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[[File:Vexator Canadensis - Breton 558.jpg|thumb|right|An illustration of a Vexator Canadiensis token (Breton 558), as illustrated in [[Pierre-Napoléon Breton]]'s ''Popular Illustrated Guide to Canadian Coins, Medals'']]The '''Vexator Canadiensis tokens''' (also known as the '''Vexator Canadensis tokens''') are thought to be politically satirical tokens produced in either [[Quebec City]] or [[Montreal]] sometime in the 1830s.<ref>Willey p&nbsp;122</ref> The tokens present a very crude image of a vague, male bust on their obverse, and a female figure on the reverse. The legends on either side were deliberately designed so that they are hard to definitively read, but are commonly known as the "vexators" based on a common interpretation of its obverse legend.<ref>Willey p&nbsp;122</ref> Depending on the interpretation of the inscriptions, they can either be taken as a form of satirical protest against either an unpopular [[Upper Canada]] governor or [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] as a "tormentor of Canada", or more simply, depicting a [[fur trapper]].<ref>Willey p&nbsp;122</ref> Since both interpretations are possible, this ambiguity would allow the issuer from escaping being cited for sedition.<ref>Willey p&nbsp;123</ref>
[[File:Vexator Canadiensis Token - Breton 559, VC-3.png|thumb|right|An example of a Vextor Canadiensis token; Breton 559, VC-3]]The '''Vexator Canadiensis tokens''' (also known as the '''Vexator Canadensis tokens''') are thought to be politically satirical tokens produced in either [[Quebec City]] or [[Montreal]] sometime in the 1830s.<ref>Willey p&nbsp;122</ref> The tokens present a very crude image of a vague, male bust on their obverse, and a female figure on the reverse. The legends on either side were deliberately designed so that they are hard to definitively read, but are commonly known as the "vexators" based on a common interpretation of its obverse legend.<ref>Willey p&nbsp;122</ref> Depending on the interpretation of the inscriptions, they can either be taken as a form of satirical protest against either an unpopular [[Upper Canada]] governor or [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] as a "tormentor of Canada", or more simply, depicting a [[fur trapper]].<ref>Willey p&nbsp;122</ref> Since both interpretations are possible, this ambiguity would allow the issuer from escaping being cited for sedition.<ref>Willey p&nbsp;123</ref>


Despite the date of 1811 (or less commonly, 1810), appearing on its reverse, it has long been thought to have been issued sometime in the 1830s, the backdating serving as a way to circumvent regulations against importing contemporary tokens.<ref>Cross p&nbsp;204</ref> At least three main varieties are known,<ref>Willey p&nbsp;123</ref> though additional die variations are known to exist. Recent numismatic scholarship has questioned the long-standing assumption that the tokens were issued in the 1830s, and may have in fact been issued closer to the date that appears on them.<ref>Mayhugh p&nbsp;37</ref> They were not produced in large numbers, and typical examples start at several hundred [[Canadian dollar|C$]] and up.<ref>Heritage p&nbsp;81-82</ref>.
Despite the date of 1811 (or less commonly, 1810), appearing on its reverse, it has long been thought to have been issued sometime in the 1830s, the backdating serving as a way to circumvent regulations against importing contemporary tokens.<ref>Cross p&nbsp;204</ref> At least three main varieties are known,<ref>Willey p&nbsp;123</ref> though additional die variations are known to exist. Recent numismatic scholarship has questioned the long-standing assumption that the tokens were issued in the 1830s, and may have in fact been issued closer to the date that appears on them.<ref>Mayhugh p&nbsp;37</ref> They were not produced in large numbers, and typical examples start at several hundred [[Canadian dollar|C$]] and up.<ref>Heritage p&nbsp;81-82</ref>.


