Second Amendment sanctuary: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 21:46, 28 February 2020
Second Amendment sanctuary, also known as a gun sanctuary, refers to states, counties, or localities in the United States that have adopted laws or resolutions to prohibit or impede the enforcement of certain gun control measures perceived as violative of the Second Amendment such as universal gun background checks, high capacity magazine bans, assault weapon bans, red flag laws, etc.[1][2] Although other jurisdictions had previously adopted legislation now characterized as creating Second Amendment sanctuaries, the Carroll County, Maryland Board of Commissioners is thought to be the first body to explicitly use the term "sanctuary" in its resolution on May 22, 2013[3] and Effingham County, Illinois County Board is thought to have to have popularized the term on April 16, 2018.[4][5][1][6]
Examples of the resolutions include the Second Amendment Preservation Ordinance in Oregon[7] and the Second Amendment Protection Act in Kansas.[8] The term "sanctuary" draws its inspiration from the immigration sanctuary cities movement of jurisdictions that have resolved to not assist federal enforcement of immigration laws against illegal aliens.[5][9][10][11]
State laws
Although the Obama-era state laws listed below were approved prior to the adoption of the term "sanctuary" in reference to legislation resisting the enforcement of gun control laws they are now frequently characterized as part of the Second Amendment sanctuary movement.[4][5][1]
Alaska
On July 9, 2010, Governor Sean Parnell signed the Alaska Firearms Freedom Act (HB 186), declaring that certain firearms and accessories are exempt from federal regulation.[12] The text can be read here.[13] On September 10, 2013, Governor Parnell signed HB 69, which amended and expanded HB 186.[14][15] The text can be read here.[16]
Idaho
On March 19, 2014, Governor Butch Otter signed SB 1332 to protect Idaho law enforcement officers from being directed by the federal government to violate citizens' rights under Section 11, Article I of the Idaho Constitution.[17][18] The text can be read here.[19] Previously, HJM 3 was passed in 2009.[20] That text can be read here.[21]
Kansas
On April 16, 2013, Governor Sam Brownback signed the Second Amendment Protection Act.[8][22] The text can be read here.[23]
Wyoming
On March 11, 2010, Governor Dave Freudenthal signed the Wyoming Firearms Freedom Act. The text can be read here.[24]
Local laws
Arkansas
1 out of 75 counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
Arizona
5 out of 15 counties and 1 city have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:[26]
California
1 out of 58 counties and 1 city have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
Colorado
39 out of 64 counties, 3 cities, and 4 towns have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]
- Alamosa
- Archuleta
- Baca
- Bent
- Cheyenne
- Commerce City
- Conejos
- Crowley
- Custer (plus Silver Cliff Town)
- Delta
- Dolores
- Douglas
- El Paso (plus Monument Town[46])
- Elbert
- Fremont (plus Cañon City)
- Garfield
- Huerfano
- Jackson
- Kiowa
- Kit Carson
- Las Animas
- Lincoln
- Logan
- Mesa
- Mineral
- Moffat (plus Craig City)
- Montezuma
- Montrose
- Morgan
- Otero
- Park
- Phillips (plus Haxtun Town[44])
- Prowers
- Rio Blanco
- Rio Grande
- Sedgwick
- Teller
- Washington
- Weld (plus Milliken Town)
- Yuma[44]
Florida
37 out of 67 counties, 2 cities, and 1 town have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions.[47]
In 2013, all 67 sheriffs in Florida had signed a letter saying that they will not enforce laws that violate the Constitution or infringe on the rights of the people to own firearms.[48]
- Bay[49]
- Bradford[50]
- Calhoun[51]
- Citrus[52]
- Clay[53]
- Collier[54] (plus Marco Island City[55])
- Columbia[56]
- DeSoto[57]
- Dixie[58]
- Escambia[59]
- Gilchrist[60]
- Gulf[61]
- Hendry[62]
- Hernando[63]
- Highlands[64]
- Holmes[65]
- Jackson[66]
- Jefferson[67]
- Lafayette[68]
- Lake[69]
- Lee[70]
- Levy[71] (plus Bronson Town[72])
- Madison[73]
- Marion[74]
- Nassau[75]
- Newberry City[76]
- Okaloosa[77]
- Okeechobee[78]
- Polk[79]
- Putnam[80]
- Santa Rosa[81]
- St. Johns[82]
- Sumter[83]
- Suwannee[84]
- Taylor[85][86]
- Union[76]
- Wakulla[87]
- Walton[77]
Georgia
22 out of 159 counties and 1 city have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
Illinois
67 out of 102 counties, 2 cities, and 4 townships have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:[111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118]
- Adams
- Bond
- Boone
- Brown
- Bureau
- Calhoun
- Christian
- Clark
- Clay
- Clinton
- Coles
- Crawford
- Cumberland
- Douglas
- Edgar
- Edwards
- Effingham
- Farmer City
- Fayette
- Ford
- Franklin
- Gallatin
- Greene
- Hamilton
