Bombings of King's Cross and Euston stations: Difference between revisions
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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In 1971, during [[The Troubles|Paramilitary War in Ulster]], after two years engaged in violence based on a defensive strategy in Irish communal districts of Ulster, the Provisional IRA launched an [[Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign|offensive]] against the [[United Kingdom]]. At a meeting of the [[IRA Army Council]] in June 1972 the organization's 'Chief of Staff', [[Sean MacStiofain]] (aka John Stephenson, an English former [[Royal Air Force]] [[corporal]]), first proposed making bombing attacks in England. The Army Council did not at first agree to the suggestion, but in early 1973 after its negotiations with the [[British Government]] for a truce the previous year had failed to advance the political objective of the removal of Ulster from the United Kingdom by the application of the threat of violence, it re-engaged its paramilitary campaign and sanctioned Macstiofain's proposal. Macstiofain had put the strategy forward on the basis that extending the urban paramilitary violence of the Ulster state into England would help to relieve pressure being exerted |
In 1971, during [[The Troubles|Paramilitary War in Ulster]], after two years engaged in violence based on a defensive strategy in Irish communal districts of Ulster, the Provisional IRA launched an [[Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign|offensive]] against the [[United Kingdom]]. At a meeting of the [[IRA Army Council]] in June 1972 the organization's 'Chief of Staff', [[Sean MacStiofain]] (aka John Stephenson, an English former [[Royal Air Force]] [[corporal]]), first proposed making bombing attacks in England. The Army Council did not at first agree to the suggestion, but in early 1973 after its negotiations with the [[British Government]] for a truce the previous year had failed to advance the political objective of the removal of Ulster from the United Kingdom by the application of the threat of violence, it re-engaged its paramilitary campaign and sanctioned Macstiofain's proposal. Macstiofain had put the strategy forward on the basis that extending the urban paramilitary violence of the Ulster state into England would help to relieve pressure being exerted by the British Crown Forces on the IRA's strongholds of Irish communal support in districts in the province, such as West Belfast and Londonderry City, by diverting British security strength from them back into England, whilst at the same time increasing strategic pressure upon the British Government to resolve the conflict by political concessions to the IRA's demands. He also believed that a successful bombing campaign in [[London]], as the capital city of the United Kingdom, would offer substantial propaganda value for paramilitary [[Irish Republicanism]], and provide a morale boost to its supporters. |
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The effects of the previous [[1973 Old Bailey bombing]] appeared to give some credence to the idea of the propaganda value of extending violence into London as, although it would have been considered almost routine in Ulster by the mid-1970's and have drawn only brief media notice, being carried out instead in London, a global capital city, had made the event world news headlines.<ref>https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/7a/73/5e/7a735e58760131d9d7ef5e613170a186.jpg</ref> However, although the bombing of the Old Bailey had been successfully carried out, and had gained media attention, increasing political pressure upon the British Government to address the issue of the conflict in Ulster with more urgency, it had been costly to the IRA, as 10 out of the 11 man [[Active Service Unit]] that had carried it out had been arrested by the British police whilst trying to leave England before the bombs they had planted detonated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/14/newsid_4724000/4724181.stm |title=BBC ON THIS DAY 14 November 1973: IRA gang convicted of London bombings |publisher=BBC News |date=2008 |accessdate=2017-04-14}}</ref> Drawing the tactical lesson that large teams were a security liability, for the second wave of bombings in England later in 1973, instead of sending a large team to carry it out with orders to withdraw back to Ireland immediately afterwards, smaller detached "cell" units of about 3-4 personnel were sent to carry out the operation, with instructions to remain in England afterwards and wage a campaign of bombings around England upon a variety of targets. |
The effects of the previous [[1973 Old Bailey bombing]] appeared to give some credence to the idea of the propaganda value of extending violence into London as, although it would have been considered almost routine in Ulster by the mid-1970's and have drawn only brief media notice, being carried out instead in London, a global capital city, had made the event world news headlines.<ref>https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/7a/73/5e/7a735e58760131d9d7ef5e613170a186.jpg</ref> However, although the bombing of the Old Bailey had been successfully carried out, and had gained media attention, increasing political pressure upon the British Government to address the issue of the conflict in Ulster with more urgency, it had been costly to the IRA, as 10 out of the 11 man [[Active Service Unit]] that had carried it out had been arrested by the British police whilst trying to leave England before the bombs they had planted detonated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/14/newsid_4724000/4724181.stm |title=BBC ON THIS DAY 14 November 1973: IRA gang convicted of London bombings |publisher=BBC News |date=2008 |accessdate=2017-04-14}}</ref> Drawing the tactical lesson that large teams were a security liability, for the second wave of bombings in England later in 1973, instead of sending a large team to carry it out with orders to withdraw back to Ireland immediately afterwards, smaller detached "cell" units of about 3-4 personnel were sent to carry out the operation, with instructions to remain in England afterwards and wage a campaign of bombings around England upon a variety of targets. |
Revision as of 16:17, 19 January 2019
King's Cross and Euston Station bombings | |
---|---|
Part of the Troubles | |
![]() Entrance to Euston Station | |
Location | London, England |
Date | 10 September 1973 12.24 p.m and 1:10 pm (GMT) |
Target | British Rail stations |
Attack type | Time Bomb and Thrown bomb |
Weapons | explosives |
Deaths | 0 |
Injured | 13 (5 at King's Cross and 8 at Euston) |
Perpetrators | Provisional IRA |
The King's Cross station and Euston station bombings were two bombing attacks on 10 September 1973 by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) that targeted two mainline railway stations in central London. The blasts wounded 13 civilians, some of whom were seriously injured, and also caused large-scale but superficial damage.[1] This was a second wave of bombing attacks launched by the IRA in England in 1973 after the Old Bailey car bombing earlier in the year which had killed one and injured around 200 civilians.[2][3]
Background
In 1971, during Paramilitary War in Ulster, after two years engaged in violence based on a defensive strategy in Irish communal districts of Ulster, the Provisional IRA launched an offensive against the United Kingdom. At a meeting of the IRA Army Council in June 1972 the organization's 'Chief of Staff', Sean MacStiofain (aka John Stephenson, an English former Royal Air Force corporal), first proposed making bombing attacks in England. The Army Council did not at first agree to the suggestion, but in early 1973 after its negotiations with the British Government for a truce the previous year had failed to advance the political objective of the removal of Ulster from the United Kingdom by the application of the threat of violence, it re-engaged its paramilitary campaign and sanctioned Macstiofain's proposal. Macstiofain had put the strategy forward on the basis that extending the urban paramilitary violence of the Ulster state into England would help to relieve pressure being exerted by the British Crown Forces on the IRA's strongholds of Irish communal support in districts in the province, such as West Belfast and Londonderry City, by diverting British security strength from them back into England, whilst at the same time increasing strategic pressure upon the British Government to resolve the conflict by political concessions to the IRA's demands. He also believed that a successful bombing campaign in London, as the capital city of the United Kingdom, would offer substantial propaganda value for paramilitary Irish Republicanism, and provide a morale boost to its supporters.
