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'''PNS ''Muhafiz''''' was an {{sclass2-|Adjutant|minesweeper|1}} of the [[Pakistan Navy]].<ref name=shiphist>{{cite web |url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/smallships/minesweepers3.htm |title=Minesweepers MSO MSC MSI MHC MCM Post-War |publisher=Shipbuildinghistory.com |date=2011-12-23 |accessdate=2012-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228194133/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/smallships/minesweepers3.htm |archive-date=2012-02-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was built by United States for transfer to Pakistan.<ref name=shiphist/> PNS ''Muhafiz'' was sunk by a missile from {{INS|Veer|K82|6}} of the [[Indian Navy]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref name=navsource/><ref name=shiphist/> [[PNS Zulfiqar (K265)]] of Pakistan also damaged beyond repair by friendly fire from aircraft of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) which mistook her for a missile boat of the [[Indian Navy]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref name="bharat">{{Cite web| url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html| title=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926174134/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html| archivedate=26 September 2009| df=dmy-all}}</ref> India also lost [[INS Khukri]] in this war.
'''PNS ''Muhafiz''''' was an {{sclass2-|Adjutant|minesweeper|1}} of the [[Pakistan Navy]].<ref name=shiphist>{{cite web |url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/smallships/minesweepers3.htm |title=Minesweepers MSO MSC MSI MHC MCM Post-War |publisher=Shipbuildinghistory.com |date=2011-12-23 |accessdate=2012-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228194133/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/smallships/minesweepers3.htm |archive-date=2012-02-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was built by United States for transfer to Pakistan.<ref name=shiphist/> PNS ''Muhafiz'' was sunk by a missile from {{INS|Veer|K82|6}} of the [[Indian Navy]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref name=navsource/><ref name=shiphist/>
[[PNS Zulfiqar (K265)]] of Pakistan was also damaged beyond repair by friendly fire from aircraft of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) which mistook her for a missile boat of the [[Indian Navy]] during the same war.<ref name="bharat">{{Cite web| url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html| title=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926174134/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html| archivedate=26 September 2009| df=dmy-all}}</ref> India also lost [[INS Khukri]] in this war.<ref name=russellphillip>{{cite web|title=The Sinking of INS Khukri|url=http://www.russellphillipsbooks.co.uk/articles/ins-khukri.php|work=Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers Journal.|publisher=russellphillipsbooks|accessdate=20 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="navalforces">[http://www.spsnavalforces.net/mn_mulla.asp] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313093601/http://www.spsnavalforces.net/mn_mulla.asp |date=13 March 2012 }}</ref>

Pakistan lost the overall Indo-Pakistani War of 1971,<ref name="time27Dec1971">{{cite magazine |title=India: Easy Victory, Uneasy Peace |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,905593,00.html |url-access=subscription |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=27 December 1971}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 March 2007 |title=World's shortest war lasted for only 45 minutes |url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/98112-world_shortest_war-0 |newspaper=[[Pravda]]}}</ref> after 93,000 Pakistani soldiers surrendered to the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=nuYcwYCcjpIC&pg=PA216&q=many%20pakistani%20women%20prisoners%20of%20war%20in%201971|title=Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies&nbsp;– S. M. Burke|year=1974|isbn=9780816607204|accessdate=27 July 2012|author1=Burke|first1=S. M}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |date=November 2011 |title=The question of genocide and the quest for justice in the 1971 war |url=http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/jgr%20vol%2013%20no%204%202011.pdf |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=13 |issue=4 |page=398 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2011.625750}}</ref> Consequently [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh was liberated]] by the Indian forces and [[Mukti Bahini]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Nayar |first=Kuldip |date=3 February 1998 |title=Of betrayal and bungling |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980203/03450744.html |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref> and [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]] ended in which members of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]] and supporting Islamist [[militia]]s from [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263|title=Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|first1=Samuel|last1=Totten|first2=William S.|last2=Parsons|date=10 September 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-24550-4}}</ref> killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 people,<ref name="TottenParsons2004">{{cite book|author1=Samuel Totten|author2=William S. Parsons|author3=Israel W. Charny|title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA295|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-94430-4|pages=295–}}</ref><ref name="CheldelinEliatamby2011">{{cite book|author1=Sandra I. Cheldelin|author2=Maneshka Eliatamby|title=Women Waging War and Peace: International Perspectives of Women's Roles in Conflict and Post-Conflict Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-WoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|date=18 August 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-6021-8|pages=23–}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html |title=Bangladesh sets up war crimes court – Central & South Asia |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=25 March 2010 |accessdate=23 June 2011| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605014512/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html| archivedate= 5 June 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref> and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/|title=Birth of Bangladesh: When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation|date=2016-12-19}}</ref>