- Hancock
- Hardin
- Henderson
- Henry
- Iroquois
- Jasper
- Jefferson
- Jersey
- Johnson
- LaSalle
- Lawrence
- Livingston
- Logan
- Macon
- Macoupin
- Madison
- Marion
- Massac
- McDonough
- McHenry Township[119]
- Mercer
- Monroe
- Montgomery (plus Hillsboro City)
- Moultrie
- Morgan
- O'Fallon Township
- Ogle
- Perry
- Piatt
- Pike
- Plainfield Township
- Pope
- Pulaski
- Randolph
- Richland
- Saline
- Schuyler
- Shelby
- St. Clair Township
- Stark
- Tazewell
- Union
- Wabash
- Washington
- Wayne
- White
- Williamson
- Woodford
Indiana
8 out of 92 counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
Kansas
1 out of 105 counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
Kentucky
99 out of 120 counties and 6 cities have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:[130]
- Adair[131]
- Allen[132]
- Anderson[133]
- Barren[134]
- Bath[135]
- Bell (plus Pineville City)[136]
- Boone[137]
- Boyd[138]
- Boyle[139][140]
- Bracken[141]
- Breathitt
- Breckinridge[142]
- Bullitt[143] (plus Mount Washington City[144] and Shepherdsville City[145])
- Butler[146]
- Caldwell[147]
- Calloway[148]
- Campbell[149]
- Carroll[150]
- Carter[151]
- Casey[152]
- Christian[153]
- Clark[154]
- Clay[155]
- Clinton[156]
- Cumberland
- Elliott[157]
- Estill
- Floyd[158]
- Fleming[159]
- Franklin[160]
- Gallatin[161]
- Garrard[162]
- Grant[163]
- Graves[164]
- Grayson[165]
- Greenup[166]
- Hancock
- Harlan[167]
- Harrison[168]
- Hart[169]
- Henderson[170]
- Henry[143]
- Hickman[171]
- Hopkins[172]
- Johnson[173]
- Kenton[174]
- Knott
- Knox[175]
- LaRue[176]
- Laurel[177]
- Lawrence[166]
- Lee[178]
- Leslie
- Letcher[179]
- Lewis
- Lincoln[180] (plus Crab Orchard City[181])
- Logan[182]
- Lyon[183]
- Madison[184]
- Magoffin[185]
- Marion[186]
- Marshall[187]
- Martin[188]
- Mason[189]
- McCreary[190]
- Meade[191]
- Menifee[192]
- Mercer[193] (plus Burgin City[193] and Harrodsburg City[193])
- Metcalfe[194]
- Monroe
- Montgomery[195]
- Morgan[196]
- Muhlenberg[197]
- Nelson[198]
- Ohio[199]
- Oldham[200]
- Owen[201]
- Pendleton
- Perry[202]
- Pike[203]
- Powell[204]
- Pulaski[205]
- Robertson[206]
- Rockcastle[207]
- Rowan[208]
- Russell[209]
- Scott[210]
- Simpson[211]
- Spencer[212]
- Taylor[213]
- Todd[214]
- Trigg[215]
- Trimble[216]
- Union[217]
- Warren[218]
- Wayne
- Webster[170]
- Whitley[219]
Maine
0 out of 16 counties and 1 town have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:[220]
Maryland
4 out of 23 counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
Michigan
31 out of 83 counties, 1 city, and 4 townships have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
- Alcona[224]
- Allegan[225]
- Antrim[226]
- Arenac[227]
- Bay[228]
- Berrien[229]
- Charlevoix[230]
- Cheboygan[231]
- Chippewa[232]
- Delta[233]
- Eaton[234]
- Emmet[235]
- Ionia[236]
- Iosco[237]
- Jackson[238]
- Kalkaska[239]
- Lake[240]
- Lapeer[241]
- Livingston[242]
- Mackinac[243]
- Monroe[244]
- Montmorency[245] (plus Briley Township[246])
- Osceola[247]
- Oscoda[231] (plus Big Creek Township, Comins Township, and Greenwood Township)[248]
- Otsego[226]
- Presque Isle[249]
- Sanilac[250]
- Schoolcraft[251]
- St. Clair[250]
- Wexford[252] (plus Manton City[253])
Minnesota
6 out of 87 counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
Mississippi
8 out of 82 counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary, safe haven, or similar resolutions:
Nebraska
3 out of 93 counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
Nevada
10 out of 16 counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions.[269][270][271][272][273][274][275][276]
All 17 sheriffs in Nevada (16 county and 1 Carson City) and have signed a letter expressing their support for the Second Amendment.[277]
New Jersey
6 out of 21 counties, 25 townships, and 5 boroughs (30 of 565 total municipalities) have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
- Atlantic[278] (plus Egg Harbor Township[279])
- Cape May[280] (plus Dennis Township,[281] Lower Township,[282] Middle Township,[283] and Upper Township[284])
- Commercial Township[279]
- Deerfield Township[279]
- Downe Township[285]
- Franklin Township (Gloucester County)[286]
- Howell Township[287]
- Lawrence Township (Cumberland County)[279]
- Maurice River Township[285]
- Ocean[279] (plus Berkeley Township[279] and Little Egg Harbor Township[288])
- Salem[289] (plus Alloway Township,[285] Lower Alloways Creek Township,[279] Pennsville Township,[279] and Upper Pittsgrove Township[279])
- Stow Creek Township[279]
- Sussex[290] (plus Branchville Borough,[291] Franklin Borough,[285] Hamburg Borough,[285] Hopatcong Borough,[279] Montague Township,[291] Stillwater Township,[291] and Sussex Borough[292])
- Tabernacle Township[279]
- Warren[293] (plus Oxford Township,[279] Phillipsburg Town,[294] and Washington Township[279])