The effects of the previous 1973 Old Bailey bombing appeared to give some credence to the idea of the propaganda value of extending violence into London as, although it would have been considered almost routine in Ulster by the mid-1970's and have drawn only brief media notice, being carried out instead in London, a global capital city, had made the event world news headlines.[4] However, although the bombing of the Old Bailey had been successfully carried out, and had gained media attention, increasing political pressure upon the British Government to address the issue of the conflict in Ulster with more urgency, it had been costly to the IRA, as 10 out of the 11 man Active Service Unit that had carried it out had been arrested by the British police whilst trying to leave England before the bombs they had planted detonated.[5] Drawing the tactical lesson that large teams were a security liability, for the second wave of bombings in England later in 1973, instead of sending a large team to carry it out with orders to withdraw back to Ireland immediately afterwards, smaller detached "cell" units of about 3-4 personnel were sent to carry out the operation, with instructions to remain in England afterwards and wage a campaign of bombings around England upon a variety of targets.
Bombing attacks of the 2nd 1973 wave in London
- The first bomb detonation occurred on 29 August 1973, targeting retail shopping districts, one being detonated near Harrod's department store in Knightsbridge.[6]
- There were more bombs on 8 September 1973, including one at Victoria railway station which injured four civilians.[7] (It is possible these attacks were carried out by the same IRA unit who subsequently attacked the King's Cross and Euston stations).
- On 10 September 1973 a bomb (with no warning being issued beforehand) exploded at King's Cross railway station in the booking hall at 12.24 p.m. when a youth of around 16/17 years of age walked up to the entrance of the station's old booking hall and threw a bag into it which contained a 3 lb (1.4 kg) device, which detonated, shattering glass throughout the hall and throwing a baggage trolley several feet into the air. The youth then fled into the station's crowd and escaped the scene.
- Approximately 45 minutes after the attack upon King's Cross, after a telephone called warning 5 minutes beforehand by a man with an Irish accent to the Press Association, a second bomb detonated in a snack bar at Euston railway station, injuring another eight civilians. One witness at Euston said: "I saw a flash and suddenly people were being thrown through the air - it was a terrible mess, they were bleeding and screaming" A total of 13 civilians were injured in the two attacks. The Metropolitan Police issued a photofit picture of a 5 ft 2 tall 16/17-year-old youth they were seeking in regard to the King's Cross attack.
- On 12 September 1973 two more bombs went off, one in Oxford Street and another Sloane Square, targeting retail shopping centres. Police subsequently announced that they looking for 5 people in connection with this 2nd wave of bomb attacks.[8][9]
Subsequent events
Judith Ward was later wrongly convicted for having been involved in the late 1973 London bombings, along with the M62 Coach Bombing. She was later acquitted. No one else was brought to trial for this IRA bombing campaign.[10]
See also
- 1973 Old Bailey bombing
- 1973 Westminster bombing
- Victoria station and Paddington station bombings
- Cannon Street train bombing
- West Ham station attack
- 1992 London Bridge bombing
- 1974 Houses of Parliament bombing
- Harrow School bombing
Sources
References
- ^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1973". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
- ^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1973". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
- ^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 1973-03-08. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
- ^ https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/7a/73/5e/7a735e58760131d9d7ef5e613170a186.jpg
- ^ "BBC ON THIS DAY 14 November 1973: IRA gang convicted of London bombings". BBC News. 2008. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
- ^ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1973". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
- ^ "Bomb Attacks". Illustrated London News. 27 October 1973. pp. 20–21. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
- ^ Bruce Wallace and James MacManus. "Yard hunts the bomber with a baby face | From". The Guardian. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
- ^ "BBC ON THIS DAY 10 September 1973: Bomb blasts rock central London". BBC News. 2008. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
- ^ "BBC ON THIS DAY 4 November 1974: M62 bomber jailed for life". BBC News. 2008. Retrieved 2017-04-14.