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The '''Constitution of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria''',<ref name=peace>{{cite web|title=Charter of the Social Contract- Self-Rule in Rojava|url=http://peaceinkurdistancampaign.com/resources/rojava/charter-of-the-social-contract/|website=Peace in Kurdistan|accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://civiroglu.net/the-constitution-of-the-rojava-cantons/ |title=The Constitution of the Rojava Cantons |publisher=Mutlu Çiviroğlu |accessdate=7 December 2015}}</ref> officially titled '''Charter of the Social Contract''', is the [[provisional constitution]] of the self-proclaimed autonomous region of Syria known as the [[Democratic Federation of Northern Syria]] (DFNS). It was adopted on 29 January 2014, when the [[Democratic Union Party (Syria)|Democratic Union Party (PYD)]], claiming to represent the DFNS population, declared the three DFNS regions it controls autonomous from the [[Syrian government]].<ref name=peace /> Article 12 states the DFNS remains an "integral part of Syria", tentatively implementing an expected future [[Federalization of Syria|federal Syrian governance]] in Northern Syria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/opinion/The-Revolution-Behind-the-Headlines-Autonomy-in-Northern-Syria-20150222-0011.html |title=The Revolution Behind the Headlines: Autonomy in Northern Syria |author=Joris Leverink |work=[[TeleSUR]] |date=22 February 2015 |accessdate=7 December 2015}}</ref>
The '''Constitution of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria''',<ref name=peace>{{cite web|title=Charter of the Social Contract- Self-Rule in Rojava|url=http://peaceinkurdistancampaign.com/resources/rojava/charter-of-the-social-contract/|website=Peace in Kurdistan|accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://civiroglu.net/the-constitution-of-the-rojava-cantons/ |title=The Constitution of the Rojava Cantons |publisher=Mutlu Çiviroğlu |accessdate=7 December 2015}}</ref> officially titled '''Charter of the Social Contract''', is the [[provisional constitution]] of the self-proclaimed autonomous region of Syria known as the [[Democratic Federation of Northern Syria]] (DFNS). It was adopted on 29 January 2014, when the [[Democratic Union Party (Syria)|Democratic Union Party (PYD)]], claiming to represent the DFNS population, declared the three DFNS regions it controls autonomous from the [[Syrian government]].<ref name=peace /> Article 12 states the DFNS remains an "integral part of Syria", tentatively implementing an expected future [[Federalization of Syria|federal Syrian governance]] in Northern Syria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/opinion/The-Revolution-Behind-the-Headlines-Autonomy-in-Northern-Syria-20150222-0011.html |title=The Revolution Behind the Headlines: Autonomy in Northern Syria |author=Joris Leverink |work=[[TeleSUR]] |date=22 February 2015 |accessdate=7 December 2015}}</ref>