- West Milford Township[295][296]
New Mexico
26 out of 33 counties, 6 cities, and 1 town have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions;[297][298] Taos initially passed a resolution[299] but later repealed it.[300]
30 out of 33 county sheriffs have signed a letter by the New Mexico Sheriffs Association vowing to not assist in enforcing certain gun control.[301]
- Catron
- Chaves (plus Roswell City[302])
- Cibola[303]
- Colfax[304]
- Curry
- De Baca
- Eddy (plus Carlsbad City[305])
- Grant
- Harding
- Hidalgo
- Lea[306]
- Lincoln
- Luna
- McKinley[307]
- Mora[308]
- Otero (plus Alamogordo City[309])
- Quay
- Rio Arriba (plus Española City[310])
- Roosevelt
- San Juan (plus Bloomfield City, Farmington City, and Kirtland Town)[310]
- Sandoval
- Sierra
- Socorro
- Torrance
- Union
- Valencia
New York
The SAFE Act was passed in 2013. After passage, New York counties started passing resolutions opposing the SAFE Act. There are currently 52 out of 62 counties with such resolutions. The New York State Sheriffs Association sued to block the law.[311]
1 out of 62 counties and 2 towns have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:[312]
North Carolina
66 out of 100 counties, 1 city, and 2 towns have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:[314]
- Alamance[315]
- Alexander[316]
- Alleghany[317]
- Anson[318][319]
- Ashe[320]
- Avery[321]
- Beaufort[322][323]
- Bladen[324]
- Brunswick[325]
- Burke[326]
- Cabarrus[327]
- Caldwell[328]
- Camden[329]
- Carteret[330]
- Caswell[331]
- Catawba[332]
- Cherokee[333]
- Chowan[334]
- Clay[335]
- Cleveland[336]
- Columbus[337]
- Craven[338]
- Currituck[339]
- Dare[340]
- Davidson[341] (plus Midway Town [342])
- Davie[343]
- Forsyth[344][345][346]
- Franklin[347]
- Gaston[348]
- Gates[349]
- Graham[350]
- Granville[351]
- Harnett[352]
- Haywood[353][354]
- Henderson[355]
- Iredell[356]
- Johnston[357]
- Jones[358]
- Lee[359]
- Lenoir[360]
- Lincoln[361]
- Madison[362]
- Martin[363]
- McDowell[364]
- Mitchell[365][366]
- Montgomery[367]
- Moore[368]
- Onslow[369]
- Pamlico[370]
- Pasquotank[371]
- Person[372]
- Pitt[373]
- Randolph[374]
- Richmond[375]
- Robeson[376]
- Rockingham[377]
- Rowan[378] (plus China Grove City[379])
- Rutherford[380]
- Stanly[381]
- Stokes[382] (plus King Town[383])
- Surry[384]
- Union[385]
- Wayne[386]
- Wilkes[387]
- Yadkin[388]
- Yancey[389]
Ohio
19 out of 88 counties and 3 township have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
- Adams[390]
- Clermont[391]
- Clinton[392]
- Gallia[393]
- Highland[394]
- Hocking[395]
- Huron[396]
- Jackson[397]
- Jackson Township (Perry County)[398]
- Knox[399]
- Lawrence[400]
- Marion[401]
- Meigs[402]
- Morgan[390] (plus Deerfield Township[403])
- Morrow[404]
- Pickaway[405]
- Pike[406]
- Preble[407]
- Scioto[408]
- Vinton[409]
- Wheeling Township (Belmont County)[403]
Oklahoma
23 out of 77 counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:[410]
Oregon
16 out of 36 counties and 1 city have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:[423][424][425][426]
Pennsylvania
3 out of 67 counties and 2 townships have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
- Bradford[429]
- Buffalo Township (Union County)[430]
- Cambria[431]
- Huntingdon[432]
- West Manheim Township[433]
Rhode Island
0 out of 8 cities and 10 out of 31 towns have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions;[434][435] while Rhode Island has 5 counties, there is no local government at that level.[436]
South Carolina
3 out of 46 counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
Tennessee
34 out of 95 counties and 1 town have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:[440][441][442][443][444][445][446][447][448]
- Blount
- Bradley[449]
- Carter
- Claiborne
- Cocke
- Cumberland[450]
- Dyer[451]
- Fayette[452]
- Greene
- Grundy[453]
- Hamblen[454]
- Hawkins[455]
- Henderson[456]
- Jefferson (plus Dandridge Town)
- Johnson[457]
- Lewis[458]
- Loudon
- Madison[459]
- Maury[460]
- Monroe
- McMinn[461]
- McNairy[462]
- Polk
- Roane
- Rutherford[463]
- Sequatchie[453]
- Sevier
- Sullivan
- Sumner[464]
- Unicoi[465]
- Warren[466]
- Washington[455]
- Wayne[467]
- Wilson[468]
Texas
76 out of 254 counties, 1 city, and 2 towns have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:[469][470][471][472][473][474][475][476][477]
- Anderson[478]
- Angelina[479]
- Atascosa[480]
- Bowie[481]
- Brown[482]
- Calhoun[483]
- Callahan[484]
- Cass[485]
- Cherokee[486] (plus Wells Town[487])
- Chester Town
- Clay[488]
- Coke[489]
- Coleman[490]
- Collin[491][492]
- Colorado[493]
- Cooke[420]
- Coryell[494]
- Dallam[495]
- Dawson[496]
- Denton[497]
- Eastland[498]
- Edwards[499]
- Ellis[500]
- Erath[501]
- Fannin[502]
- Freestone[503]
- Gonzales[504]
- Grimes[505]
- Hood[506]
- Hopkins[507]
- Houston[508]
- Howard[509] (plus Big Spring City)
