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#REDIRECT [[Assisted reproductive technology]]
'''Germinal choice technology''' refers to a set of [[reprogenetic]] technologies which currently or are expected to in the future allow parents to influence the [[genotype|genetic constitution]]s of their children. This could be done through [[genetic screening]] of [[blastocyst]]s (early [[embryo]]s), or through [[human germline engineering|germline engineering]], which refers to [[human genetic engineering]] used to alter [[gene]]s in the first cells of the blastocyst.<ref name="Wagner 2002">{{cite journal |author=Wagner, Cynthia G. |title=Germinal Choice Technology: Our Evolutionary Future. An Interview with Gregory Stock |year=2002 |url=http://www.wfs.org/intstock.htm |accessdate=2006-02-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207090538/http://www.wfs.org/intstock.htm |archivedate=2006-02-07 |df= }}</ref> Germline engineering changes the genes in a sperm or an egg, which impacts all future DNA of every cell in the embryo. The philosophical movement associated with this technology is [[transhumanism]].

Screening technologies have been in use since at least the mid 1990s to reduce the incidence of [[genetic disorders]], and what can be tested for were expected to become increasingly sophisticated in the early 2010s.<ref>(2015) [http://www.who.int/genomics/professionals/laboratories/en/ Genetic laboratories and clinics] World health Organization, Genomic resource centre, Retrieved 26 April 2015</ref> Maturation in these fields would increase the range and sophistication of decisions open to parents. Germline engineering and even the engineering of [[human artificial chromosome]]s (which presently allow increased reliability) are presently being done in animals.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sasaki | first1 = E. | last2 = Suemizu | first2 = H. | last3 = Shimada | first3 = A. | last4 = Hanazawa | first4 = K. | last5 = Oiwa | first5 = R. | last6 = Kamioka | first6 = M. | last7 = Tomioka | first7 = I. | last8 = Sotomaru | first8 = Y. | last9 = Hirakawa | first9 = R. | last10 = Eto | doi = 10.1038/nature08090 | first10 = T. | last11 = Shiozawa | first11 = S. | last12 = Maeda | first12 = T. | last13 = Ito | first13 = M. | last14 = Ito | first14 = R. | last15 = Kito | first15 = C. | last16 = Yagihashi | first16 = C. | last17 = Kawai | first17 = K. | last18 = Miyoshi | first18 = H. | last19 = Tanioka | first19 = Y. | last20 = Tamaoki | first20 = N. | last21 = Habu | first21 = S. | last22 = Okano | first22 = H. | last23 = Nomura | first23 = T. | title = Generation of transgenic non-human primates with germline transmission | journal = Nature | volume = 459 | issue = 7246 | pages = 523–527 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19478777| pmc = |bibcode = 2009Natur.459..523S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.051| title = Selective Elimination of Mitochondrial Mutations in the Germline by Genome Editing| journal = Cell| volume = 161| issue = 3| pages = 459| year = 2015| last1 = Reddy | first1 = P. | last2 = Ocampo | first2 = A. | last3 = Suzuki | first3 = K. | last4 = Luo | first4 = J. | last5 = Bacman | first5 = S. R. | last6 = Williams | first6 = S. L. | last7 = Sugawara | first7 = A. | last8 = Okamura | first8 = D. | last9 = Tsunekawa | first9 = Y. | last10 = Wu | first10 = J. | last11 = Lam | first11 = D. | last12 = Xiong | first12 = X. | last13 = Montserrat | first13 = N. | last14 = Esteban | first14 = C. R. | last15 = Liu | first15 = G. H. | last16 = Sancho-Martinez | first16 = I. | last17 = Manau | first17 = D. | last18 = Civico | first18 = S. | last19 = Cardellach | first19 = F. | last20 = Del Mar o’Callaghan | first20 = M. | last21 = Campistol | first21 = J. | last22 = Zhao | first22 = H. | last23 = Campistol | first23 = J. M. | last24 = Moraes | first24 = C. T. | last25 = Izpisua Belmonte | first25 = J. C. | url = http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(15)00371-2 | pmid=25910206 | pmc=4505837}}</ref> Chinese scientists reported in 2015 that they had modified the [[genome]]s of non-viable human [[embryo]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature.2015.17378| title = Chinese scientists genetically modify human embryos| journal = Nature| year = 2015| last1 = Cyranoski | first1 = D. | last2 = Reardon | first2 = S. | url = http://www.nature.com/news/chinese-scientists-genetically-modify-human-embryos-1.17378 }}</ref> Fredreik Lanner, a Swedish scientist, was reported in 2016 to have modified the genomes of healthy human embryos which were destroyed before they were 14 days old and British scientists in 2016 received permission to edit genes in human embryos which were to be destroyed after seven days.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Callaway|first=Ewen|date=2016-02-04|title=UK scientists gain licence to edit genes in human embryos|url=http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature.2016.19270|journal=Nature|volume=530|issue=7588|pages=18–18|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.19270|pmid=26842037|bibcode=2016Natur.530...18C}}</ref> Geert Hamer at the [[Academic Medical Center]], [[University of Amsterdam]] forecast in 2016 that correcting the genetic mutations that cause male infertility could be achieved in five to ten years. This had already been done in mice and, if successful in humans, could be the first case of germline engineering.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2094926-male-infertility-cure-will-be-gateway-to-editing-our-kids-genes/|title=Male infertility cure will be gateway to editing our kids’ genes|last=Le Page|first=Michael|first2=|date=2016-07-02|page=19|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-06|subscription=Yes |volume =231 |issue = 3080|doi=10.1016/s0262-4079(16)31185-x|journal=New Scientist}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Designer baby]]
* [[Procreative beneficence]]
* [[Procreative liberty]]
* [[Repository for Germinal Choice]]
* [[Human germline engineering]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}
*Paul, Diane B. (2002). ''[http://www.americanscientist.org/template/BookReviewTypeDetail/assetid/17662 Swashbuckling into the Nebulous Future]''. ''[[American Scientist]]''. (criticism)
{{refend}}

[[Category:Biotechnology]]
[[Category:Bioethics]]
[[Category:Genetic engineering|*]]
[[Category:Molecular genetics]]
[[Category:Human reproduction]]
[[Category:Transhumanism]]


{{biotech-stub}}

Revision as of 02:46, 18 September 2018

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