the outbreak. Among the suggested preparations were canceling mass gatherings, switching to teleworking, and planning for continued business operations in the face of increased absenteeism or disrupted supply chains.[311]
CDC officials warned that widespread transmission may force large numbers of people to seek hospitalization and other healthcare, which may overload healthcare systems.[17] Public health officials stressed that local governments would need assistance from the federal government if there were school and business closures.[168]
On March 23, Surgeon General Jerome Adams made several media appearances, in which he endorsed social distancing measures and warned the country: "This week, it's going to get bad ... we really, really need everyone to stay at home [...] Every single second counts. And right now, there are not enough people out there who are taking this seriously."[312]
On March 31, the CDC released several projections of the end of the epidemic. Under the best case scenario, more Americans will die of coronavirus than in the Vietnam War and Korean War combined.[313][314]
State, territorial, and local response
U.S. military response
After mid-March 2020, the federal government made a major move to use the U.S. military to add health care capacity to impacted areas. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), under existing statutory authority that comes from authorizations and powers of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), is leasing a large number of buildings nationwide such as hotels, college dormitories, and larger open buildings to immediately convert them into hospital facilities. To assist USACE and FEMA efforts, the United States Army are dispatching medical soldiers to set up field hospitals in cities widely affected by the pandemic. Some of these facilities will have ICU capability for patients of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, while others will serve non-coronavirus patients to allow established hospitals to concentrate on the pandemic. A public briefing of the plan was given by Army General Todd Semonite on March 20, 2020. USACE will handle leasing and engineering, with contracts for rapid facility modification and setup issued to local contractors. The plan envisions that the operation of the facilities and the provision of medical staff would be entirely handled by the various U.S. states rather than the Federal government.[21] One of the early and largest buildings to be converted is the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in New York City, which was quickly being transformed into a 2000-bed care facility on March 23, 2020.[315]
In addition to the many popup hospitals nationwide, the United States Navy on March 18 prepared to deploy two hospital ships, USNS Mercy and USNS Comfort, to affected areas. The ships will take in non-coronavirus patients transferred from land-based hospitals, so those hospitals can concentrate on virus cases.[155] On March 22, Trump announced that the Comfort would go to the East Coast and the Mercy to the West Coast. He added the government may be using cruise ships.[267] The Mercy arrived in Los Angeles on March 27,[156] and the Comfort arrived in New York City on March 30.[157]
On April 1, it was reported that the United States Department of Defense was working to provide 100,000 military-style nylon body bags to fulfill a request from FEMA. Only half of this number was already kept in stock by the military.[316]
Economic impact
The pandemic, along with the resultant stock market crash and other impacts, has led to increased discussion of a recession in the United States.[317] Experts differ on whether a recession will actually take place, with some saying it's not inevitable while others say the country may already be in a recession.[317][318][319] Of the economists surveyed in March by the University of Chicago at multiple U.S. universities, 51% agreed or strongly agreed there would be a "major" recession caused by COVID-19, while 31% were uncertain or disagreed.[320]
Economic analysts revised their forecasts downward going into March,[321][322] with Goldman Sachs estimating on March 20 that the economy could contract by as much as 24% on an annualized basis during the second quarter of 2020,[323] following their 5% decline estimate just four days earlier.[324] James Bullard, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, estimated that GDP would halve in the second quarter.[325]
According to an analysis discussed in the New York Times, insurance premiums may rise by 40% next year because coronavirus costs were not taken into account when setting 2020 premiums. The total healthcare costs of treating the epidemic could be anywhere from $34 billion to $251 billion according to the analysis.[326]
Domestic travel
| External videos | |
|---|---|
 CNBC interview with Southwest CEO Gary Kelly on March 5, YouTube video | |
| KOMO: Coronavirus Impact on Air Travel, YouTube video |
In mid-March, most major American and foreign airlines began cutting back on domestic and international flights as a result of the sudden drop in travel demand from the pandemic and subsequent travel bans. They have phased out routes and were making frequent schedule updates.[327][328]
The outbreak produced occasional disruptions to air traffic control with area control centers in New York and Indianapolis, and airport towers at Midway International Airport in Chicago and McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas evacuated for sterilization after at least one person who had been in each tested positive for COVID-19.[329]
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On March 14, Amtrak reduced its service between Washington and Boston as the COVID-19 outbreak drastically decreased travel demand. It faced steep revenue losses during the crisis. It also asked noncritical employees "to take time off on an unpaid basis".[330] By the following week, New York's subways, usually the nation's busiest, were running mostly empty, which had the Metropolitan Transportation Authority using $1 billion from its line of credit to stay afloat.[331]
