Free South Africa Movement: Difference between revisions
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==Formation== |
==Formation== |
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The movement began on November 21, 1984 when [[Randall Robinson]], Executive Director of [[TransAfrica]], [[Mary Frances Berry]], Commissioner of the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]], D.C. Congressman [[Walter Fauntroy]] and [[Georgetown University]] law professor [[Eleanor Holmes Norton]] met with South African Ambassador [[Bernardus Gerhardus Fourie]] at his embassy to highlight [[human rights]] abuses in South Africa.<ref name="nixon107">{{cite book|last1=Nixon|first1=Ron|authorlink=Ron Nixon|title=Selling Apartheid: South Africa's Global Propaganda War|date=2016|publisher=Pluto Press|location=London, U.K.|isbn=9780745399140|oclc=980912571|page=110}}</ref> They demanded the release of [[political prisoner]]s and refused to leave the embassy by staging a [[sit-in]], which led to the arrest of Robinson, Fauntroy and Berry. Norton was not arrested because she was addressing the media outside of the embassy, which had been notified beforehand. The sit-in was planned for Thanksgiving Eve to ensure wide press coverage. <ref>"Chronology of the Free South Africa Movement." http://transafrica.org/fsam-history/ Accessed 4/26/2015</ref> Thereafter, Trans-Africa organized daily protests outside the embassy. These protests helped create FSAM. |
The movement began on November 21, 1984 when [[Randall Robinson]], Executive Director of [[TransAfrica]], [[Mary Frances Berry]], Commissioner of the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]], D.C. Congressman [[Walter Fauntroy]] and [[Georgetown University]] law professor [[Eleanor Holmes Norton]] met with South African Ambassador [[Bernardus Gerhardus Fourie]] at his embassy to highlight [[human rights]] abuses in South Africa.<ref name="nixon107">{{cite book|last1=Nixon|first1=Ron|authorlink=Ron Nixon|title=Selling Apartheid: South Africa's Global Propaganda War|date=2016|publisher=Pluto Press|location=London, U.K.|isbn=9780745399140|oclc=980912571|page=110}}</ref> They demanded the release of [[political prisoner]]s and refused to leave the embassy by staging a [[sit-in]], which led to the arrest of Robinson, Fauntroy and Berry. Norton was not arrested because she was addressing the media outside of the embassy, which had been notified beforehand. The sit-in was planned for Thanksgiving Eve to ensure wide press coverage. <ref>"Chronology of the Free South Africa Movement." http://transafrica.org/fsam-history/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916222310/http://transafrica.org/fsam-history/# |date=16 September 2013 }} Accessed 4/26/2015</ref> Thereafter, Trans-Africa organized daily protests outside the embassy. These protests helped create FSAM. |
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Robinson's organization, Trans-Africa, was a founding member of FSAM, and played a key role in its development.<ref>[http://www.progressiveavenues.org/transafrica_forum.html] {{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref> They continued their strike outside the embassy and solicited high profile individuals to join the protests.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|last=Nicolson |first=Greg |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-05-01-Randall-Robinson-and-the-legacy-of-Trans-Africa/#.UWicJsqRKJ4 |title=Randall Robinson and the legacy of Trans-Africa |publisher=Daily Maverick |date=2012-05-01 |accessdate=2013-11-08}}</ref> The FSAM had three major objectives. One was to build awareness among the American general public of apartheid through a strategy of civil disobedience and demonstrations that elicited media coverage. The second objective was to begin a change in the U.S. policy of constructive engagement toward South Africa. The third objective was that once American policy changed that it would begin to influence other Western countries to follow suit <ref> Randall Robinson and Clarence Lusane. "An Interview with Randall Robinson: State of the U.S. Anti-Apartheid Movement." The Black Scholar, Vol. 16, No. 6, p.41. </ref> |
Robinson's organization, Trans-Africa, was a founding member of FSAM, and played a key role in its development.<ref>[http://www.progressiveavenues.org/transafrica_forum.html] {{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref> They continued their strike outside the embassy and solicited high profile individuals to join the protests.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|last=Nicolson |first=Greg |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-05-01-Randall-Robinson-and-the-legacy-of-Trans-Africa/#.UWicJsqRKJ4 |title=Randall Robinson and the legacy of Trans-Africa |publisher=Daily Maverick |date=2012-05-01 |accessdate=2013-11-08}}</ref> The FSAM had three major objectives. One was to build awareness among the American general public of apartheid through a strategy of civil disobedience and demonstrations that elicited media coverage. The second objective was to begin a change in the U.S. policy of constructive engagement toward South Africa. The third objective was that once American policy changed that it would begin to influence other Western countries to follow suit <ref> Randall Robinson and Clarence Lusane. "An Interview with Randall Robinson: State of the U.S. Anti-Apartheid Movement." The Black Scholar, Vol. 16, No. 6, p.41. </ref> |
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==Significance== |
==Significance== |
