Occipital gyri: Difference between revisions
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== Structural anatomy == |
== Structural anatomy == |
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The border between the occipital lobe and the parietal and temporal lobes are characterized by different gyri: the superior occipital gyrus (also known as gyrus occipitalis superior), middle occipital gyrus (or gyrus occipitalis medius), inferior occipital gyrus (or gyrus occipitalis inferior), and descending occipital gyrus (gyrus occipitalis descendens).<ref>{{ |
The border between the occipital lobe and the parietal and temporal lobes are characterized by different gyri: the superior occipital gyrus (also known as gyrus occipitalis superior), middle occipital gyrus (or gyrus occipitalis medius), inferior occipital gyrus (or gyrus occipitalis inferior), and descending occipital gyrus (gyrus occipitalis descendens).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ten Donkelaar HJ, Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Mai JK | title = Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex | journal = Frontiers in Neuroanatomy | volume = 12 | pages = 93 | date = 2018-11-19 | pmid = 30510504 | pmc = 6252390 | doi = 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093 }}</ref> However, in some neuroscience literature, the presence of the middle occipital gyrus is argued against. |
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== Function == |
== Function == |
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The occipital complex is primarily responsible for object recognition, including the functional properties and our perception of said objects.<ref>{{ |
The occipital complex is primarily responsible for object recognition, including the functional properties and our perception of said objects.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grill-Spector K, Kourtzi Z, Kanwisher N | title = The lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition | journal = Vision Research | volume = 41 | issue = 10–11 | pages = 1409–22 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11322983 | doi = 10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00073-6 }}</ref> The middle occipital gyrus (MOG) was observed in a study of the early blind, which showed that it was activated more during spatial than nonspatial visual tasks.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Renier LA, Anurova I, De Volder AG, Carlson S, VanMeter J, Rauschecker JP | title = Preserved functional specialization for spatial processing in the middle occipital gyrus of the early blind | journal = Neuron | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 138–48 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20920797 | pmc = 2951740 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.021 }}</ref> Early blind people have an occipital cortex that is incorporates more senses than people with standard vision, but the MOG still keeps its functional role in processing space around a person.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The [[lingual gyrus]] (also known as medial occipitotemporal gyrus) has been studied and found to be included in processing overall shapes, rather than the individual components that make up a shape.<ref name=":1">{{ |
The [[lingual gyrus]] (also known as medial occipitotemporal gyrus) has been studied and found to be included in processing overall shapes, rather than the individual components that make up a shape.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mechelli A, Humphreys GW, Mayall K, Olson A, Price CJ | title = Differential effects of word length and visual contrast in the fusiform and lingual gyri during reading | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 267 | issue = 1455 | pages = 1909–13 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 11052544 | pmc = 1690747 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2000.1229 }}</ref> This shows that the lingual gyrus is active during visual processing.<ref name=":1" /> |
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The inferior occipital gyrus has been found to be related to the visual function of processing faces. The IOG is connected to the amygdala via white matter connectivity.<ref name=":2">{{ |
The inferior occipital gyrus has been found to be related to the visual function of processing faces. The IOG is connected to the amygdala via white matter connectivity.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sato W, Kochiyama T, Uono S, Matsuda K, Usui K, Usui N, Inoue Y, Toichi M | display-authors = 6 | title = Bidirectional electric communication between the inferior occipital gyrus and the amygdala during face processing | journal = Human Brain Mapping | volume = 38 | issue = 9 | pages = 4511–4524 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28573679 | doi = 10.1002/hbm.23678 }}</ref> This allows the IOG to form a network for facial recognition with the amygdala.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Development == |
== Development == |
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The occipital lobe becomes distinct at 18 weeks gestation, but the gyri are not clear until many weeks later.<ref name="Chi_1977" /> During development, the occipital lobe develops a lingual gyrus at 27 weeks of gestation.<ref name="Chi_1977">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chi JG, Dooling EC, Gilles FH | title = Gyral development of the human brain | journal = Annals of Neurology | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 86–93 | date = January 1977 | pmid = 560818 | doi = 10.1002/ana.410010109 }}</ref> Secondary gyri develop by 30 weeks, and tertiary gyri develop during 40 to 42 weeks of gestation.<ref name="Chi_1977" /> The superior and inferior occipital gyri develop at the same time, usually shown somewhere between week 24 and 27 in brain development. |
The occipital lobe becomes distinct at 18 weeks gestation, but the gyri are not clear until many weeks later.<ref name="Chi_1977" /> During development, the occipital lobe develops a lingual gyrus at 27 weeks of gestation.<ref name="Chi_1977">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chi JG, Dooling EC, Gilles FH | title = Gyral development of the human brain | journal = Annals of Neurology | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 86–93 | date = January 1977 | pmid = 560818 | doi = 10.1002/ana.410010109 }}</ref> Secondary gyri develop by 30 weeks, and tertiary gyri develop during 40 to 42 weeks of gestation.<ref name="Chi_1977" /> The superior and inferior occipital gyri develop at the same time, usually shown somewhere between week 24 and 27 in brain development.<ref name="Chi_1977" /> Due to the unclear distinction in early neuroscience research as to whether there are two or three occipital gyri, there is not any data on when the middle occipital gyrus starts its formation, but it is likely at the same time. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 09:49, 3 November 2019
| Occipital gyri | |
|---|---|
 Gyri of the occipital lobe shown on the right diagram | |
| Details | |
| System | Visual System |
| Location | Cerebrum |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | gyri occipitalis |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy | |
The occipital gyri, (OcG), are three gyri in parallel, along the lateral portion of the occipital lobe, also referred to as a composite structure in the brain.[1][2] The gyri include the superior occipital gyrus, the middle occipital gyrus, and the inferior occipital gyrus, and is also known as the occipital face area.[1] The superior and inferior occipital sulci separates the three occipital gyri.[3] The intraoccipital sulcus, also known as the superior occipital sulcus, stems from the intraparietal sulcus and continues until the sulcus reaches the transverse occipital sulcus, separating the superior occipital gyrus from the middle occipital gyrus. The transverse occipital sulcus comes down along the lateral occipital surface or the inferior occipital sulcus. However, books that have the anatomy of the brain, different author may only include either 2 or 3 main gyri that constitutes the occipital gyri in the lateral occipital surface. This is due to the variability of the presence of the lateral occipital sulci.[4] Authors who agreed that there are 3 main gyri constituting the occipital gyri include the superior, middle, and inferior occipital gyri. However, those who support that the occipital gyri constituting two main gyri include the superior and inferior occipital gyri that meets to form the occipital pole.[5]
Structural anatomy
The border between the occipital lobe and the parietal and temporal lobes are characterized by different gyri: the superior occipital gyrus (also known as gyrus occipitalis superior), middle occipital gyrus (or gyrus occipitalis medius), inferior occipital gyrus (or gyrus occipitalis inferior), and descending occipital gyrus (gyrus occipitalis descendens).[6] However, in some neuroscience literature, the presence of the middle occipital gyrus is argued against.