The lobbying group for the airline industry, Airlines for America (A4A), on March 16 called for a $50 billion subsidy, including $4 billion for cargo services.[332] CNBC reports that airlines are preparing for a ban on domestic flights after President Trump said on March 14 that he is considering travel curbs and acting DHS Secretary Chad Wolf said all options remained on the table when asked about a possible ban, the first since September 11, 2001. United Airlines said they expected a drop of $1.5 billion in March revenue, American Airlines said they expected to decrease domestic capacity by 20% in April and 30% in May, and Delta Air Lines told employees it would cut capacity by 40%.[333]
Several of the largest mass transit operators in the U.S. have reduced service in response to lower demand caused by work from home policies and self-quarantines. The loss of fares and sales tax, a common source of operating revenue, is predicted to cause long-term effects on transit expansion and maintenance.[334] The American Public Transportation Association issued a request for $13 billion in emergency funding from the federal government to cover lost revenue and other expenses incurred by the pandemic.[335] Many localities reported an increase in bicycling as residents sought socially distant means of getting around.[336]
Financial market impacts
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On February 27, 2020, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) dropped 1,191 points, the largest single-day point drop in the index's history at the time; some attributed the drop to anxiety about the epidemic.[337] The same day, the S&P 500 logged a 4.4% decline.[338] Since then, the record has been beaten five more times during the outbreak on March 9 (−2,013), March 11 (−1,465), March 12 (−2,353), and finally setting the current record for most points lost in a single day by losing 2,997 points on March 16. It once again fell another 1,338 points on March 18. On March 13, the stock market rebounded for the single largest one-day point gain in the market's history by gaining 1,985 points after Trump declared a state of national emergency to free up resources to combat the virus.[339][340] The six business days it took for the S&P 500 Index to drop 10% (from February 20 to 27) "marked the quickest 10% decline from an all-time high in the index's history".[338] From January 21 to March 1, the DJIA dropped more than 3,500 points, equating to roughly a 13% decrease.[341][342]
Stock index futures declined sharply during Trump's March 11 address,[343] and the Dow Jones declined 10% the following day—the largest daily decline since Black Monday in 1987—despite the Federal Reserve also announcing it would inject $1.5 trillion into money markets.[344]
By March 18, investors were shunning even assets considered safe havens during economic crises, such as government bonds and gold, moving into cash positions.[345] By March 20, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was below the level when President Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017, having fallen 35% from its February peak.[346]
The markets rallied between March 23 and 26, with the Dow having its best three-day gain since 1931. On March 27, the Dow fell 3.5% and the S&P 500 fell 3.2%. The Nasdaq Index also fell. Boeing fell 10%, while Exxon and Disney each fell 6%.[347]
Employment effects
The number of persons filing for unemployment insurance increased from 211,000 the week ending March 7, to 281,000 for the week ending March 14, an increase of 70,000 or 33%, the largest percent increase since 1992.[348] Just part way through the following week, 15 states had reported nearly 630,000 claims.[349][350] Goldman Sachs forecast that more than two million people would file the week of March 21, an unprecedented number.[351] Goldman also forecast that the unemployment rate could rise towards nine percent over the second and third quarters, with much depending on the specifics of government stimulus plans.[352] On March 22, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis President James Bullard said that the unemployment rate could hit 30 percent between April and June, worse than what it was during the Great Depression.[353][354] On March 26, the Labor Department reported a record number of unemployment claims: 3.28 million (previously 695 thousand in October 1982).[355] For the week ending March 28, 6.6 million people filed unemployment claims.[356] More than 10 million Americans lost their jobs and applied for government aid since mid-March 2020.[357][358]
Restaurant industry
The 2019–2020 coronavirus pandemic impacted the restaurant industry worldwide via government closures, resulting in layoffs of workers and loss of income for restaurants and owners.[citation needed]
The U.S. restaurant industry was projected to have $899 billion in sales for 2020 by the National Restaurant Association, the main trade association for the industry in the United States.[359] The industry as a whole as of February 2020 employed more than 15 million people, representing 10% of the workforce directly.[359] It indirectly employed close to another 10% when dependent businesses such as food producers, trucking, and delivery services were factored in, according to Ohio restaurateur Britney Ruby Miller.[359]
On March 15, Ohio Governor Mike DeWine and Ohio Health Department director Amy Acton ordered the closure of all bars and restaurants to help slow the spread of the virus, saying the government "encouraged restaurants to offer carryout or delivery service, but they would not be allowed to have people congregating in the businesses."[360][359][361] The next day, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, and Maryland followed suit.[360][362]