The constitution has gained much international attention and is most noted for its explicit affirmation of [[minority rights]] and [[gender equality]] and a form of [[direct democracy]] known as '[[democratic confederalism]]'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html|title=A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS’ Backyard|publisher=New York Times|date=2015-11-24|accessdate=2016-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/50102294-77fd-11e5-a95a-27d368e1ddf7.html|title=Power to the people: a Syrian experiment in democracy|publisher=Financial Times|date=2015-10-23|accessdate=2016-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/30/opinion/the-kurds-democratic-experiment.html|title=The Kurds’ Democratic Experiment|publisher=New York Times|date=2015-09-30|accessdate=2016-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/08/why-world-ignoring-revolutionary-kurds-syria-isis|title=Why is the world ignoring the revolutionary Kurds in Syria?|publisher=The Guardian|date=2014-10-08|accessdate=2016-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/jo-magpie/regaining-hope-in-rojava|title=Regaining hope in Rojava|publisher=Slate|date=2016-06-06|accessdate=2016-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2015/11/25/rojava_is_a_radical_experiment_in_democracy_in_northern_syria_american_leftists.html|title=American Leftists Need to Pay More Attention to Rojava|publisher=Slate|date=2015-11-25|accessdate=2016-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/the-revolution-in-rojava|title=The Revolution in Rojava|publisher=Dissent|date=2015-04-22|accessdate=2016-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/evangelos-aretaios/rojava-revolution|title=The Rojava revolution|publisher=OpenDemocracy|date=2015-03-15|accessdate=2016-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://new-compass.net/articles/statement-academic-delegation-rojava|title=Statement from the Academic Delegation to Rojava|publisher=New Compass|date=2015-01-15|accessdate=2016-05-20}}</ref>{{overcite|date=May 2017}}
The constitution has gained much international attention and is most noted for its explicit affirmation of [[minority rights]] and [[gender equality]] and a form of [[direct democracy]] known as '[[democratic confederalism]]'.{{refn|
*{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/a-dream-of-utopia-in-hell.html|title=A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS’ Backyard|publisher=New York Times|date=2015-11-24|accessdate=2016-05-20}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/50102294-77fd-11e5-a95a-27d368e1ddf7.html|title=Power to the people: a Syrian experiment in democracy|publisher=Financial Times|date=2015-10-23|accessdate=2016-06-06}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/30/opinion/the-kurds-democratic-experiment.html|title=The Kurds’ Democratic Experiment|publisher=New York Times|date=2015-09-30|accessdate=2016-05-20}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/08/why-world-ignoring-revolutionary-kurds-syria-isis|title=Why is the world ignoring the revolutionary Kurds in Syria?|publisher=The Guardian|date=2014-10-08|accessdate=2016-05-20}}}}{{refn|
*{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/jo-magpie/regaining-hope-in-rojava|title=Regaining hope in Rojava|publisher=Slate|date=2016-06-06|accessdate=2016-06-09}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2015/11/25/rojava_is_a_radical_experiment_in_democracy_in_northern_syria_american_leftists.html|title=American Leftists Need to Pay More Attention to Rojava|publisher=Slate|date=2015-11-25|accessdate=2016-05-20}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/the-revolution-in-rojava|title=The Revolution in Rojava|publisher=Dissent|date=2015-04-22|accessdate=2016-05-20}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/evangelos-aretaios/rojava-revolution|title=The Rojava revolution|publisher=OpenDemocracy|date=2015-03-15|accessdate=2016-05-20}}
*{{cite web|url=http://new-compass.net/articles/statement-academic-delegation-rojava|title=Statement from the Academic Delegation to Rojava|publisher=New Compass|date=2015-01-15|accessdate=2016-05-20}}}}


On 27–28 June 2016, the executive committee to organize a constitution for the region, to replace the 2014 constitution, presented its draft.<ref name="new-constitution">{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/07/north-syria-rojava-kurdish-federation-constitution.html|title=After approving constitution, what's next for Syria's Kurds?|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=2016-07-22|accessdate=2016-07-22}}</ref>
On 27–28 June 2016, the executive committee to organize a constitution for the region, to replace the 2014 constitution, presented its draft.<ref name="new-constitution">{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/07/north-syria-rojava-kurdish-federation-constitution.html|title=After approving constitution, what's next for Syria's Kurds?|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=2016-07-22|accessdate=2016-07-22}}</ref>
Line 14: Line 23:


=== Preamble ===
=== Preamble ===
Text of the [[preamble]]:<ref>https://civiroglu.net/the-constitution-of-the-rojava-cantons/</ref>
Text of the [[preamble]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://civiroglu.net/the-constitution-of-the-rojava-cantons/|title=The Constitution of the Rojava Cantons|website=civiroglu.net}}</ref>
<blockquote>We, the people of the Democratic Autonomous Regions of Afrin, Jazira and Kobani, a confederation of Kurds, Arabs, Syriacs, Arameans, Turkmen, Armenians and Chechens, freely and solemnly declare and establish this Charter.
<blockquote>We, the people of the Democratic Autonomous Regions of Afrin, Jazira and Kobani, a confederation of Kurds, Arabs, Syriacs, Arameans, Turkmen, Armenians and Chechens, freely and solemnly declare and establish this Charter.


Line 22: Line 31:


In establishing this Charter, we declare a political system and civil administration founded upon a social contract that reconciles the rich mosaic of Syria through a transitional phase from dictatorship, civil war and destruction, to a new democratic society where civic life and social justice are preserved.</blockquote>
In establishing this Charter, we declare a political system and civil administration founded upon a social contract that reconciles the rich mosaic of Syria through a transitional phase from dictatorship, civil war and destruction, to a new democratic society where civic life and social justice are preserved.</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"

|-
=== General Principles (Articles 1–12) ===
The section "I General Principles" lists general principles. Article 4 lists the structure of the government. Article 3 and 5 lists the administrative centers of each [[Canton (country subdivision)|canton]]. Article 12 confirms Rojava as an integral part of [[Syria]].
|''' General Principles''' - <small>(Articles 1–12)</small> || The section "I General Principles" lists general principles. Article 4 lists the structure of the government. Article 3 and 5 lists the administrative centers of each [[Canton (country subdivision)|canton]]. Article 12 confirms Rojava as an integral part of [[Syria]].
|-