Function
The occipital complex is primarily responsible for object recognition, including the functional properties and our perception of said objects.[7] The middle occipital gyrus (MOG) was observed in a study of the early blind, which showed that it was activated more during spatial than nonspatial visual tasks.[8] Early blind people have an occipital cortex that is incorporates more senses than people with standard vision, but the MOG still keeps its functional role in processing space around a person.[8]
The lingual gyrus (also known as medial occipitotemporal gyrus) has been studied and found to be included in processing overall shapes, rather than the individual components that make up a shape.[9] This shows that the lingual gyrus is active during visual processing.[9]
The inferior occipital gyrus has been found to be related to the visual function of processing faces. The IOG is connected to the amygdala via white matter connectivity.[10] This allows the IOG to form a network for facial recognition with the amygdala.[10]
Development
The occipital lobe becomes distinct at 18 weeks gestation, but the gyri are not clear until many weeks later.[11] During development, the occipital lobe develops a lingual gyrus at 27 weeks of gestation.[11] Secondary gyri develop by 30 weeks, and tertiary gyri develop during 40 to 42 weeks of gestation.[11] The superior and inferior occipital gyri develop at the same time, usually shown somewhere between week 24 and 27 in brain development.[11] Due to the unclear distinction in early neuroscience research as to whether there are two or three occipital gyri, there is not any data on when the middle occipital gyrus starts its formation, but it is likely at the same time.
References
- ^ a b Albohn DN, Adams Jr RB (January 2016). "Social Vision: At the Intersection of Vision and Person Perception". Neuroimaging Personality, Social Cognition, and Character. pp. 159–186. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800935-2.00008-7. ISBN 978-0-12-800935-2.
- ^ "Occipital gyri". BrainInfo. University of Washington.
- ^ Duvernoy, Henri (May 2007). "Chapter 3 - Brain Anatomy". Magnetic Resonance in Epilepsy (2nd ed.). pp. 29–97. doi:10.1016/B978-012431152-7/50007-0. ISBN 978-0-12-431152-7.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Alves RV, Ribas GC, Párraga RG, de Oliveira E (May 2012). "The occipital lobe convexity sulci and gyri". Journal of Neurosurgery. 116 (5): 1014–23. doi:10.3171/2012.1.JNS11978. PMID 22339163.
- ^ Harward SC, Chen WC, Rolston JD, Haglund MM, Englot DJ (March 2018). "Seizure Outcomes in Occipital Lobe and Posterior Quadrant Epilepsy Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Neurosurgery. 82 (3): 350–358. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyx158. PMC 5640459. PMID 28419330.
- ^ Ten Donkelaar HJ, Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Mai JK (2018-11-19). "Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 12: 93. doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00093. PMC 6252390. PMID 30510504.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Grill-Spector K, Kourtzi Z, Kanwisher N (2001). "The lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition". Vision Research. 41 (10–11): 1409–22. doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00073-6. PMID 11322983.
- ^ a b Renier LA, Anurova I, De Volder AG, Carlson S, VanMeter J, Rauschecker JP (October 2010). "Preserved functional specialization for spatial processing in the middle occipital gyrus of the early blind". Neuron. 68 (1): 138–48. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.021. PMC 2951740. PMID 20920797.
- ^ a b Mechelli A, Humphreys GW, Mayall K, Olson A, Price CJ (September 2000). "Differential effects of word length and visual contrast in the fusiform and lingual gyri during reading". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 267 (1455): 1909–13. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1229. PMC 1690747. PMID 11052544.
- ^ a b Sato W, Kochiyama T, Uono S, Matsuda K, Usui K, Usui N, et al. (September 2017). "Bidirectional electric communication between the inferior occipital gyrus and the amygdala during face processing". Human Brain Mapping. 38 (9): 4511–4524. doi:10.1002/hbm.23678. PMID 28573679.
- ^ a b c d Chi JG, Dooling EC, Gilles FH (January 1977). "Gyral development of the human brain". Annals of Neurology. 1 (1): 86–93. doi:10.1002/ana.410010109. PMID 560818.
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