- Hudspeth[510]
- Hunt[511]
- Hutchinson[512]
- Jack[513]
- Jackson[514]
- Johnson[515]
- Kaufman[516]
- Kinney[494]
- Knox[494]
- Lamar[517]
- Lavaca[494]
- Leon[518]
- Madison[519]
- Marion[520]
- McCulloch[521]
- Milam[522]
- Mitchell
- Montgomery[523]
- Navarro[524]
- Nolan[525]
- Palo Pinto[526]
- Panola[527]
- Parker[528]
- Pecos[489]
- Presidio[529]
- Rains[530]
- Real[489]
- Red River[531]
- Rockwall[494]
- Shackelford
- Shelby[532]
- Smith[533]
- Stephens[534]
- Sterling[535]
- Throckmorton[498]
- Titus[536]
- Upshur[537]
- Van Zandt[538][539]
- Victoria[540]
- Walker[541]
- Waller[542]
- Washington[543]
- Wise[494]
- Wood[544]
- Young[545]
Utah
2 out of 29 counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
Vermont
0 out of 14 counties and 13 towns have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
Virginia
91 out of 95 counties, 16 out of 38 independent cities, and 39 towns have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:[553][554][555][556][557][558][559][560]
- Accomack[561] (plus Chincoteague Town[562] and Parksley Town[563])
- Alleghany[564] (plus Clifton Forge Town[560])
- Amelia[565]
- Amherst[564]
- Appomattox[566]
- Augusta[567]
- Bath[568]
- Bedford[569] (plus Bedford Town[570])
- Bland[571]
- Botetourt[572]
- Bristol City[573]
- Brunswick[574]
- Buchanan[575][576]
- Buckingham[577]
- Buena Vista City[578]
- Campbell[579] (plus Altavista Town[580])
- Caroline[581] (plus Bowling Green Town[582])
- Carroll[583]
- Charlotte[584]
- Charles City County[585]
- Chesapeake City[586]
- Chesterfield[587]
- Clarke[588][589] (plus Berryville Town[590])
- Colonial Heights City[591]
- Covington City[592]
- Craig[593]
- Culpeper[594] (plus Culpeper Town[595])
- Cumberland[596]
- Dickenson[597]
- Dinwiddie[598]
- Essex[599] (plus Tappahannock Town[560])
- Fauquier[600]
- Floyd[601]
- Fluvanna[602]
- Franklin City[603]
- Franklin County[604] (plus Rocky Mount Town[605])
- Frederick[606]
- Galax City[607]
- Giles[608]
- Gloucester[609]
- Goochland[610]
- Grayson[611]
- Greene[612]
- Greensville[613]
- Halifax[564]
- Hanover[614]
- Henrico[615]
- Henry[616]
- Highland[617]
- Hopewell City[618]
- Isle of Wight[619]
- James City County[620]
- King and Queen[621]
- King George[622]
- King William[623]
- Lancaster[624] (plus White Stone Town[625])
- Lee[626]
- Louisa[627] (plus Mineral Town[628])
- Lovettsville Town[629]
- Lunenburg[630]
- Madison[631]
- Martinsville City[632]
- Mathews[633]
- Mecklenburg[634] (plus Chase City Town[635])
- Middlesex[636]
- Montgomery[637]
- Nelson[638]
- New Kent[639]
- Northampton[640] (plus Exmore Town[641])
- Northumberland[642]
- Norton City[643]
- Nottoway[644] (plus Blackstone Town,[645] Burkeville Town,[560] and Crewe Town[557])
- Orange[646]
- Page[647] (plus Stanley Town[648])
- Patrick[649]
- Pittsylvania[650]
- Poquoson City[570]
- Portsmouth City[651]
- Powhatan[557]
- Prince Edward[652]
- Prince George[653]
- Prince William[654]
- Pulaski[655] (plus Pulaski Town[557])
- Rappahannock[558]
- Richmond County[656] (plus Warsaw Town[657])
- Roanoke County[658] (plus Vinton Town[659])
- Rockbridge[660] (plus Goshen Town[661])
- Rockingham[662] (plus Elkton Town[560] and Grottoes Town[663])
- Russell[664]
- Salem City[560]
- Scott[665]
- Shenandoah[666] (plus Mount Jackson,[667] New Market Town,[556] Strasburg Town,[668] and Woodstock Town[669])
- Smyth[670] (plus Chilhowie Town[556] and Saltville Town[556])
- Southampton[557]
- Spotsylvania[671]
- Stafford[672]
- Suffolk City[673][674]
- Surry[675] (plus Claremont Town[560])
- Sussex[557]
- Tazewell[676] (plus Bluefield Town[677] and Cedar Bluff Town[557])
- Virginia Beach City[678]
- Warren[679] (plus Front Royal Town[560])
- Washington[680]
- Waynesboro City[681]
- Westmoreland[682]
- Wise[683] (plus Appalachia Town,[684] Big Stone Gap Town,[685] and Wise Town[686])
- Wythe[687] (plus Rural Retreat Town[557])
- York[688]
On December 19, 2019, at the request of Del. Jerrauld C. Jones (D-Norfolk), state Attorney General Mark Herring issued an advisory opinion indicating the sanctuary resolutions were null and void.[689][690] A press release quoted him as saying: “When the General Assembly passes new gun safety laws they will be enforced, and they will be followed. These resolutions have no legal force, and they're just part of an effort by the gun lobby to stoke fear”.[689][690] Del. Todd Gilbert (R-Shenandoah) claimed that Herring's recent opinion contradicted his 2014 stance "regarding the supremacy of state law over the preferences of the officials who must enforce them".[690] Gilbert was referring to Herring's refusal to defend Virginia's Marshall-Newman Amendment, a voter-approved constitutional provision that prohibited same-sex marriages.[690][691]
West Virginia
23 out of 55 counties, 3 cities, and 2 towns have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
