Black-and-white colobus: Difference between revisions
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Black-and-white colobus have complex sleeping patterns. They sleep in trees near a food source, which may serve to save energy. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Von Hippel|first=Frank A.|date=1998|title=Use of sleeping trees by black and white Colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)45:3<281::aid-ajp4>3.0.co;2-s|journal=American Journal of Primatology|volume=45|issue=3|pages=281–290|doi=10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)45:3<281::aid-ajp4>3.0.co;2-s|issn=0275-2565}}</ref>. Groups seem to regularly switch up sleeping locations (suggested due to reducing risk of parasites and placement prediction) and generally do not sleep near other groups. They also tend to sleep more tightly together on nights with great visibility. <ref name=":3" /> They sleep in mid- to upper sections of tall trees which allows for predator watch as well as protection from ground and aerial predators while they are asleep. <ref name=":3" /> Although there is no obvious preference for tree type, they have often been observed in ''Antiaris toxicaria.''<ref name=":3" /> |
Black-and-white colobus have complex sleeping patterns. They sleep in trees near a food source, which may serve to save energy. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Von Hippel|first=Frank A.|date=1998|title=Use of sleeping trees by black and white Colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)45:3<281::aid-ajp4>3.0.co;2-s|journal=American Journal of Primatology|volume=45|issue=3|pages=281–290|doi=10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)45:3<281::aid-ajp4>3.0.co;2-s|issn=0275-2565}}</ref>. Groups seem to regularly switch up sleeping locations (suggested due to reducing risk of parasites and placement prediction) and generally do not sleep near other groups. They also tend to sleep more tightly together on nights with great visibility. <ref name=":3" /> They sleep in mid- to upper sections of tall trees which allows for predator watch as well as protection from ground and aerial predators while they are asleep. <ref name=":3" /> Although there is no obvious preference for tree type, they have often been observed in ''Antiaris toxicaria.''<ref name=":3" /> |
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== Ecology == |
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Colobuses are important for [[seed dispersal]] through their sloppy eating habits, as well as through their digestive systems. |
Colobuses are important for [[seed dispersal]] through their sloppy eating habits, as well as through their digestive systems. |
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Revision as of 18:38, 17 November 2019
| Black-and-white colobus[1] | |
|---|---|
| |
| Mantled guereza (Colobus guereza) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Cercopithecidae |
| Tribe: | Colobini |
| Genus: | Colobus Illiger, 1811 |
| Type species | |
| Simia polycomos | |
| Species | |
|
Colobus satanas | |
Black-and-white colobuses (or colobi) are Old World monkeys of the genus Colobus, native to Africa. They are closely related to the red colobus monkeys of genus Piliocolobus.[1] There are five species of this monkey, and at least eight subspecies:[1]
Etymology
The word "colobus" comes from Greek κολοβός kolobós ("docked"), so-named because the thumb is stump-like.
Habitat and Food
Colobuses habitats include primary and secondary forests, riverine forests, and wooded grasslands; they are found more in higher-density logged forests than in other primary forests. Their ruminant-like digestive systems have enabled them to occupy niches that are inaccessible to other primates: they are herbivorous, eating leaves, fruit, flowers, and twigs.
Leaf toughness influences colobus foraging efficiency. Tougher leaves correlate negatively with ingestion rate (g/min) as they are costly in terms of mastication, but positively with investment (chews/g)[2] Individuals spend approximately 150 minutes actively feeding each day. [2]
Social Patterns and Morphology
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Colobuses live in territorial groups that vary in both size (3-15 individuals) and structure.[3] It was originally believed that the structure of these groups consisted of one male and about 8 female members.[4] However, more recent observations have shown variation in structure and the number of males within groups.[3] There appears to be a dominant male, whilst there is no clear dominance among female members.[3] Relationships among females are considered to be resident-egalitarian, as there is low competition and aggression between them within their own groups. Juveniles are treated as a lower-rank (in regards to authority) than subadults and likewise when comparing subadults to adults.[5] Colobuses do not display any type of seasonal breeding patterns. [6]
As suggested by their name, adult colobi have black fur with white features. White fur surrounds their facial region and a "U" shape of long white fur runs along the sides of their body. Newborn colobi are completely white with a pink face. Cases of allomothering are documented, which means members of the troop other than the infant's biological mother care for it. Possible explanations to this are, increasing inclusive fitness or maternal practice which will benefit future offspring[7]
Social Behaviours
Many members participate in a greeting ritual when they are reunited with familiar individuals, an act of reaffirming. [8] The greeting behaviour is generally carried out by the approaching monkey and often times is followed with grooming. They participate in three greeting behaviours of physical contact. This includes mounting, head mounting (grasps the shoulders) and embracing.[8] It seems as though these behaviours do not have any relationship with mating or courting.[8]
Black-and-white colobus have complex sleeping patterns. They sleep in trees near a food source, which may serve to save energy. [9]. Groups seem to regularly switch up sleeping locations (suggested due to reducing risk of parasites and placement prediction) and generally do not sleep near other groups. They also tend to sleep more tightly together on nights with great visibility. [9] They sleep in mid- to upper sections of tall trees which allows for predator watch as well as protection from ground and aerial predators while they are asleep. [9] Although there is no obvious preference for tree type, they have often been observed in Antiaris toxicaria.[9]
Ecology
Colobuses are important for seed dispersal through their sloppy eating habits, as well as through their digestive systems.