Groups of restaurateurs in New York City and Cincinnati called on governments to provide help to the nation's small and independent restaurants.[363][359] On March 19 the New York group called for state governments to issue orders for rent abatements, suspension of sales and payroll taxes, and a full shutdown so business interruption insurance coverage would be triggered.[364] On March 20 the Cincinnati group called on the federal government to provide a $225 billion bailout to the restaurant industry.[359]
Several restaurant chains altered their operating procedures to prevent the spread of the virus, including removing seating, restricting the use of condiments, and switching to mobile payment systems. Many restaurants opted to close their dining rooms and instead switch to solely take-out food service to comply with physical distancing recommendations.[365]
Retail
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A number of retailers, particularly grocery stores, reduced their opening hours to allow additional time to restock and deep-clean their stores.[366] Major stores such as Walmart, Apple, Nike, Albertson's, and Trader Joe's also shortened their hours.[367][368] Some grocery store chains, including Stop & Shop and Dollar General, devoted a portion of their operating hours to serve only senior citizens.[369][370] Many grocery stores and pharmacies began installing plexiglass sneeze guards at register areas to protect cashiers and pharmacists, and adding markers six feet apart at checkout lines to encourage customers to maintain physical distance.[371] To prevent hoarding, many supermarkets and retailers placed limits on certain products such as toilet paper, hand sanitizer, over-the-counter medication, and cleaning supplies.[372] However, the Food Marketing Institute announced that its supply chain was not strained and all products would be available in the future.[372] Major retail chains started hiring tens of thousands of employees to keep up with demand, including Walmart (150,000), CVS Pharmacy (50,000), Dollar General (50,000), and 7 Eleven (20,000).[373] Sheetz convinience stores began offering free meals to children in need at select stores in Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia.[374]A daily senior shopping hour, checkout line distancing markers, hand washing and sanitizer for employees, disinfecting wipes for customers to use on carts, and a ban on reusable bags became mandatory in Massachusetts on March 25.[375]
Shipping facilities
Since consumers were increasingly relying on online retailers, Amazon planned to hire another 100,000 warehouse and delivery workers and raise wages $2 per hour through April. They also reported shortages of certain household staples.[376]
A March 21 article in the Chicago Tribune reported that employees at UPS, FedEx, and XPO often have been pressured not to take time off, even with symptoms such as fever and cough consistent with coronavirus. Public health authorities state that the risk is relatively low to customers receiving packages, in part because coronavirus does not live for very long on cardboard, but it most certainly is a danger for employees on crowded conveyor belts.[377]
At its warehouses, Amazon has stopped exit screenings, as well as group meetings at the beginning of shifts, and has staggered shift times and break times. The company also announced it would provide up to two weeks of pay to all employees diagnosed with coronavirus or placed into quarantine, but presumably not for employees who merely have symptoms of fever and cough.[378] Amazon workers complained paid medical leave was difficult to obtain because of limited access to COVID-19 testing, and some petitioned the company to extend paid leave to elderly and medically vulnerable workers without a positive test.[379] As small numbers of workers have tested positive for COVID-19, various Amazon warehouses have closed for sanitization, including one in Kentucky for several days.[379] Amazon workers at the Staten Island warehouse and some Instacart workers nationwide separately announced strikes for March 30, demanding access to personal protective equipment, better sick pay, hazard pay for Instacart orders, and a longer closure of the Staten Island warehouse for cleaning.[380]
Production of emergency supplies
In response to shortages, some alcoholic beverage facilities started manufacturing and distributing alcohol-based hand sanitizer.[381] General Motors opened its manufacturing, logistics, and purchasing infrastructure for use by Ventec, a manufacturer of medical ventilators.[382] As medical mask manufacturers hired hundreds of new workers and increased output,[383] in response to urgent requests from hospital workers, volunteers with home sewing machines started producing thousands of non-medical masks that can be sterilized and re-used. Fabric was bought privately or donated by Joann Fabrics.[384] The CDC recommended the use of homemade masks (preferably in combination with a full-face splash shield) only as a "last resort" when no other respiratory protective technologies were available, including reused professional masks.[385] Bauer Hockey began manufacturing face shields for medical applications on March 26.[386]
Some U.S. officials and commentators criticized the outsourcing of critical materials—like the production of essential medical supplies—to China.[387][388]
Surge in medical personnel
Several states and non-profit groups started recruiting retired medical personnel to increase staffing in hospitals and at temporary facilities.[389][390] Some jurisdictions granted emergency medical licenses to inactive doctors and incoming resident and interns, and expanded the tasks nurses were allowed to do.[391]
Other financial effects
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In February 2020, the American companies Apple Inc. and Microsoft began lowering expectations for revenue because of supply chain disruptions in China caused by the virus.[392] In a February 27 note to clients, Goldman Sachs said it expects no earnings growth for U.S. companies in 2020 as a result of the virus, at a time when the consensus forecast of Wall Street expected "earnings to climb 7%".[393] On March 20, 2020 as part of an SEC filing, AT&T cancelled all stock buyback plans included a plan to repurchase stock worth $4 billion during the second quarter. The reasons AT&T gave for the cancellation was to invest the money into its networks and in taking care of its employees during the pandemic.[394]
