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Charlevoix (/ˈʃɑːrləvwɑː/)^[1] is a cultural and natural region located in Quebec, on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River as well as in the Laurentian Mountains area of the Canadian Shield. This dramatic landscape includes rolling terrain, fjords, headlands and bays; the region was designated a World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1989.

History

The region was named after Pierre François-Xavier de Charlevoix, a French Jesuit explorer and historian who travelled through the area in the 18th century. The community of La Malbaie was known as the first resort area in Canada. As early as 1760, Scottish noblemen Malcolm Fraser and John Nairn hosted visitors at their manors.^{[citation needed]} For much of its history, Charlevoix was home to a thriving summer colony of wealthy Americans, including President William Howard Taft.

Geography

From an administrative point of view, the "Charlevoix region" does not exist in itself, but is rather made up of the regional county municipalities of Charlevoix-Est and Charlevoix.

Features of note include:

Baie-Saint-Paul, an important arts centre
Le Domaine Forget music festival and academy
Île aux Coudres
the Parc des Grands-Jardins
the Haute-Gorges de la Rivière Malbaie
the Manoir Richelieu and the Casino de Charlevoix
the fjord of the Saguenay River
the Commission scolaire de Charlevoix
the Museum of Charlevoix

Natural history

The topography of this region was dramatically altered by a meteorite impact that occurred 350 million years ago creating the Charlevoix crater:

The impact created the forty-mile-wide crater that is the heart of Quebec's Charlevoix region, ranging from just west of Baie-Saint-Paul to just east of La Malbaie. Today, the area inside the crater is home to 90 percent of Charlevoix residents and is a very pastoral setting by comparison to what it could have been.^[2]

This area was subsequently reshaped by glaciation. There have been several major earthquakes in the region in recorded history:

on February 5, 1663, centred south of La Malbaie. See 1663 Charlevoix earthquake.
on December 6, 1791, centred near Baie-Saint-Paul
on October 17, 1860, centred under the Saint Lawrence River
on October 20, 1870, centred near Baie-Saint-Paul
on February 28, 1925, centred under the Saint Lawrence River. See 1925 Charlevoix–Kamouraska earthquake.

Ecological characteristics

Situated some 80 km east of Quebec City, Charlevoix Biosphere Reserve borders the Saint Lawrence River to the north.^[3] Extending from 5 to 1,150 metres above sea level, the area comprises agricultural areas, river ecosystems, estuarine tidal marshes and flats, coniferous and mixed forests, stunted vegetation (krummholz) and mountain tundra ecosystems.^[3]

Maple forests including paper birch (Betula papyriferae), alder (Alnus spp.) and elm (Ulmus spp.) and with an understory of sumac (Rhus typhina), Acer pensylvanicum and Cornus alternifolia; mixed fir (Abies sp.) forest with Corylus cornuta, Sambucus pubens and Taxus canadensis; boreal forests up to an altitude of 300 metres with fir and spruce (Picea spp.); estuarine tidal marsh and flats dominated by Scirpus americanus meadows including Zizania palustris, Sagittaria cuneata and S. latifolia; tundra with ericaceous zones consisting of Kalmia spp., Ledum groenlandicum; stunted vegetation community (krummholz) with Picea mariana and Abies balsamea; agro-ecosystems with cereals, fruits and legumes, and river ecosystems.^[3]

Animal species in the area include beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), wolf (Canis lupus), boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), North American cougar (Puma concolor couguar) and blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus).^[3]

Socio-economic characteristics

About 30,000 people live in the biosphere reserve (1988), which covers 457,000 hectares. In former times, the population of Charlevoix used to rely on the river and the sea, for example on coastal navigation, marine constructions and fisheries (e.g. beluga, eel).^[3]

Today, the economic landscape has diversified and major factors in the local economy are now forestry, silica mining, agriculture and tourism.^[3] The forest education centre ‘Les Palissades’ or the ecological centre ‘Port-au-Saumon’ are important institutions for environmental education in the area.^[3]

Sources

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Charlevoix Biosphere Reserve, UNESCO.

References

^ The Canadian Press (2017), The Canadian Press Stylebook (18th ed.), Toronto: The Canadian Press
^ "Some Might Call It Heaven Sent". 2012-07-16. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Charlevoix | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-05-20.

External links

47°39′N 70°09′W / 47.650°N 70.150°W / 47.650; -70.150

[1] The Canadian Press (2017), The Canadian Press Stylebook (18th ed.), Toronto: The Canadian Press

[2] "Some Might Call It Heaven Sent". 2012-07-16. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved 2016-05-20.

[:0-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Charlevoix | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-05-20.

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@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 ===Natural history===
-The topography of this region was dramatically altered by a [[meteorite]] impact that occurred 350 million years ago creating the [[Charlevoix crater]]: <blockquote>The impact created the forty-mile-wide crater that is the heart of Quebec's Charlevoix region, ranging from just west of Baie-Saint-Paul to just east of La Malbaie. Today, the area inside the crater is home to 90 percent of Charlevoix residents and is a very pastoral setting by comparison to what it could have been.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldandi.com/newhome/public/2003/august/lfpub.asp |title=Some Might Call It Heaven Sent |date=2012-07-16 |access-date=2016-05-20 |dead-url=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716230023/http://www.worldandi.com/newhome/public/2003/august/lfpub.asp |archivedate=July 16, 2012 }}</ref></blockquote>
+The topography of this region was dramatically altered by a [[meteorite]] impact that occurred 350 million years ago creating the [[Charlevoix crater]]: <blockquote>The impact created the forty-mile-wide crater that is the heart of Quebec's Charlevoix region, ranging from just west of Baie-Saint-Paul to just east of La Malbaie. Today, the area inside the crater is home to 90 percent of Charlevoix residents and is a very pastoral setting by comparison to what it could have been.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldandi.com/newhome/public/2003/august/lfpub.asp |title=Some Might Call It Heaven Sent |date=2012-07-16 |access-date=2016-05-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716230023/http://www.worldandi.com/newhome/public/2003/august/lfpub.asp |archivedate=July 16, 2012 }}</ref></blockquote>
 This area was subsequently reshaped by [[glaciation]]. There have been several major [[Charlevoix Seismic Zone|earthquake]]s in the region in recorded history:
 [[Image:Tadoussac Panorama.JPG|thumb|400px|Landscape just outside [[Tadoussac]]]]