==Description==
==Description==
The obverse depicts the bust of man, looking left, with wavy hair and what has been described as a "shaggy" appearance.<ref>Willey p&nbsp;123</ref> It obverse legend can be read as saying either VEXATOR or VENATOR CANADIENSIS, a [[Latin]] description that can be interpreted as "Tormentor of Canada/Pest of Canada" or "A Canadian Trapper" respectively.<ref>Willey p&nbsp;122-123</ref> The legend is crudely cut, with reversed "N"s in CANADIENSIS,<ref>Willey p&nbsp;123</ref> and the third letter of the first word can be interpreted as being either an "X" or an "N".<ref>Cross p&nbsp;204</ref> Some descriptions of the bust on the obverse say that it has a "protruding tongue".<ref>Heritage p&nbsp;81</ref> A variation of the obverse includes a small star at the bottom of the bust.<ref>Heritage p&nbsp;81</ref>
[[File:Vexator Canadiensis Token - Breton 558, VC-2 - Double Struck.jpg|thumb|right|Another example a Vextor Canadiensis token that has been [[Mint-made errors|double-struck]]; Breton-558, VC-2]]The obverse depicts the bust of man, looking left, with wavy hair and what has been described as a "shaggy" appearance.<ref>Willey p&nbsp;123</ref> It obverse legend can be read as saying either VEXATOR or VENATOR CANADIENSIS, a [[Latin]] description that can be interpreted as "Tormentor of Canada/Pest of Canada" or "A Canadian Trapper" respectively.<ref>Willey p&nbsp;122-123</ref> The legend is crudely cut, with reversed "N"s in CANADIENSIS,<ref>Willey p&nbsp;123</ref> and the third letter of the first word can be interpreted as being either an "X" or an "N".<ref>Cross p&nbsp;204</ref> Some descriptions of the bust on the obverse say that it has a "protruding tongue".<ref>Heritage p&nbsp;81</ref> A variation of the obverse includes a small star at the bottom of the bust.<ref>Heritage p&nbsp;81</ref>


The reverse features a crude-looking seated female figure (likely a depiction of [[Britannia]]),<ref>Heritage p&nbsp;81</ref> surrounded by the legend RENONILLOS VISCAPE, with the date 1811 (or much less commonly, 1810), appearing at the bottom.<ref>Willey p&nbsp;123</ref> One interpretation of the legend is: "Wouldn't you like to catch them?".<ref>Cross p&nbsp;204</ref> A single five-pointed star typically appears between the two words in the legend, though one variation has three stars.<ref>Heritage p&nbsp;82</ref>
The reverse features a crude-looking seated female figure (likely a depiction of [[Britannia]]),<ref>Heritage p&nbsp;81</ref> surrounded by the legend RENONILLOS VISCAPE, with the date 1811 (or much less commonly, 1810), appearing at the bottom.<ref>Willey p&nbsp;123</ref> One interpretation of the legend is: "Wouldn't you like to catch them?".<ref>Cross p&nbsp;204</ref> A single five-pointed star typically appears between the two words in the legend, though one variation has three stars.<ref>Heritage p&nbsp;82</ref>
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==Numismatic Study==
==Numismatic Study==
===19th Century Studies===
===19th Century Studies===
[[File:Vexator Canadensis - Breton 559.jpg|thumb|right|Another example of a Vexator Canadiensis token (Breton 559), from [[Pierre-Napoléon Breton]]'s ''Popular Illustrated Guide to Canadian Coins, Medals'']]The vexators were first described by Alfred Sandham in his ''Coins, Tokens and Medal of the Dominion of Canada'' from 1869. He considered this token to be the first to be created and struck within Canada, as opposed to being imported from outside the country.<ref>Sandham p&nbsp;7</ref> Sandham described three examples in his catalog (numbers 5, 6, and 7 under the "Canada" chapter), though he mentions that he was aware of additional varieties, differing "in the mode of spelling, or in punctuation".<ref>Sandham p&nbsp;21</ref> He interpreted the female figure on the reverse of the token to be "dancing".<ref>Sandham p&nbsp;21</ref> A subsequent study of the vexators followed in 1874 with the publication of ''A Canadian Political Coin'' by William Kingsford. The majority of this [[monograph]] focuses on the political background of [[Upper Canada]] in the 1810s that he thought led to the issuing of this satirical token, though he mentions that the majority of these tokens had been found in [[Quebec City]], and was the first to interpret the reverse legend as saying "Don't you wish you may catch them?"<ref>Kingsford p&nbsp;5</ref> Based on the date of 1811 (the rare 1810 variant appears to have been unknown at that time), Kingsford believed the "tormentor of Canada" being targeted was [[James Henry Craig|Sir James Craig]], who was governor of Upper Canada up until that year.<ref>Kingsford p&nbsp;6</ref> This story was picked up by [[Pierre-Napoléon Breton]] in his illustrated catalog of Canadian numismatics from 1894, who also goes into the dictatorial nature of Sir James Craig's colonial rule. Breton says that all of the specimens of these tokens he had encountered were "poorly struck, and it is impossible to find any in good condition".<ref>Breton1894 p&nbsp;61</ref> While Sandham mentioned three distinct varieties, Breton only lists two, which he cataloged as numbers 558 and 559, while noting that each had its own variations.<ref>Breton1894 p&nbsp;60-62</ref> Using a 10-point scale (where 10 is rarest), Breton described these tokens as having a rarity level of "R3", though noting that "they are becoming rare."<ref>Breton1894 p&nbsp;61</ref>
[[File:Vexator Canadensis - Breton 558.jpg|thumb|right|An illustration of a Vexator Canadiensis token (Breton 558), as illustrated in [[Pierre-Napoléon Breton]]'s ''Popular Illustrated Guide to Canadian Coins, Medals'']]The vexators were first described by Alfred Sandham in his ''Coins, Tokens and Medal of the Dominion of Canada'' from 1869. He considered this token to be the first to be created and struck within Canada, as opposed to being imported from outside the country.<ref>Sandham p&nbsp;7</ref> Sandham described three examples in his catalog (numbers 5, 6, and 7 under the "Canada" chapter), though he mentions that he was aware of additional varieties, differing "in the mode of spelling, or in punctuation".<ref>Sandham p&nbsp;21</ref> He interpreted the female figure on the reverse of the token to be "dancing".<ref>Sandham p&nbsp;21</ref> A subsequent study of the vexators followed in 1874 with the publication of ''A Canadian Political Coin'' by William Kingsford. The majority of this [[monograph]] focuses on the political background of [[Upper Canada]] in the 1810s that he thought led to the issuing of this satirical token, though he mentions that the majority of these tokens had been found in [[Quebec City]], and was the first to interpret the reverse legend as saying "Don't you wish you may catch them?"<ref>Kingsford p&nbsp;5</ref> Based on the date of 1811 (the rare 1810 variant appears to have been unknown at that time), Kingsford believed the "tormentor of Canada" being targeted was [[James Henry Craig|Sir James Craig]], who was governor of Upper Canada up until that year.<ref>Kingsford p&nbsp;6</ref> This story was picked up by [[Pierre-Napoléon Breton]] in his illustrated catalog of Canadian numismatics from 1894, who also goes into the dictatorial nature of Sir James Craig's colonial rule. Breton says that all of the specimens of these tokens he had encountered were "poorly struck, and it is impossible to find any in good condition".<ref>Breton1894 p&nbsp;61</ref> While Sandham mentioned three distinct varieties, Breton only lists two, which he cataloged as numbers 558 and 559, while noting that each had its own variations.<ref>Breton1894 p&nbsp;60-62</ref> Using a 10-point scale (where 10 is rarest), Breton described these tokens as having a rarity level of "R3", though noting that "they are becoming rare."<ref>Breton1894 p&nbsp;61</ref>