==Operation Trident==
==Operation Trident==

Revision as of 20:20, 12 December 2019

History
NamePNS Muhafiz (M 163)[1]
BuilderBellingham Shipyards Co., Bellingham, Washington, USA[1]
Laid downas AMS-138[1]
Commissioned6 February 1955[1]
FateSunk by INS Veer on 4 December 1971[1]
General characteristics
Class and typeTemplate:Sclass2-[1]
Displacement362 tons [1]
Length144 ft 3 in (43.97 m)[1]
Beam27 ft 2 in (8.28 m)[1]
Draught12 ft (3.7 m)[1]
Propulsion2 × 880 bhp (656 kW) General Motors 8-268A diesel engines[1]
Speed13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph)[1]
Complement40[1]
Armament1 × twin 20-mm[1]

PNS Muhafiz was an Template:Sclass2- of the Pakistan Navy.[2] It was built by United States for transfer to Pakistan.[2] PNS Muhafiz was sunk by a missile from INS Veer of the Indian Navy during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[1][2]

PNS Zulfiqar (K265) of Pakistan was also damaged beyond repair by friendly fire from aircraft of the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) which mistook her for a missile boat of the Indian Navy during the same war.[3] India also lost INS Khukri in this war.[4][5]

Pakistan lost the overall Indo-Pakistani War of 1971,[6][7] after 93,000 Pakistani soldiers surrendered to the Indian Army.[8][9] Consequently Bangladesh was liberated by the Indian forces and Mukti Bahini,[10] and 1971 Bangladesh genocide ended in which members of the Pakistani military and supporting Islamist militias from Jamaat-e-Islami[11] killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 people,[12][13][14] and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshi women.[15]


Operation Trident

Main article: Operation Trident (1971)

During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, The minesweeper PNS Muhafiz was tasked to patrol the approaches to port of Karachi. To do so it was deployed on the inner cordon.

Late that evening on 4 December 1971, around 70 miles south of Karachi, the INS Veer detected a large Pakistan Navy target, later identified as the Muhafiz on patrol to its north. Veer launched a single SS-N-2 Styx missile on the target, sinking Muhafiz.[16] It was later learned that at 23:30 the Muhafiz was hit by Styx missiles, and sank in the Indian Ocean at about 23:35.

Other vessels of the Indian Navy strike group sank the Pakistan Navy destroyer, PNS Khaibar and the merchant ship Venus Challenger (carrying navy personnel and ammunition for Pakistan),[16] and caused irreparable damage to the destroyer PNS Shah Jahan.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "AMS-138". Navsource.org. Archived from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
  2. ^ a b c "Minesweepers MSO MSC MSI MHC MCM Post-War". Shipbuildinghistory.com. 2011-12-23. Archived from the original on 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
  3. ^ "Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi". Archived from the original on 26 September 2009.
  4. ^ "The Sinking of INS Khukri". Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers Journal. russellphillipsbooks. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  5. ^ [1] Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "India: Easy Victory, Uneasy Peace". Time. 27 December 1971.
  7. ^ "World's shortest war lasted for only 45 minutes". Pravda. 10 March 2007.
  8. ^ Burke, S. M (1974). Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies – S. M. Burke. ISBN 9780816607204. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  9. ^ Bose, Sarmila (November 2011). "The question of genocide and the quest for justice in the 1971 war" (PDF). Journal of Genocide Research. 13 (4): 398. doi:10.1080/14623528.2011.625750.
  10. ^ Nayar, Kuldip (3 February 1998). "Of betrayal and bungling". Indian Express. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  11. ^ Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S. (10 September 2012). Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-24550-4.
  12. ^ Samuel Totten; William S. Parsons; Israel W. Charny (2004). Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Psychology Press. pp. 295–. ISBN 978-0-415-94430-4.
  13. ^ Sandra I. Cheldelin; Maneshka Eliatamby (18 August 2011). Women Waging War and Peace: International Perspectives of Women's Roles in Conflict and Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-1-4411-6021-8.
  14. ^ "Bangladesh sets up war crimes court – Central & South Asia". Al Jazeera. 25 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
  15. ^ "Birth of Bangladesh: When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation". 2016-12-19.
  16. ^ a b "Chapter-10". Indiannavy.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2012-02-23. Retrieved 2012-04-24.


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