- Boone[692]
- Cabell[693]
- Calhoun[694]
- Doddridge[695]
- Fayette[696]
- Harrison[697]
- Lewis[698]
- Logan[699] (plus Logan City[700])
- McDowell[701]
- Mercer[702]
- Mineral[703] (plus Keyser City[704])
- Mingo[705] (plus Kermit Town[705])
- Monroe[706]
- Nicholas[707]
- Preston[708]
- Putnam[709]
- Randolph[710]
- St. Albans City[711]
- Tyler[712]
- Upshur[713]
- Wayne[714] (plus Fort Gay Town[715])
- Wirt[716]
- Wood[717]
- Wyoming[718] (plus Oceana Town[719])
Wisconsin
5 out of 72 counties and 1 city have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary (or similar) resolutions:
Local law enforcement resistance
Washington
24 county sheriffs out of 39 counties and the police chief of 1 city have vowed to not enforce parts or all of the 2018 gun control ballot measure I-1639 while it is being challenged in court:[726][727][728][729]
References
- ^ a b c Shepardson, Noah (November 19, 2019). "America's Second Amendment Sanctuary Movement Is Alive and Well". Reason. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ^ PENZENSTADLER, NICK (May 20, 2019). "NRA helps sheriffs fight gun laws in Second Amendment 'sanctuaries'". USA TODAY. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
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: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Maharrey, Mike. "Dyer Co. Tennessee Adopts Second Amendment Preservation Resolution". blog.tenthamendmentcenter.com. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
- ^ Maharrey, Mike. "Fayette County Tennessee Commission Passes Second Amendment Preservation Resolution". blog.tenthamendmentcenter.com. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
- ^ a b ""Second Amendment Sanctuary" movement growing statewide, Grundy county votes yes". newschannel9.com. January 28, 2020.
- ^ Tripp, David (November 21, 2019). "Hamblen Co. TN, Passes Resolution Declaring Support of the Second Amendment". Sanctuary Counties. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
- ^ a b "Hawkins becomes Second Amendment sanctuary". Advocate and democrat. January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
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- ^ Writer, Andy Brusseau Staff. "McMinn Commission affirms its Second Amendment support". The Daily Post-Athenian. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
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- ^ dturner@plwave.com, DD TURNER. "Commissioners approve county as a Second Amendment Sanctuary". The Port Lavaca Wave. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
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- ^ WILLIAM PATRICK. "Counties move to become 'Second Amendment sanctuaries'". Palestineherald.com. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Wells, Texas Passes Ordinances Banning Abortion, Protecting Second Amendment, and Prohibiting Camping on Public Property". The Texan. February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
- ^ "Commissioners unanimously declare Clay Co. Second Amendment Sanctuary". January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
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- ^ "Freestone becomes Second Amendment 'sanctuary'". Teague Chronicle. December 26, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
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- ^ "Hood County passes resolution to become second amendment sanctuary". October 8, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
- ^ "Hopkins County Commissioners Court Passes Resolution Declaring Hopkins County as 'Second Amendment Sanctuary' – Front Porch News Texas". Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ "COMMISSIONERS MAKE COUNTY A SECOND AMENDMENT SANCTUARY". December 23, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- ^ "PDF Howard County Commission Minutes" (PDF). December 23, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
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- ^ "Commissioners resolve Jack County as second amendment sanctuary". Jacksboro Newspapers. December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
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- ^ "Palo Pinto County becomes state's eighth 'Second Amendment Sanctuary County'". Mineral Wells Index. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
- ^ Shamburger, Meredith. "Panola County declares itself 'Second Amendment Sanctuary County'". Panola Watchman. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
- ^ "Parker County latest to declare as a second amendment sanctuary". October 29, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
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- ^ "Sterling County, TX passes Second Amendment sanctuary county resolution". Retrieved February 25, 2020.