⚫
| '''Basic Principles''' - <small>(Articles 13–20)</small> || The section "II General Principles" contains basic principles. Article 15 declares the [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] (SDF) as the sole military force of Rojava.
=== Basic Principles (Articles 13–20) ===
|-
⚫
The section "II General Principles" contains basic principles. Article 15 declares the [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] (SDF) as the sole military force of Rojava.
⚫
| '''Rights and Liberties''' - <small>(Articles 21–44)</small> ||The section "III Rights and Liberties" lists rights and liberties. Article 21 refers to the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]], the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]].

|-
=== Rights and Liberties (Articles 21–44) ===
⚫
| '''Legislative Assembly''' - <small>(Articles 45–53)</small> ||The section "IV Legislative Assembly" outlines the responsibilities of the Legislative Assembly.
⚫
The section "III Rights and Liberties" lists rights and liberties. Article 21 refers to the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]], the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]].
|-

⚫
| '''Executive Council''' - <small>(Articles 54–62)</small> || The section "V Executive Council" outlines the responsibilities of the Executive Council.
=== Legislative Assembly (Articles 45–53) ===
|-
⚫
The section "IV Legislative Assembly" outlines the responsibilities of the Legislative Assembly.
| '''Judicial Council''' - <small>(Articles 63–75)</small> || The section "VI Judicial Council" outlines the responsibilities of the Judicial Council.

|-
=== Executive Council (Articles 54–62) ===
The section "V Executive Council" outlines the responsibilities of the Executive Council.
| '''Higher Commission of Elections''' - <small>(Article 76)</small>|| The section "VII Higher Commission of Elections" outlines the responsibilities of the Higher Commission of Elections.
|-

⚫
|style="width: 320px"|'''Supreme Constitutional Court''' - <small>(Article 77–80)</small>|| The section "VIII Supreme Constitutional Court" outlines the responsibilities of the Supreme Constitutional Court.
=== Judicial Council (Articles 63–75) ===
|}
⚫
The section "VI Judicial Council" outlines the responsibilities of the Judicial Council.

=== Higher Commission of Elections (Article 76) ===
The section "VII Higher Commission of Elections" outlines the responsibilities of the Higher Commission of Elections.

=== Supreme Constitutional Court (Articles 77–80) ===
⚫
The section "VIII Supreme Constitutional Court" outlines the responsibilities of the Supreme Constitutional Court.


=== General Rules (Articles 81–96) ===
=== General Rules (Articles 81–96) ===
The section "IX General Rules" lists general rules including criteria for constitutional amendment and martial law.
The section "IX General Rules" lists general rules including criteria for constitutional amendment and martial law.
Article 95 lists the bodies of the executive council:
Article 95 lists the bodies of the executive council:
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# Body of Foreign Relations
# Body of Foreign Relations
# Body of Defense
# Body of Defense
Line 72: Line 76:
# Body of Communications
# Body of Communications
# Body of Food Security
# Body of Food Security
}}

== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Constitution of Syria]]
* [[Constitution of Syria]]
Line 79: Line 83:
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=no|b=no|n=no |q=no |s=Constitution of the Rojava Cantons |v=no |species=no }}
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=no|b=no|n=no |q=no |s=Constitution of the Rojava Cantons |v=no |species=no }}


Revision as of 16:54, 27 October 2018

Politics of Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
Symbols
Constitution
Legislature and Government
Elections
Political parties
Party alliances
Administrative regions
Foreign relations

The Constitution of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria,[1][2] officially titled Charter of the Social Contract, is the provisional constitution of the self-proclaimed autonomous region of Syria known as the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (DFNS). It was adopted on 29 January 2014, when the Democratic Union Party (PYD), claiming to represent the DFNS population, declared the three DFNS regions it controls autonomous from the Syrian government.[1] Article 12 states the DFNS remains an "integral part of Syria", tentatively implementing an expected future federal Syrian governance in Northern Syria.[3]

The constitution has gained much international attention and is most noted for its explicit affirmation of minority rights and gender equality and a form of direct democracy known as 'democratic confederalism'.[4][5]

On 27–28 June 2016, the executive committee to organize a constitution for the region, to replace the 2014 constitution, presented its draft.[6]

Background

Areas controlled and claimed by Syrian Kurds and allies (Feb. 2014).