===20th Century Studies===
===20th Century Studies===

Revision as of 17:02, 30 December 2018

An example of a Vextor Canadiensis token; Breton 559, VC-3

The Vexator Canadiensis tokens (also known as the Vexator Canadensis tokens) are thought to be politically satirical tokens produced in either Quebec City or Montreal sometime in the 1830s.[1] The tokens present a very crude image of a vague, male bust on their obverse, and a female figure on the reverse. The legends on either side were deliberately designed so that they are hard to definitively read, but are commonly known as the "vexators" based on a common interpretation of its obverse legend.[2] Depending on the interpretation of the inscriptions, they can either be taken as a form of satirical protest against either an unpopular Upper Canada governor or William IV as a "tormentor of Canada", or more simply, depicting a fur trapper.[3] Since both interpretations are possible, this ambiguity would allow the issuer from escaping being cited for sedition.[4]

Despite the date of 1811 (or less commonly, 1810), appearing on its reverse, it has long been thought to have been issued sometime in the 1830s, the backdating serving as a way to circumvent regulations against importing contemporary tokens.[5] At least three main varieties are known,[6] though additional die variations are known to exist. Recent numismatic scholarship has questioned the long-standing assumption that the tokens were issued in the 1830s, and may have in fact been issued closer to the date that appears on them.[7] They were not produced in large numbers, and typical examples start at several hundred C$ and up.[8].