- ^ "COMMISSIONERS' COURT REGULAR MEETING DECEMBER 9, 2019 (Minutes of Meeting)" (PDF). Titus County Texas. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
- ^ "Commissioners declare Upshur County 'sanctuary county' for Second Amendment rights". KLTV. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "'God-given right': Victoria County becomes Second Amendment sanctuary county". January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
- ^ "Walker County votes to label itself a 'Gun Sanctuary'". The Huntsville Item. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
- ^ Foxhall, Emily (November 26, 2019). "Waller County joins growing gun sanctuary movement". HoustonChronicle.com. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ Blaschke, Josh (January 14, 2020). "WASHINGTON CO. COMMISSIONERS UNANIMOUSLY PASS "SECOND AMENDMENT STRONG HOLD" RESOLUTION". KWHI.com. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ^ "County commissioners declare Wood second amendment sanctuary county". Wood County Monitor. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
- ^ "Commissioners resolve Young County as a second amendment sanctuary". Graham Leader. November 29, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
- ^ "Uintah County becomes a 'sanctuary county' — for guns". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
- ^ Herald, Connor Richards Daily. "Utah County Commission declares county a 'Second Amendment sanctuary'". Daily Herald. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e O'Connor, Kevin (February 14, 2020). "'Second Amendment sanctuary' effort seeks Vermont support". VTDigger. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
- ^ Writer, Eric Blaisdell Staff. "Barre Town talks cannabis, gun laws". Times Argus. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Brouwer, Derek. "Second Amendment Sanctuary Movement Takes Hold in Vermont". Seven Days. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
- ^ a b "2 towns adopt Second Amendment 'sanctuary' resolutions". idahostatesman. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
- ^ LeBoeuf, Patricia; Banner, Bennington. "Pownal board unanimously adopts Second Amendment sanctuary resolution". The Bennington Banner. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
- ^ Stewart, Caleb. "Increasing number of Virginia counties declare themselves 'Second Amendment sanctuaries'". www.whsv.com. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
- ^ Carey, Julie; Cook, Gina. "Va. Counties Declare They Are '2nd Amendment Sanctuaries'". NBC4 Washington. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
- ^ Cleave, Philip Van (November 22, 2019). "2A Tsunami Rolls On! Giles & Nottoway Counties Virginia Just Become a 2A Sanctuaries". AmmoLand.com. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Virginia has become an overnight tidal wave of Second Amendment Sanctuaries". gunrightswatch.com. Retrieved November 24, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Williamson, Jeff. "List of Second Amendment sanctuaries in Virginia and where it's being discussed". WSLS. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
- ^ a b Tyree, Elizabeth (December 3, 2019). "More than 30 Virginia localities vote to become 'Second Amendment Sanctuary'". WSET. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h "Virginia Citizens Defense League - Home". www.vcdl.org. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ^ "Accomack County passes second amendment resolution, stops short of declaring sanctuary status". Shore Daily News. December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ "Chincoteague votes yes to sanctuary status". Shore Daily News. January 7, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ "Parksley passes resolution to become a second amendment sanctuary". Shore Daily News. January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
- ^ a b c Callahan, Eddie. "Alleghany County joins Amherst County, others as 2nd Amendment Sanctuary". www.wdbj7.com. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ Noe-Payne, Mallory. "Line in the Sand or Symbolic Statement: 2nd Amendment Sanctuary Movement Grows in Virginia". www.wvtf.org. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
- ^ Honosky, Sarah. "Appomattox County declares itself a 'Second Amendment sanctuary'". NewsAdvance.com. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Board declares Augusta County a Second Amendment sanctuary". www.whsv.com. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
- ^ "Bath adopts Second Amendment sancuary resolution". The Recorder Online. December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ Taylor, Laura (December 9, 2019). "Bedford County unanimously votes to become Second Amendment Sanctuary". WSET. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
- ^ a b "Poquoson City, Bristol City and the town of Bedford are 2A Sanctuaries - KeepVA2A". www.keepva2a.com. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ Boothe, Charles. "Bland becomes a sanctuary: Tazewell County also set to support gun rights; Bluefield, Va. considering". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
- ^ Jewell, Ashley Curtis, Jessica. "Botetourt County approves resolution to become Second Amendment sanctuary". WSLS. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hess, Paul (December 9, 2019). "Bristol, VA becomes 'Second Amendment Sanctuary'". WCYB. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
- ^ Editor, Sylvia Allen. "Brunswick is Second Amendment Sanctuary County". Brunswicktimes Gazette. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ Boothe, Charles. "Buchanan County passes Second Amendment sanctuary resolution". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
- ^ "Buchanan County passes ordinance to become Second Amendment Sanctuary". wjhl.com. January 7, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ "2nd Amendment sanctuary declared in Buckingham". Farmville. December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
- ^ "Buena Vista Joins 2A Sanctuary Movement". The News-Gazette. December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ^ Anne, Ashley. "Campbell County declares itself 'Second Amendment Sanctuary'". www.wdbj7.com. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
- ^ "Town of Altavista backs county support of second amendment sanctuaries". keepva2a.com. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ "Caroline County supervisors declare county Second Amendment 'sanctuary'". Fredericksburg.com. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^ "Town of Bowling Green Town Council Organizational Meeting - R-2020-001" (PDF). January 2, 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Casey, Dan. "CASEY: Virginia's first "sanctuary" — for people who love gun rights". Roanoke Times. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
- ^ "Second Amendment sanctuary unanimous". The Charlotte Gazette. November 20, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Charles City resolves to become a 'Second Amendment sanctuary' -". New Kent - Charles City Chronicle. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ^ "Chesapeake designated a "Second Amendment Constitutional City" by unanimous council vote at packed meeting". pilotonline.com. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
- ^ "Chesterfield supervisors vote to support 2nd Amendment". nbc12.com. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ Powell, Mickey. "Clarke adopts resolution in support of gun rights". The Winchester Star. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ "2020-0lR".