In response to the economic damage caused by the pandemic, some economists have advocated for financial support from the government for individual Americans and for banks and businesses.[395][396] Others have objected to intervention by the government on the grounds that it would alter the role of the Federal Reserve and enshrine moral hazard as a defining market principle.[397]
Telemedicine
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a sharp increase in the utilization of telemedical services in the United States, specifically for COVID-19 screening and triage.[398][399] On March 26, 2020, GoodRx launched a telemedicine price comparison platform[400] that lists the prices of COVID-19 assessments by telemedicine provider and state.[398] As of March 29, 2020[update], three companies are offering free telemedical screenings for COVID-19 in the United States: K Health (routed through an AI chatbot), Ro (routed through an AI chatbot), and GoodRx (offered through its HeyDoctor platform).[400][401][399][402][excessive citations]
Timing of removing economic lockdowns
On March 24, Trump expressed a target of lifting restrictions "if it's good" by April 12, the Easter holiday, for "packed churches all over our country".[303] However, a survey of prominent economists by the University of Chicago indicated abandoning an economic lock-down prematurely would do more economic damage than maintaining it.[304] The New York Times reported on March 24 that: "There is, however, a widespread consensus among economists and public health experts that lifting the restrictions would impose huge costs in additional lives lost to the virus—and deliver little lasting benefit to the economy."[403] Bill Gates said: "It's very tough to say to people, 'Hey keep going to restaurants, go buy new houses, ignore that pile of bodies over in the corner, we want you to keep spending because there's some politician that thinks GDP growth is what counts' ... It's hard to tell people during an epidemic ... that they should go about things knowing their activity is spreading this disease."[404] On March 29, Trump extended the federal social distancing recommendations until the end of April.[405]
Criticism of proposed remedies
Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz says Congress is not ready to send out checks now (to individuals) and then if the crisis goes on another four weeks, or six weeks, to send out a second batch of checks. He states the U.S. economy was not in great shape to begin with, for example, with overall growth for March 2020 expected to be less than 2%. The main problem will be that people can't go to work because of fear of the virus. And regarding a welfare safety net, he writes, "America has the weakest social protection of almost any of the advanced countries and so we're having to patch in a kind of social protection system on the fly and it's going to be really hard and that means the recovery is going to be very difficult."[406]
Social impacts
In order to minimize the spread of infection, public health officials and political figures have initiated steps to isolate infected patients, impose quarantines, and recommend or require physical distancing during group activities, including the closing of schools, retail stores, workplaces, sports events, and leisure activities such as dining and movies.
Lockdowns
In extreme instances, a number of cities and states have imposed lockdown measures which limit where people can travel, work and shop away from their homes:
- California. The Governor has ordered everyone to stay at home except to get food, care for a relative or friend, obtain health care, or go to an "essential job". People working in critical infrastructure sectors may continue to go to their jobs, but should try to keep at least six feet apart from anyone else. Indoor restaurants, bars and nightclubs, entertainment venues, gyms and fitness studios are closed, although some restaurants can still provide take-out meals. Gas stations, pharmacies, grocery stores, convenience stores, banks and laundry services remain open.[152]
- New York. Non-essential businesses must shut down their in-office personnel functions, with the exception of financial institutions, retailers, pharmacies, hospitals, news media, manufacturing plants and transportation companies, among others. Casinos, gyms, theaters, shopping malls, amusement parks and bowling alleys are to be closed. "Non-essential gatherings" of any size and for any reason are temporarily banned, and in public, people must keep at least six feet away from each other. Residents 70 and older and people with compromised immune systems or underlying illnesses must remain indoors (unless exercising outside), wear a mask in the company of others and prescreen visitors by taking their temperature.[152]
Similar restrictions to varying degree have been imposed in Illinois, Texas, Nevada, New Jersey and Florida, including the shutting down of hotels.[407] As of April 2[update], about 297 million people, or about 90% of the population, are under some form of lockdown in the United States.[408]
| States with a lockdown order or advisory[409] | |
|---|---|
| State | Date enacted |
| Alaska | March 28, 2020 |
| Arizona | March 31, 2020 |
| California | March 19, 2020 |
| Colorado | March 26, 2020 |
| Connecticut | March 23, 2020 |
| Delaware | March 24, 2020 |
| Florida | April 2, 2020 |
| Hawaii | March 25, 2020 |
| Idaho | March 25, 2020 |
| Illinois | March 21, 2020 |
| Indiana | March 24, 2020 |
| Kansas | March 30, 2020 |
| Kentucky[g] | March 26, 2020 |
| Louisiana | March 23, 2020 |
| Maine | April 2, 2020 |
| Maryland | March 30, 2020 |
| Massachusetts[g] | March 24, 2020 |
| Michigan | March 24, 2020 |
| Minnesota | March 27, 2020 |
| Montana | March 28, 2020 |
| Nevada | April 2, 2020 |