Description

Another example a Vextor Canadiensis token that has been double-struck; Breton-558, VC-2

The obverse depicts the bust of man, looking left, with wavy hair and what has been described as a "shaggy" appearance.[9] It obverse legend can be read as saying either VEXATOR or VENATOR CANADIENSIS, a Latin description that can be interpreted as "Tormentor of Canada/Pest of Canada" or "A Canadian Trapper" respectively.[10] The legend is crudely cut, with reversed "N"s in CANADIENSIS,[11] and the third letter of the first word can be interpreted as being either an "X" or an "N".[12] Some descriptions of the bust on the obverse say that it has a "protruding tongue".[13] A variation of the obverse includes a small star at the bottom of the bust.[14]

The reverse features a crude-looking seated female figure (likely a depiction of Britannia),[15] surrounded by the legend RENONILLOS VISCAPE, with the date 1811 (or much less commonly, 1810), appearing at the bottom.[16] One interpretation of the legend is: "Wouldn't you like to catch them?".[17] A single five-pointed star typically appears between the two words in the legend, though one variation has three stars.[18]

These tokens are struck in both copper and brass, and have a wide range of weight, from as little as 45 grains to 100 grains (3 g to 6.5 g),[19] with at least one example weighing 126 grains (8 g).[20]

Numismatic Study

19th Century Studies

An illustration of a Vexator Canadiensis token (Breton 558), as illustrated in Pierre-Napoléon Breton's Popular Illustrated Guide to Canadian Coins, Medals

The vexators were first described by Alfred Sandham in his Coins, Tokens and Medal of the Dominion of Canada from 1869. He considered this token to be the first to be created and struck within Canada, as opposed to being imported from outside the country.[21] Sandham described three examples in his catalog (numbers 5, 6, and 7 under the "Canada" chapter), though he mentions that he was aware of additional varieties, differing "in the mode of spelling, or in punctuation".[22] He interpreted the female figure on the reverse of the token to be "dancing".[23] A subsequent study of the vexators followed in 1874 with the publication of A Canadian Political Coin by William Kingsford. The majority of this monograph focuses on the political background of Upper Canada in the 1810s that he thought led to the issuing of this satirical token, though he mentions that the majority of these tokens had been found in Quebec City, and was the first to interpret the reverse legend as saying "Don't you wish you may catch them?"[24] Based on the date of 1811 (the rare 1810 variant appears to have been unknown at that time), Kingsford believed the "tormentor of Canada" being targeted was Sir James Craig, who was governor of Upper Canada up until that year.[25] This story was picked up by Pierre-Napoléon Breton in his illustrated catalog of Canadian numismatics from 1894, who also goes into the dictatorial nature of Sir James Craig's colonial rule. Breton says that all of the specimens of these tokens he had encountered were "poorly struck, and it is impossible to find any in good condition".[26] While Sandham mentioned three distinct varieties, Breton only lists two, which he cataloged as numbers 558 and 559, while noting that each had its own variations.[27] Using a 10-point scale (where 10 is rarest), Breton described these tokens as having a rarity level of "R3", though noting that "they are becoming rare."[28]

20th Century Studies

The most comprehensive early study of the vextor tokens came from numismatist R. W. McLachlan in his article When Was the Vexator Canadensis Issued?, published in 1915. He had reviewed 25-30 specimens of the vexator tokens personally, and could only find the two major variants matching those described by Breton.[29] He consequently believed that the three main varieties noted by Sandham to be in error, believing that published work to have been "prepared in haste without proper examination of the pieces described".[30] McLachlan consulted with two Latin experts who both concurred that Kingsford's interpretation of the Latin inscription renunilos viscape as to say "Non illos vis capere" ("Don't you wish you may catch them?"), on the reverse was correct.[31] Given the light weight of these tokens, McLachlan believed that they would not have been accepted as halfpenny coins as early as 1811, and that there was no evidence of any coins being struck in Canada at such an early date.[32] That situation had changed by the 1830s when other lightweight tokens, including the Blacksmith tokens, which McLachlan believed the vexator tokens resembled,[33] and whose confusing legend echoed those found on Blacksmith or similar evasion tokens.[34] He also noted that many of the tokens struck for use in Lower Canada in the mid-1830s were antedated, including the Tiffin tokens dated to 1812, the Harp tokens to 1820 and to British halfpence that were first issued in the 1730s, during the reign of George II.[35] Finding examples of the tokens to be as common in Montreal as in Quebec City, he believed that they were more likely to have been manufactured in Montreal, and no earlier than 1835.[36] McLachlan further concluded that the "tormentor" being singled out was likely to be William IV, and that while the issuer wanted to secretly satirize the administration of Lower Canada from a French Canadian standpoint, the primary motivation was profit by issuing undervalued tokens for circulation.[37]