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The combined leadership of FSAM, TransAfrica and the [[Congressional Black Caucus]] together with the commitment of private citizens around the country led to the passage of the [[Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act]]. Many European countries followed suit by enacting their own sanctions. FSAM is arguably the most important and successful initiative undertaken by black private citizens since the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. It expanded the influence of [[African Americans]] in forming US foreign policy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Glover |first=Danny |url=http://www.theroot.com/views/25-years-later-remembering-movement-unraveled-apartheid |title=Danny Glover on South Africa 25 Years Later: Remembering The Movement that Unraveled Apartheid |publisher=The Root |date=2009-12-15 |accessdate=2013-11-08}}</ref> |
The combined leadership of FSAM, TransAfrica and the [[Congressional Black Caucus]] together with the commitment of private citizens around the country led to the passage of the [[Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act]]. Many European countries followed suit by enacting their own sanctions. FSAM is arguably the most important and successful initiative undertaken by black private citizens since the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. It expanded the influence of [[African Americans]] in forming US foreign policy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Glover |first=Danny |url=http://www.theroot.com/views/25-years-later-remembering-movement-unraveled-apartheid |title=Danny Glover on South Africa 25 Years Later: Remembering The Movement that Unraveled Apartheid |publisher=The Root |date=2009-12-15 |accessdate=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013072251/http://www.theroot.com/views/25-years-later-remembering-movement-unraveled-apartheid# |archive-date=13 October 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 09:27, 19 November 2018
| International opposition to apartheid in South Africa |
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The Free South Africa Movement (FSAM) was a coalition of individuals, organizations, students, and unions across the United States of America who sought to end Apartheid in South Africa.[1] With local branches throughout the country, it was the primary anti-Apartheid movement in the United States.
Formation
The movement began on November 21, 1984 when Randall Robinson, Executive Director of TransAfrica, Mary Frances Berry, Commissioner of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, D.C. Congressman Walter Fauntroy and Georgetown University law professor Eleanor Holmes Norton met with South African Ambassador Bernardus Gerhardus Fourie at his embassy to highlight human rights abuses in South Africa.[2] They demanded the release of political prisoners and refused to leave the embassy by staging a sit-in, which led to the arrest of Robinson, Fauntroy and Berry. Norton was not arrested because she was addressing the media outside of the embassy, which had been notified beforehand. The sit-in was planned for Thanksgiving Eve to ensure wide press coverage. [3] Thereafter, Trans-Africa organized daily protests outside the embassy. These protests helped create FSAM.
Robinson's organization, Trans-Africa, was a founding member of FSAM, and played a key role in its development.[4] They continued their strike outside the embassy and solicited high profile individuals to join the protests.[5] The FSAM had three major objectives. One was to build awareness among the American general public of apartheid through a strategy of civil disobedience and demonstrations that elicited media coverage. The second objective was to begin a change in the U.S. policy of constructive engagement toward South Africa. The third objective was that once American policy changed that it would begin to influence other Western countries to follow suit [6]
Anti-Apartheid protests
After the formation of FSAM, demonstrations at South African consulates continued. This included various celebrities and activists who tied themselves to trees.[5] Within a year, more than 4,500 arrests had followed.[1] Local branches of FSAM formed in cities across the country.
Significance
The combined leadership of FSAM, TransAfrica and the Congressional Black Caucus together with the commitment of private citizens around the country led to the passage of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act. Many European countries followed suit by enacting their own sanctions. FSAM is arguably the most important and successful initiative undertaken by black private citizens since the Civil Rights Movement. It expanded the influence of African Americans in forming US foreign policy.[7]
See also
References
- ^ a b "African Activist Archive". Africanactivist.msu.edu. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- ^ Nixon, Ron (2016). Selling Apartheid: South Africa's Global Propaganda War. London, U.K.: Pluto Press. p. 110. ISBN 9780745399140. OCLC 980912571.
- ^ "Chronology of the Free South Africa Movement." http://transafrica.org/fsam-history/ Archived 16 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 4/26/2015
- ^ [1] [dead link]
- ^ a b Nicolson, Greg (1 May 2012). "Randall Robinson and the legacy of Trans-Africa". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- ^ Randall Robinson and Clarence Lusane. "An Interview with Randall Robinson: State of the U.S. Anti-Apartheid Movement." The Black Scholar, Vol. 16, No. 6, p.41.
- ^ Glover, Danny (15 December 2009). "Danny Glover on South Africa 25 Years Later: Remembering The Movement that Unraveled Apartheid". The Root. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
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