| New Hampshire[410] | March 27, 2020 |
| New Jersey | March 21, 2020 |
| New Mexico | March 24, 2020 |
| New York | March 22, 2020 |
| North Carolina | March 30, 2020 |
| Ohio | March 23, 2020 |
| Oregon | March 23, 2020 |
| Pennsylvania | April 2, 2020 |
| Rhode Island | March 28, 2020 |
| Tennessee | March 31, 2020 |
| Vermont | March 25, 2020 |
| Virginia | March 30, 2020 |
| Washington | March 23, 2020 |
| Washington, D.C. | April 1, 2020 |
| West Virginia | March 24, 2020 |
| Wisconsin | March 25, 2020 |
Educational impacts
As of March 31, 2020[update], at least 124,000 public and private schools had closed nationwide, affecting at least 55.1 million students, with most schools in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and all five inhabited territories closed statewide.[411] To ensure food-insecure students continued to receive lunches while schools were closed, many states and school districts arranged for "grab-and-go" lunch bags or used school bus routes to deliver meals to children.[412] To provide legal authority for such efforts, the U.S. Department of Agriculture waived several school lunch program requirements.[413]
A large number of higher educational institutions canceled classes and closed dormitories in response to the outbreak, including all members of the Ivy League,[414] and many other public and private universities across the country.[415]
Due to the disruption to the academic year caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Department of Education approved a waiver process, allowing states to opt-out of standardized testing required under the Every Student Succeeds Act.[416] In addition, the College Board eliminated traditional face-to-face Advanced Placement exams in favor of an online exam that can be taken at home.[417] The College Board also cancelled SAT testing in March and May in response to the pandemic.[418] Similarly, April ACT exams were rescheduled for June 2020.[419]
The Department of Education also authorized limited student loan relief, allowing borrowers to suspend payments for at least two months without accruing interest.[416]
Prison impacts
As COVID-19 was spreading to several prisons in the U.S., some states and local jurisdictions began to release prisoners considered vulnerable to the virus.[420]
Xenophobia and racism
They're amazing people and the spreading of the virus is not their fault in any way shape or form. They're working closely with us to get rid of it ... It's very important that we totally protect our Asian-American community in the United States and all around the world.
President Trump, March 23, 2020[286]
There have been widespread incidents of xenophobia and racism against Chinese Americans and other Asian Americans.[421] It was reported that Asian Americans were purchasing firearms in response to the xenophobia arising from the pandemic.[422] The FBI issued an alert that neo-Nazi and white supremacist groups were encouraging members to, if they contract it, spread the virus via "bodily fluids and personal interactions" with Jews and police officers.[423]
Media Matters for America accused Fox News Channel personalities and guests of racism for repeatedly using terms such as "Chinese virus" and "Wuhan virus" on-air.[424]
Event cancellations
As "social distancing" entered the public lexicon, emergency management leaders encouraged the cancellation of large gatherings to slow the rate of infection.[citation needed] Technology conferences such as Apple Inc.'s Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC),[426] E3 2020,[427] Facebook F8, Google I/O and Cloud Next,[428] and Microsoft's MVP Summit[429][430] have been either cancelled or have replaced in-person events with internet streaming events.
On February 21, Verizon pulled out of an RSA conference, joining the ranks of AT&T Cybersecurity and IBM.[431] On February 29, the American Physical Society cancelled its annual March Meeting, scheduled for March 2–6 in Denver, Colorado, even though many of the more than 11,000 physicist participants had already arrived and participated in the day's pre-conference events.[432] On March 6, the annual South by Southwest (SXSW) conference and festival scheduled to run from March 13 to 22 in Austin, Texas, were cancelled following after the city government declared a "local disaster" and ordered conferences to shut down for the first time in 34 years.[433][434] The cancellation is not covered by insurance.[435][436] In 2019, 73,716 people attended the conferences and festivals, directly spending $200 million and ultimately boosting the local economy by $356 million, or four percent of the annual revenue of the region's hospitality and tourism economic sectors.[437][438]
After the cancellations of the Ultra Music Festival in Miami and SXSW in Austin, speculation began to grow about the Coachella festival set to begin on April 10 in the desert in Indio, California.[439][440] The annual festival, which has attracted some 125,000 people over two consecutive weekends, is insured only in the event of a force majeure cancellation such as one ordered by local or state government officials. Estimates on an insurance payout range from $150 million to $200 million.[441] On March 10, event organizers announced the festival had been postponed to October.[citation needed]
Media
Publishing
The scale of the COVID-19 outbreak has prompted several major publishers to temporarily disable their paywalls on related articles, including Bloomberg News, The Atlantic, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Seattle Times.[442][443]
Several alt weekly newspapers in affected metropolitan areas, including The Stranger in Seattle and Austin Chronicle, have announced layoffs and funding drives due to lost revenue. Public events and venues accounted for a majority of revenue for alt-weekly newspapers, which was disrupted by the cancellation of large public gatherings.[443][444]