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Powell, Mickey. "Berryville council adopts gun rights resolution". The Winchester Star. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
- ^ "Colonial Heights passes 2nd Amendment resolution". Retrieved December 11, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "The City of Covington passes 2nd Amendment Resolution". keepva2a.com. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ "Craig County joins growing list of second amendment sanctuaries". WFXRtv.com. December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
- ^ "Culpeper County board unanimously approves second-amendment sanctuary status". FOX 5 DC. December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Town of Culpeper Passes 2A Resolution". Keep VA 2A. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
- ^ "2nd Amendment sanctuary declared in Cumberland - Farmville". Farmville. December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^ Arintok, Angelique (November 22, 2019). "A recap of Sullivan County Commission's latest votes during night packed with resolutions". WCYB. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
- ^ Domingo, Enzo. "Dinwiddie County declares itself 'Second Amendment Sanctuary'". Retrieved December 4, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Tripp, David (January 8, 2020). "Essex County VA, adopts Second Amendment Sanctuary Resolution". Sanctuary Counties. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
- ^ "Supervisors OK resolution backing 2nd Amendment". Fauquier Now. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ^ "Overflow crowd speaks, then listens as Supervisors approve Second Amendment Sanctuary resolution". Blue Ridge Muse. December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^ Hamblin, Brianna. "Fluvanna latest locality to become Second Amendment sanctuary". www.cbs19news.com. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^ "Franklin City Council unanimously approves resolution supporting 2nd Amendment". WAVY.com. December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
- ^ Jewell, Jessica (December 17, 2019). "Franklin County becomes Virginia's latest Second Amendment Sanctuary". WSLS. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ Capodanno, Kate. "Rocky Mount passes Second Amendment resolution". www.wdbj7.com. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
- ^ Janney, Josh. "Frederick County supervisors adopt resolution supporting Second Amendment rights". The Winchester Star. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^ "Galax City Council passes second amendment resolution". wdbj7.com. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
- ^ Curtis, Ashley (November 22, 2019). "Giles County declared Second Amendment sanctuary after 5-0 vote". WSLS. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Hundreds push local lawmakers to take action on Second Amendment sanctuary cities". WTKR.com. December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Goochland passes resolution protecting 2nd Amendment". 8News. December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ Tripp, David (December 13, 2019). "Grayson County VA, Passes Second Amendment Sanctuary 5-0". Sanctuary Counties. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
- ^ Graff, Henry. "Greene County Board of Supervisors vote 4-1 to become a Second Amendment sanctuary". Retrieved December 11, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Mathews, Mark. "Greensville County passes Second Amendment Resolution". Independent-Messenger. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Hanover passes resolution supporting 2nd Amendment". WTVR.com. December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^ "Amid push for gun 'sanctuaries,' Hanover and Henrico adopt resolutions but Chesterfield declines". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^ "Henry County supervisors quickly stand up for guns in 'sanctuary' vote". Martinsville Bulletin. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
- ^ "Highland County is the latest to become a Second Amendment Sanctuary". whsv.com. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ "Hopewell City Council votes in support of 2nd Amendment". nbc12.com. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
- ^ "Isle of Wight becomes Second Amendment 'Constitutional' county". WVEC. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
- ^ Doiron, Alexa (December 11, 2019). "Supes unanimously approve resolution for James City County to be a '2nd Amendment Sanctuary'". Williamsburg Yorktown Daily. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
- ^ Tripp, David (December 10, 2019). "King and Queen County VA, passes Second Amendment Sanctuary Resolution". Sanctuary Counties. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
- ^ "King William County supervisors declare county as 'Second Amendment Sanctuary'". Retrieved December 4, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Holter, Emily. "KW supervisors declare the county is a "2nd Amendment sanctuary"". dailypress.com. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
- ^ Tripp, David (December 13, 2019). "Lancaster County VA, adopts Second Amendment resolution". Sanctuary Counties. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
- ^ Dewolf, Amy. "White Stone declared a Second Amendment sanctuary town Rappahannock Record". Retrieved January 19, 2020.