A later analysis of the legends on the vexator tokens from the mid-1960s concluded that it was probable that whoever designed the tokens was likely a numismatist, as they must have been familiar with the blundered legends of similar evasion currency from the United States and England, and that only a well-educated person would be able to "devise such a piece and compose an original legend in Latin".[38]

21st Century Studies

A modern catalog on Canadian colonial tokens recognizes three distinct varieties of the vexator tokens, recognizing variants issued in either copper or brass.[39] Additional variants, including a rare (and possibly unique) vexator with the date "1810" have since appeared.[40]

McLachlan's landmark article on the vexators has been re-examined in more recent times, calling into question their supposed relation to Blacksmith tokens, whether they were issued in the 1830s as McLachlan thought,[41] and even whether they were intended to circulate at all.[42]

X-ray fluorescence have found that two of the vexator varieties are identical in their elemental composition, suggesting that they were made at the same time or at least came from the same stock of copper blanks.[43]

The total number of vexator tokens available to modern collectors has been estimated to total between 300-400.[44]

Notes

  1. ^ Willey p 122
  2. ^ Willey p 122
  3. ^ Willey p 122
  4. ^ Willey p 123
  5. ^ Cross p 204
  6. ^ Willey p 123
  7. ^ Mayhugh p 37
  8. ^ Heritage p 81-82
  9. ^ Willey p 123
  10. ^ Willey p 122-123
  11. ^ Willey p 123
  12. ^ Cross p 204
  13. ^ Heritage p 81
  14. ^ Heritage p 81
  15. ^ Heritage p 81
  16. ^ Willey p 123
  17. ^ Cross p 204
  18. ^ Heritage p 82
  19. ^ Willey p 123
  20. ^ Mayhugh p 38
  21. ^ Sandham p 7
  22. ^ Sandham p 21
  23. ^ Sandham p 21
  24. ^ Kingsford p 5
  25. ^ Kingsford p 6
  26. ^ Breton1894 p 61
  27. ^ Breton1894 p 60-62
  28. ^ Breton1894 p 61
  29. ^ McLachlan1915 p 94
  30. ^ McLachlan1915 p 94
  31. ^ McLachlan1915 p 97-98
  32. ^ McLachlan1915 p 99
  33. ^ McLachlan1915 p 100
  34. ^ McLachlan1915 p 102
  35. ^ McLachlan1915 p 101
  36. ^ McLachlan1915 p 102-103
  37. ^ McLachlan1915 p 102-103
  38. ^ Willey1969 p 115
  39. ^ Cross p 205
  40. ^ Mayhugh p 36
  41. ^ Mayhugh p 37
  42. ^ Mayhugh p 39
  43. ^ Lorenzo p 241
  44. ^ Kleeberg p 202

Bibliography

  • Breton, P. N. (1894). Illustrated History of Coins and Tokens Relating to Canada. P.N. Breton & Co.
  • Cross, W. K. (2012). Canadian Colonial Tokens, 8th Edition. The Charlton Press.
  • Heritage World and Ancient Coins: The Doug Robins Collection of Canadian Tokens. Chicago: Heritage Numismatic Auctions, Inc.,. April 20, 2018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  • Kingsford, William (1874). A Canadian Political Coin. Ottawa: E. A. Perry.
  • Kleeberg, John M. (Ed.) (2000). Circulating Counterfeits of the Americas. American Numismatic Society.
  • Lorenzo, John (2017). Forgotten Coins of the North American Colonies - 25th Anniversary edition. Amazon Books.
  • Mayhugh, Marc (Summer 2008). "The Vexator". The C4 Newsletter. 16 (2): 36–40.
  • McLachlan, R. W. (April 1915). "When Was the Vexator Canadensis Issued?". The Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal.
  • Sandham, Alfred (1869). Coins, Tokens and Medal of the Dominion of Canada. Montreal: Daniel Rose.
  • Willey, Robert C. (2011). The Annotated Colonial Coinages of Canada. PetchNet.
  • Willey, R. C. (April 1969). "The History of Canadian Numismatics". The Canadian Numismatic Journal. 14 (4): 115.
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