On March 31, 2020, the music trade Billboard suspended both the Dance Club Songs chart and the weekly Box Office Score tracking list. Both use physical tracking rather than monitoring, with the former utilizing weekly reports from club DJs while the latter tallies audience attendance and sales; the trade cited the cancellation of concerts, events, and massive closure of nightclubs and functions that were crucial to its weekly rankings. The suspension also marked the first time since March 1975 that Billboard did not publish a weekly Dance chart (when it was called "Disco Action", which debuted in October 1974), up until its official (re)launch in August 1976.[445]
Film
Most U.S. cinema chains, where allowed to continue operating, reduced the seating capacity of each show time by half to minimize the risk of spreading the virus between patrons.[446] Audience limits, as well as mandatory and voluntary closure of cinemas in some areas, led to a total North American box office sales the lowest since October 1998.[447] On March 16, numerous theater chains temporarily closed their locations nationwide.[448] A number of Hollywood film companies have suspended production and delayed the release of some films.[449][450]
Television
In March, a number of studio-based talk shows and game shows announced plans to film behind closed doors with no audience.[451] Some television networks and news channels have adjusted their programming to incorporate coverage of the pandemic and adhere to CDC guidelines, including encouraging remote work and physical distancing on-air (including separation between on-air anchors and increased use of remote interviews).[452][453][454]
Quarantine and remote work efforts, as well as interest in updates on the pandemic, have resulted in a larger potential audience for television broadcasters, especially news channels. Nielsen estimated that by March 11 television usage had increased by 22% week-over-week. It was expected that streaming services would see an increase in usage, while potential economic downturns associated with the pandemic could accelerate the market trend of cord cutting.[455][456][457] WarnerMedia reported that HBO Now saw a spike in usage, and the most viewed titles included documentary Ebola: The Doctors' Story and the 2011 film Contagion for their resonance with the pandemic.[458]
Sports
A suspension of games for various time periods were announced by almost all professional sports leagues in the United States on March 11 and 12, including the National Basketball Association (which had a player announced as having tested positive),[459] National Hockey League,[460] Major League Baseball,[461] and Major League Soccer.[462][463] College athletics competitions were similarly cancelled by schools, conferences and the NCAA—which cancelled all remaining championships for the academic year on March 12. This also resulted in the first-ever cancellation of the NCAA's popular "March Madness" men's basketball tournament (which had been scheduled to begin the following week) in its 81-year history.[459][464][465]
The 2020 Indian Wells Masters tennis tournaments were cancelled on March 10.[466] The ATP Tour and WTA Tour have both suspended competition until late-April, which has also led to the cancellation of the Miami Open.[467] NASCAR on March 13 postponed the races at Atlanta Motor Speedway and announced on March 16 that it will postpone all race events until May 3.[468] The IndyCar Series similarly announced the cancellation of all races through the end of April.[469]
The PGA Tour played the first round of the 2020 Players Championship on March 12, and said subsequent rounds and tournaments would be held without spectators,[470] but later cancelled the rest of the tournament and subsequent events through early-May.[471][472] The LPGA Tour similarly cancelled all events through April.[471][473] Two men's majors, the Masters and PGA Championship, were postponed.[474][471]
Religious services
Amidst the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, some American churches continue to operate their food pantries that are offering bags filled with meat and toilet paper rolls for needy families.[475] The National Cathedral of the United States, which belongs to the Episcopal Church, donated more than five thousand N95 surgical masks to hospitals of Washington D.C., which were in shortage during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[476] Other churches, such as the Church of the Highlands, an evangelical Christian megachurch, have offered free COVID-19 tests in their parking lots.[477]
Some churches have suspended services, others have moved to radio, television and online services, while still others have offered drive-in services.[478] Some state orders against large gatherings, such as in Ohio and New York, specifically exempt religious organizations.[479] Colorado Springs Fellowship Church insists it has a constitutional right to defy a state closure order.[480] Evangelical college Liberty University of Lynchburg, Virginia, moved its classes online but called its 5,000 back to campus despite Governor Ralph Northam's (D) order to close all non-essential businesses.[481] Rev. Rodney Howard-Browne of the River at Tampa Bay Church in Florida was arrested and fined on March 30 for violating coronavirus-related bans on large gatherings. He had encouraged crowds as large as five hundred over the weekend and argued that churches should get exemptions as essential services.[482]
By March 20, every Roman Catholic diocese in the United States had suspended the public celebration of Mass and dispensed with the obligation to attend Mass on the Lord's Day, as had the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the United States also suspended public Divine Liturgies.[483][484][485][486][487]
On March 13, 2020, Bishop Elaine JW Stanovsky of the Pacific Northwest Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church issued a statement that would be updated no later than the start of Holy Week, which directed "the local churches of any size and other ministries in the states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington to suspend in-person worship and other gatherings of more than 10 people for the next two weeks."[488] Many parts of the Methodist Churches, which uphold Sunday Sabbatarian teaching, have transitioned their church services online; ninety percent of the parishes within the Pacific Northwest Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church, for example, are now offering worship via internet livestream.[488]
