Hackles: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Expression of the Emotions Figure 5.png|thumb|Drawing of a dog with raised hackles]] |
[[File:Expression of the Emotions Figure 5.png|thumb|Drawing of a dog with raised hackles]] |
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In mammals, the hackles are the hairs of the neck and back which become erect when the animal is fearful, as part of the [[fight-or-flight response]],<ref name=Hudson>{{cite book|last1=Hudson|first1=Lola|last2=Hamilton|first2=William|title=Atlas of Feline Anatomy For Veterinarians|date=2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781351465311|page=<!-- no page numbers in e-book -->|chapter=Arrector pili muscles}}</ref> or to show dominance over subordinate animals. Raising the hackles causes the animal to appear larger,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dallas|first1=Sue|last2=Ackerman|first2=Nicola|editor1-last=Ackerman|editor1-first=Nicola|editor2-last=Aspinall|editor2-first=Victoria|title=Aspinall's Complete Textbook of Veterinary Nursing|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780702066092|page=111|chapter=Chapter 6. Canine and feline anatomy and physiology}}</ref> and acts as a visual warning to other animals.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Svartberg|first1=Kenth|last2=Forkman|first2=Björn|title=Personality traits in the domestic dog (''Canis familiaris'')|journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science|date=October 20, 2002|volume=79|issue=2|pages=133–155|doi=10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00121-1}}</ref> Raised hackles are used by [[Gray wolf|grey wolves]] as a dominance behavior,<ref name="Serpell">{{cite book|editor=James Serpell|others=pencil drawings by Priscilla Barrett|title=The domestic dog : its evolution, behaviour, and interactions with people|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=9780521425377|page=118|edition=Repr.}}</ref> and by cats and [[striped hyena]] which are fearful or threatened.<ref name="Hudson" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Estes|first1=Richard D.|title=The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates|date=1999|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=9781603581851|page=286}}</ref> The process by which the hair is raised is called [[piloerection]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Taibo|first1=Angela|title=Veterinary Medical Terminology: Guide and Workbook|date=2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118774670|page=<!-- no page numbers in e-book -->|chapter=Chapter 11: The integumentary system}}</ref> The contraction of the [[arrector pili muscle]] associated with each [[hair follicle]] causes the hair to become erect.<ref name=Hudson/> |
In mammals, the hackles are the hairs of the neck and back which become erect when the animal is fearful, as part of the [[fight-or-flight response]],<ref name=Hudson>{{cite book|last1=Hudson|first1=Lola|last2=Hamilton|first2=William|title=Atlas of Feline Anatomy For Veterinarians|date=2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781351465311|page=<!-- no page numbers in e-book -->|chapter=Arrector pili muscles}}</ref> or to show dominance over subordinate animals. Raising the hackles causes the animal to appear larger,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dallas|first1=Sue|last2=Ackerman|first2=Nicola|editor1-last=Ackerman|editor1-first=Nicola|editor2-last=Aspinall|editor2-first=Victoria|title=Aspinall's Complete Textbook of Veterinary Nursing|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780702066092|page=111|chapter=Chapter 6. Canine and feline anatomy and physiology}}</ref> and acts as a visual warning to other animals.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Svartberg|first1=Kenth|last2=Forkman|first2=Björn|title=Personality traits in the domestic dog (''Canis familiaris'')|journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science|date=October 20, 2002|volume=79|issue=2|pages=133–155|doi=10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00121-1}}</ref> Raised hackles are used by [[Gray wolf|grey wolves]] as a dominance behavior,<ref name="Serpell">{{cite book|editor=James Serpell|others=pencil drawings by Priscilla Barrett|title=The domestic dog : its evolution, behaviour, and interactions with people|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=9780521425377|page=118|edition=Repr.}}</ref> by moose preparing to attack,<ref>{{Citation|last=Colorado Parks and Wildlife|title=Moose Attacks Are Increasing|date=2018-10-15|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6Qj9K_eJJE|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref> and by cats and [[striped hyena]] which are fearful or threatened.<ref name="Hudson" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Estes|first1=Richard D.|title=The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates|date=1999|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=9781603581851|page=286}}</ref> The process by which the hair is raised is called [[piloerection]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Taibo|first1=Angela|title=Veterinary Medical Terminology: Guide and Workbook|date=2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118774670|page=<!-- no page numbers in e-book -->|chapter=Chapter 11: The integumentary system}}</ref> The contraction of the [[arrector pili muscle]] associated with each [[hair follicle]] causes the hair to become erect.<ref name=Hudson/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 10:29, 24 October 2018
Hackles are the erectile plumage or hair in the neck area of some birds and mammals.
In birds, the hackle is the group of feathers found along the back and side of the neck.[1] The hackles of some types of chicken, particularly roosters, are long, fine, and often brightly coloured.[2] These hackles may be used in fly fishing as lures.[2]
In mammals, the hackles are the hairs of the neck and back which become erect when the animal is fearful, as part of the fight-or-flight response,[3] or to show dominance over subordinate animals. Raising the hackles causes the animal to appear larger,[4] and acts as a visual warning to other animals.[5] Raised hackles are used by grey wolves as a dominance behavior,[6] by moose preparing to attack,[7] and by cats and striped hyena which are fearful or threatened.[3][8] The process by which the hair is raised is called piloerection.[9] The contraction of the arrector pili muscle associated with each hair follicle causes the hair to become erect.[3]
References
Look up hackle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- ^ Damerow, Gail (2012). The Chicken Encyclopedia: An Illustrated Reference. Storey Publishing. p. 137. ISBN 9781603427760.
- ^ a b Damerow, Gail (2010). "Chapter 1: Choosing a breed". Guide to Raising Chickens. Storey Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 9781603424691.
- ^ a b c Hudson, Lola; Hamilton, William (2017). "Arrector pili muscles". Atlas of Feline Anatomy For Veterinarians. CRC Press. ISBN 9781351465311.
- ^ Dallas, Sue; Ackerman, Nicola (2016). "Chapter 6. Canine and feline anatomy and physiology". In Ackerman, Nicola; Aspinall, Victoria (eds.). Aspinall's Complete Textbook of Veterinary Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 111. ISBN 9780702066092.
- ^ Svartberg, Kenth; Forkman, Björn (October 20, 2002). "Personality traits in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 79 (2): 133–155. doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00121-1.
- ^ James Serpell, ed. (1999). The domestic dog : its evolution, behaviour, and interactions with people. pencil drawings by Priscilla Barrett (Repr. ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780521425377.
- ^ Colorado Parks and Wildlife (2018-10-15), Moose Attacks Are Increasing, retrieved 2018-10-24
- ^ Estes, Richard D. (1999). The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 286. ISBN 9781603581851.
- ^ Taibo, Angela (2014). "Chapter 11: The integumentary system". Veterinary Medical Terminology: Guide and Workbook. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118774670.