Predators and threat level
They are prey for many forest predators, and are threatened by hunting for the bushmeat trade, logging, and habitat destruction.
Species
- Genus Colobus
- Black colobus, C. satanas
- Gabon black colobus, C. s. anthracinus
- Bioko black colobus, C. s. satanas
- Angola colobus, C. angolensis
- Sclater's Angola colobus, C. a. angolensis
- Powell-Cotton's Angola colobus, C. a. cottoni
- Adolf Friedrichs's Angola colobus, or Ruwenzori black-and-white colobus, C. a. ruwenzorii
- Cordier's Angola colobus, C. a. cordieri
- Prigogine's Angola colobus, C. a. prigoginei
- Peters's Angola colobus or Tanzanian black-and-white colobus, C. a. palliatus
- King colobus, C. polykomos
- Ursine colobus, C. vellerosus
- Mantled guereza or Abyssinian black-and-white colobus, C. guereza[10]
- Black colobus, C. satanas
References
- ^ a b c Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 167–168. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b Dunham, Noah T.; Lambert, Alexander L. (2016). "The role of leaf toughness on foraging efficiency in Angola black and white colobus monkeys ( Colobus angolensis palliatus ): Dunham and Lambert". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 161 (2): 343–354. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23036.
- ^ a b c Kutsukake, Nobuyuki; Suetsugu, Noyuri; Hasegawa, Toshikazu (2006-11-16). "Pattern, Distribution, and Function of Greeting Behavior Among Black-and-White Colobus". International Journal of Primatology. 27 (5): 1271–1291. doi:10.1007/s10764-006-9072-x. ISSN 0164-0291.
- ^ Marler, Peter (1972). "Vocalizations of East African Monkeys Ii: Black and White Colobus". Behaviour. 42 (3–4): 175–197. doi:10.1163/156853972x00266. ISSN 0005-7959.
- ^ Sterck, Elisabeth H. M.; Watts, David P.; van Schaik, Carel P. (1997-11-20). "The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 41 (5): 291–309. doi:10.1007/s002650050390. ISSN 0340-5443.
- ^ Teichroeb, Julie A.; Sicotte, Pascale (2009-01). "Test of the ecological-constraints model on ursine colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) in Ghana". American Journal of Primatology. 71 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1002/ajp.20617. ISSN 0275-2565.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Dunham, Noah Thomas; Opere, Paul Otieno (2016-02-12). "A unique case of extra-group infant adoption in free-ranging Angola black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis palliatus)". Primates. 57 (2): 187–194. doi:10.1007/s10329-016-0515-5. ISSN 0032-8332.
- ^ a b c Kutsukake, Nobuyuki; Suetsugu, Noyuri; Hasegawa, Toshikazu (2006-11-16). "Pattern, Distribution, and Function of Greeting Behavior Among Black-and-White Colobus". International Journal of Primatology. 27 (5): 1271–1291. doi:10.1007/s10764-006-9072-x. ISSN 0164-0291.
- ^ a b c d Von Hippel, Frank A. (1998). <281::aid-ajp4>3.0.co;2-s "Use of sleeping trees by black and white Colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya". American Journal of Primatology. 45 (3): 281–290. doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)45:3<281::aid-ajp4>3.0.co;2-s. ISSN 0275-2565.
- ^ Wolfheim, J. H. (1983). Primates Of The World: Distribution, Abundance And Conservation. Routledge. ISBN 3-7186-0190-7.
External links
Data related to Colobus at Wikispecies
- Colobus Monkey: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
- Colobus Conservation
- Primate Info Net Colobus Factsheets
- Angolan Black & White Colobus
- Animal Bytes
(Black-and-white colobus species).