On March 24, President Trump said, in regard to Easter (April 12), "Wouldn't it be great to have all the churches full? You'll have packed churches all over our country. I think it'll be a beautiful time." As of March 25, many churches were not prepared to risk reopening, and most churches were predicted to remain closed on Easter.[489]
Public response
Opinion polling showed a significant partisan divide regarding the outbreak.[490] NPR, PBS NewsHour and Marist found in their mid-March survey that 76% of Democrats viewed COVID-19 as "a real threat", while only 40% of Republicans agreed; the previous month's figures for Democrats and Republicans were 70% and 72% respectively.[491] A mid-March poll conducted by NBC News and The Wall Street Journal found that 60% of Democrats were concerned someone in their family might contract the virus, while 40% of Republicans expressed concern. Nearly 80% of Democrats believed the worst was yet to come, whereas 40% of Republicans thought so. About 56% of Democrats believed their lives would change in a major way due to the outbreak, compared to 26% for Republicans.[492] A mid-March poll by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that 83% of Democrats had taken certain precautions against the virus, compared to 53% of Republicans. The poll found that President Trump was the least-trusted source of information about the outbreak, at 46% overall, although 88% of Republicans expressed trust in the president, second only to their trust in the CDC.[493]
Medical aid to the United States
Chinese billionaire Jack Ma has donated coronavirus test kits and face masks to the United States.[494] Russia sent a cargo plane with ventilators and face masks. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that "when offering assistance to US colleagues, [Putin] assumes that when US manufacturers of medical equipment and materials gain momentum, they will also be able to reciprocate if necessary."[495][496] According to Russia's RBC business daily, the company that manufactures the ventilators that were delivered by Russia is under U.S. sanctions.[497]
Background and preparations
The United States has experienced pandemics and epidemics throughout its history, including the 1918 Spanish flu, the 1957 Asian flu, and the 1968 Hong Kong flu pandemics.[498][499][500] In the most recent pandemic prior to COVID-19, the 2009 H1N1 swine flu took the lives of more than 12,000 Americans and hospitalized another 200,000.[501][502][498] Because of this pandemic and the 2014 Ebola epidemic, which saw only a small number of Americans infected,[503] the Obama Administration increased planning and analysis that focused on deficiencies in the government's response to outbreaks.[502] In 2017, outgoing Obama administration officials briefed incoming Trump administration officials on how to respond to pandemics by using simulated scenarios, although by the time of the COVID-19 outbreak in the U.S., around two-thirds of Trump administration officials at the briefing had left the administration.[502]
The United States Intelligence Community, in its annual worldwide threat assessment reports of 2017 and 2018, stated new types of microbes that are "easily transmissible between humans" remained "a major threat". Similarly, for the 2019 worldwide threat assessment, the U.S. intelligence agencies warned that "the United States and the world will remain vulnerable to the next flu pandemic or large-scale outbreak of a contagious disease that could lead to massive rates of death and disability, severely affect the world economy, strain international resources, and increase calls on the United States for support."[504][505]
Citing lessons learned from the swine flu pandemic, Ebola outbreak, and the 2001 anthrax attacks, President Trump released a National Biodefense Strategy on September 18, 2018 in response to a Congressional directive.[506][507][508][509] According to Trump, the new strategy was designed to strengthen the nation's defenses against disease outbreaks and bioterrorism and to make responses to them more efficient and better coordinated.[506][507] Concurrently, he released a National Security Presidential Memorandum that appointed the Secretary of HHS Alex Azar to oversee implementation of the government's new biodefense strategy and directed National Security Advisor John Bolton to assist in reviewing and improving the nation's biodefenses.[510][511][506] At a time when multiple agencies and departments shared responsibility for biodefense,[509] Bolton and Azar claimed this centralization of primary authority for biodefense in the HHS would provide greater accountability.[512]
In 2018, Bolton reorganized the executive branch's United States National Security Council, largely merging the group responsible for global health security and biodefense into a bigger group responsible for counter-proliferation and biodefense. Along with the reorganization, the leader of the global health security and biodefense group, Rear Admiral Timothy Ziemer, left to join another federal agency, while Tim Morrison became the leader of the combined group.[513][514] Also in 2018, Homeland Security Advisor Tom Bossert left the administration; reportedly at Bolton's request. Bossert had helped to create the Trump administration's biodefense plans, and it was his responsibility to coordinate the government's response in the event of a biological crisis.[515] Bossert's successor, Doug Fears, and Fears' successor Peter J. Brown, took over the biodefense responsibilities of the DHS. Bloomberg News reported in January 2020 that biodefense was by then a "less prominent" part of the Homeland Security Advisor's responsibilities.[516][517]