- ^ "Lee County Board of Supervisors votes to make county 2nd Amendment sanctuary". WJHL Tri-Cities News & Weather. November 20, 2019. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
- ^ Hamblin, Brianna. "Louisa County votes to become a Second Amendment Sanctuary". www.cbs19news.com. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ Haney, Joseph. "Mineral now a second amendment sanctuary". The Central Virginian. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ Szabo, Patrick (February 7, 2020). "With Strong Support, Lovettsville Council Votes to Support Second Amendment". Loudoun Now. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
- ^ "Lunenburg Joins Growing Group of Second Amendment Sanctuary Counties Southside Messenger". Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ "Madison Co. votes to become Second Amendment sanctuary". Retrieved November 28, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Curtis, Shayne Dwyer, Ashley (December 11, 2019). "City officials: Martinsville "supports" Second Amendment sanctuary movement, passes related resolution". WSLS. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Mathews County becomes Second Amendment Sanctuary". WVEC. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ "Mecklenburg supes enact gun sanctuary resolution". www.sovanow.com. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ^ "Chase City signs up as 2nd Amendment Sanctuary locality". www.sovanow.com. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ^ "Middlesex is now a Second Amendment Sanctuary County - SSentinel.com". SSentinel.com. December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
- ^ "Montgomery County board opts for 2nd Amendment support — but not sanctuary". Roanoke Times. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ Schroeder, Annie. "Nelson County board joins dozens of others to become a 2nd Amendment sanctuary". www.whsv.com. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
- ^ "Second Amendment 'sanctuary' movement hope to send message to Virginia lawmakers". WTVR.com. November 28, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
- ^ "Northampton County passes Second Amendment Resolution, falls short of declaring Sanctuary status". Shore Daily News. December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^ "'2nd Amendment sanctuaries' put both sides in an 'awkward' position, political expert says". WAVY.com. December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ Dewolf, Amy. "Northumberland County declared a Second Amendment sanctuary Rappahannock Record". Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ "Norton, Tazewell County pass Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions". WJHL Tri-Cities News & Weather. December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "UP IN ARMS Packed house supports 2nd Amendment". Blackstone Courier-Record. November 27, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
- ^ "The Town of Blackstone is now a 2a Sanctuary Town". keepva2a.com. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ Poole, Jeff. "Orange County Supervisors support Second Amendment". The Daily Progress. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Page County Board votes unanimously to become Second Amendment Sanctuary". www.whsv.com. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Virginia AG issues opinion finding that 2nd Amendment sanctuaries have 'no legal effect'". www.whsv.com. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ^ "Patrick County now a Second Amendment Sanctuary". The Enterprise. November 19, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Pittsylvania County designated as a gun sanctuary". WSLS. November 20, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Portsmouth City Council passes resolution to become Second Amendment 'constitutional' city". WTKR.com. January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
- ^ "Prince Edward declared a Second Amendment sanctuary - Farmville". Farmville. December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ "Prince George County becomes '2nd Amendment Sanctuary'". 8News. December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
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- ^ "Pulaski County approves Second Amendment sanctuary resolution as Montgomery County hears from full house". Roanoke Times. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|authors=
ignored (help) - ^ "Richmond County: Second Amendment Sanctuary". Northern Neck News. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ "Warsaw now a Second Amendment Sanctuary". Northern Neck News. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
- ^ Curtis, Shayne Dwyer, Ashley (December 3, 2019). "Roanoke County now a Second Amendment sanctuary". WSLS. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Vinton becomes latest addition to Second Amendment sanctuaries". WSLS. December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ "Localities consider joining growing list of Second Amendment Sanctuaries". www.wdbj7.com. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
- ^ "Town of Goshen is a 2A Sanctuary!". Keep VA 2A. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
- ^ "Rockingham County votes to become Second Amendment sanctuary". www.whsv.com. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^ Hall, Hannah. "Grottoes town council passes resolution asking school board to delay redistricting". www.whsv.com. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
- ^ "Russell County leaders unanimously approve Second Amendment sanctuary resolution". WJHL. December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
- ^ "Scott supervisors approve resolution supporting Second Amendment". Kingsport Times-News. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
- ^ "Shenandoah County board votes to become Second Amendment sanctuary". www.whsv.com. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
- ^ Bridges, Alex. "Mount Jackson Town Council adopts Second Amendment sanctuary status". The Northern Virginia Daily. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
- ^ Keelor, Josette. "Strasburg approves measure in support of gun rights". The Northern Virginia Daily. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^ "As VA Democrats Accused of Gun Grab, 125+ Second Amendment Sanctuary Cities Are Born". CBN News. January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
- ^ Bailey, Brandon (December 10, 2019). "Smyth County becomes 2nd Amendment Sanctuary". WCYB. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
- ^ "Spotsylvania County becomes state's latest Second Amendment sanctuary". Fredericksburg.com. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^ "Stafford County votes to become a 'second amendment sanctuary'". WJLA. December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|authors=
ignored (help) - ^ "Council passes Constitutional City resolution - The Suffolk News-Herald". The Suffolk News-Herald. December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ Sidersky, Robyn. "Suffolk City Council passes Second Amendment resolution". pilotonline.com. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ "Surry County supes approve resolution supporting 2nd Amendment". WAVY.com. December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
- ^ Talbert, Jim. "Tazewell County becomes Second Amendment Sanctuary, adds militia ordinance during widely attended meeting". HeraldCourier.com. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
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{{cite web}}
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