When the Syrian Civil War broke out in 2011, the Syrian Kurdish parties avoided taking sides. When Syrian government forces retreated in mid-2012 to fight the mostly Arab rebels elsewhere, Kurdish groups gradually took control.[7] On 12 July 2012, the two main political alliances in the DFNS, the Democratic Union Party (PYD) and the Kurdish National Council (KNC) formed Kurdish Supreme Committee (KSC) as the overarching governing body of all three self-proclaimed cantons of Afrin, Kobane and Jazira. A committee was appointed to write a transitional constitution.[8] The PYD and its armed wing People's Protection Units (YPG) soon became the dominant force,[7] trying to establish one-party governance in November 2013,[8] but in January 2014 it agreed to form a coalition government with the KNC.[7]

Contents

Preamble

Text of the preamble:[9]

We, the people of the Democratic Autonomous Regions of Afrin, Jazira and Kobani, a confederation of Kurds, Arabs, Syriacs, Arameans, Turkmen, Armenians and Chechens, freely and solemnly declare and establish this Charter.

In pursuit of freedom, justice, dignity and democracy and led by principles of equality and environmental sustainability, the Charter proclaims a new social contract, based upon mutual and peaceful coexistence and understanding between all strands of society. It protects fundamental human rights and liberties and reaffirms the peoples’ right to self-determination.

Under the Charter, we, the people of the Autonomous Regions, unite in the spirit of reconciliation, pluralism and democratic participation so that all may express themselves freely in public life. In building a society free from authoritarianism, militarism, centralism and the intervention of religious authority in public affairs, the Charter recognizes Syria’s territorial integrity and aspires to maintain domestic and international peace.

In establishing this Charter, we declare a political system and civil administration founded upon a social contract that reconciles the rich mosaic of Syria through a transitional phase from dictatorship, civil war and destruction, to a new democratic society where civic life and social justice are preserved.

General Principles - (Articles 1–12) The section "I General Principles" lists general principles. Article 4 lists the structure of the government. Article 3 and 5 lists the administrative centers of each canton. Article 12 confirms Rojava as an integral part of Syria.
Basic Principles - (Articles 13–20) The section "II General Principles" contains basic principles. Article 15 declares the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) as the sole military force of Rojava.
Rights and Liberties - (Articles 21–44) The section "III Rights and Liberties" lists rights and liberties. Article 21 refers to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
Legislative Assembly - (Articles 45–53) The section "IV Legislative Assembly" outlines the responsibilities of the Legislative Assembly.
Executive Council - (Articles 54–62) The section "V Executive Council" outlines the responsibilities of the Executive Council.
Judicial Council - (Articles 63–75) The section "VI Judicial Council" outlines the responsibilities of the Judicial Council.
Higher Commission of Elections - (Article 76) The section "VII Higher Commission of Elections" outlines the responsibilities of the Higher Commission of Elections.
Supreme Constitutional Court - (Article 77–80) The section "VIII Supreme Constitutional Court" outlines the responsibilities of the Supreme Constitutional Court.

General Rules (Articles 81–96)

The section "IX General Rules" lists general rules including criteria for constitutional amendment and martial law. Article 95 lists the bodies of the executive council:

  1. Body of Foreign Relations
  2. Body of Defense
  3. Body of Internal Affairs
  4. Body of Justice
  5. Body of Cantonal and Municipal Councils and affiliated to it Committee of Planning and Census
  6. Body of Finance, and affiliated to it a)-Committee on Banking Regulations. b)- Committee of Customs and Excise
  7. Body of Social Affairs
  8. Body of Education
  9. Body of Agriculture
  10. Body of Energy
  11. Body of Health
  12. Body of Trade and Economic Cooperation
  13. Body of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs
  14. Body of Culture
  15. Body of Transport
  16. Body of Youth and Sports
  17. Body of Environment, Tourism and Historical Objects
  18. Body of Religious Affairs
  19. Body of Family and Gender Equality
  20. Body of Human Rights
  21. Body of Communications
  22. Body of Food Security

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Charter of the Social Contract- Self-Rule in Rojava". Peace in Kurdistan. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  2. ^ "The Constitution of the Rojava Cantons". Mutlu Çiviroğlu. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  3. ^ Joris Leverink (22 February 2015). "The Revolution Behind the Headlines: Autonomy in Northern Syria". TeleSUR. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  4. ^
  5. ^
  6. ^ "After approving constitution, what's next for Syria's Kurds?". Al-Monitor. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  7. ^ a b c "Who are the Kurds?". BBC News. 21 October 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  8. ^ a b "PYD announces surprise interim government in Syria's Kurdish regions". Rudaw. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  9. ^ "The Constitution of the Rojava Cantons". civiroglu.net.
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