In other departures, Luciana Borio, the National Security Council director for medical and biodefense preparedness, left her post in March 2019. The Washington Post reported in March 2020 that the White House would not confirm the identity of Borio's replacement.[513] Meanwhile, in July 2019, Linda Quick, a U.S. CDC expert working within the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, left her post without a replacement, as her position would have been eliminated in September 2019 due to the China–United States trade war. Reuters reported Quick's departure in March 2020; her role was training Chinese field epidemiologists to respond to disease outbreaks at their hotbeds; the post had existed since 2007 or earlier.[518]
The Trump administration from January to August 2019 simulated a series of pandemic outbreaks from China and found that the U.S. government response was "underfunded, underprepared, and uncoordinated", with the "not to be disclosed" draft report detailing repeated cases of "confusion" during the exercises. A briefing was given to the United States Congress in December 2019 of some of the findings from the exercise, including the conclusion that the U.S. could not speedily manufacture certain medical supplies to cope with demand, because many of these items were imported. In response to the problems illustrated in the simulation, Trump issued an executive order to make flu vaccines more readily available and of higher quality, and he provided additional funds for the pandemic threats program in the HHS.[519]
Despite all these activities, National Geographic reported that as of March 3, 2020, the "U.S. has only a fraction of the medical supplies it needs to combat coronavirus." An additional 300 million N95 respirators (face masks) and surgical face masks could be required to protect health workers. However, in Senate testimony, U.S. HHS Secretary Alex Azar said "the Strategic National Stockpile has just 30 million surgical masks and 12 million respirators in reserve." HHS said it intends to purchase as many as half a billion respirators and surgical face masks over the next year and a half. A previous 2015 CDC study found that seven billion N95 respirators might be necessary to handle a "severe respiratory outbreak".[520] The New York Times reported on March 18 that about 170,000 ventilators were in the U.S., versus an American Hospital Association estimate that 960,000 people may need them during the pandemic. The shortage of ventilators is one reason why slowing the spread of the virus is so important. Ramping up production is challenging due to global supply chains and the complexity of the devices, with major U.S. hospitals having trouble finding more.[521] Bloomberg News reported on March 23 that: "NY Governor Andrew Cuomo said the state, which has about 5,000 to 6,000 ventilators, might need 30,000 of them." China is significantly increasing ventilator production to assist other countries, with plans to supply about 14,000 non-invasive ventilators in April. The U.S. government has also called on U.S. manufacturers to assist.[522]
See also
References
Footnotes
- ^ This chart only includes lab-confirmed cases and deaths. Not all states report recoveries. Data for the current day may be incomplete.
- ^ This included $300 billion to help small businesses with forgivable loans up to $10 million[229] and $200 billion to support industries such as airlines, cruise companies, and hotels through loans and other measures.[230] Democrats have advocated for banning stock buy-backs to prevent these funds from being used to make a profit.[231]
- ^ It was suggested that $200–500 billion would fund tax rebate checks to Americans who made between $2,500 and $75,000 in 2018 to help cover short-term costs[232][233] via one or two payments of $600–1,200 per adult and $500 per child.[234][235][236] A similar measure has been suggested by both Democrats and Republicans as a form of basic income.[237][238] It is currently unclear whether the rebates would be tax-free.[239]
- ^ Democrats prepared a $750 billion package as a counter-offer,[240][241] which focused on expanding unemployment benefits instead of tax rebates.[236] A compromise plan reportedly sets aside $250 billion for tax rebates and the same amount for unemployment.[229]
- ^ The revised draft included suspending federal student loan payments for six months without interest and $20 billion in school funding;[243] Democrats said the bill did not go far enough to provide healthcare and unemployment aid, and that it provided a "slush fund" for corporations.[244]
- ^ House Speaker Nancy Pelosi indicated that the House would prepare its own bill, expected to exceed $2.5 trillion, as a counter-offer.[245][246]
- ^ a b Advisory order
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The circumstances current in our community are such that attendance at Mass borders on an impossibility and thus there is no obligation to attend.
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Further reading
- Maps and data
External links
- CDC: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- California CDPH Office of Public Affairs, news releases by California Department of Public Health (CDPH)
- The New York Times: Tracking Every Coronavirus Case in the U.S.: Full Map
- Coronavirus Self-Assessment Tool from University of Southern California
- C-SPAN's coverage of the governmental and other responses to the coronavirus outbreak
- Coronavirus (COVID-19): information resource and the U.S. Government response
.svg){kind=small}
- Current events from January 2020
- Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from March 2020
- 2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United States
- 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic by country and territory
- 2020 coronavirus pandemic in North America
- 2020 disasters in the United States
- January 2020 events in the United States
- February 2020 events in the United States
- March 2020 events in the United States
- Medical outbreaks in the United States