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The first round of the 2022 French presidential election will be held between 8 and 23 April 2022, with the second round held two weeks after the first. Should no candidate win a majority of the vote in the first round, a runoff will be held between the top two candidates two weeks later. The incumbent president is Emmanuel Macron of La République En Marche!, who won the 2017 presidential election and will remain in office until 13 May 2022.
Background
The President of the French Republic is elected to a five-year term in a two-round election under Article 7 of the constitution: if no candidate secures an absolute majority (including blank and void ballots) of votes in the first round, a second round is held two weeks later between the two candidates who received the most votes.[1] Per the constitution, the first round of the presidential election must be held between 20 and 35 days before the transition of power at the end of the five-year term of the incumbent president. Because Emmanuel Macron took office on 14 May 2017, the transition of power is slated to take place on 13 May 2022, meaning that the first round of the presidential election will be held between 8 and 23 April 2022, with the second round held two weeks after the first.[2]
To be listed on the first-round ballot, candidates must secure 500 signatures (often referred to as parrainages) from national or local elected officials from at least 30 different departments or overseas collectivities, with no more than a tenth of these signatories from any single department.[3]
Potential candidates
Debout la France
- Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, president of Debout la France, deputy for Essonne's 8th constituency, and candidate in the 2012 and 2017 presidential elections[4]
National Front
- Marine Le Pen, president of the National Front since 2011, deputy for Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituency since 2017, regional councillor of Hauts-de-France since 2016, and candidate in the 2012 and 2017 presidential elections[5]
- Marion Maréchal-Le Pen, deputy for Vaucluse's 3rd constituency from 2012 to 2017 and regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur from 2015 to 2017[6]
Génération.s, le mouvement
- Benoît Hamon, regional councillor of Île-de-France since 2015, Minister of National Education, Higher Education and Research in 2014, and candidate in the 2017 presidential election[7]
La France Insoumise
- Jean-Luc Mélenchon, deputy for Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency since 2017 and candidate in the 2012 and 2017 presidential elections[8]
La République En Marche!
- Emmanuel Macron, incumbent president since 2017, eligible for a second term[9]
The Republicans
- Xavier Bertrand, president of the regional council of Hauts-de-France since 2016[10]
- Valérie Pécresse, president of the regional council of Île-de-France since 2015[11]
- Laurent Wauquiez, president of The Republicans since 2017, president of the regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes since 2016[12]
Opinion polling
The surveys below show the preferred candidate of the right related to The Republicans, and are not of voting intention in a hypothetical primary.
- Among LR supporters
| Polling firm | Fieldwork date | Sample size |
Laurent Wauquiez | Xavier Bertrand | Valérie Pécresse | Christian Estrosi | None of these | No response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Independent/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | |||||
| Odoxa | 13–14 Dec 2017 | – | 64% | 32% | – | – | – | 4% |
| Odoxa | 6–7 Dec 2017 | 113 | 34% | 23% | 17% | 7% | 18% | 1% |
- Among right except FN supporters
| Polling firm | Fieldwork date | Sample size |
Laurent Wauquiez | Xavier Bertrand | No response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Independent/meta/color;"| | ||||
| Odoxa | 13–14 Dec 2017 | 149 | 59% | 36% | 5% |
- Among all French
| Polling firm | Fieldwork date | Sample size |
Laurent Wauquiez | Xavier Bertrand | Valérie Pécresse | Christian Estrosi | None of these | No response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Independent/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | |||||
| Odoxa | 13–14 Dec 2017 | 1,028 | 39% | 55% | – | – | – | 6% |
| Odoxa | 6–7 Dec 2017 | 986 | 15% | 17% | 9% | 4% | 52% | 3% |
Socialist Party
- Anne Hidalgo, mayor of Paris since 2014[13]
- François Hollande, president from 2012 to 2017[14]
Opinion polling
The surveys below show the preferred candidate of the left related to the Socialist Party, and are not of voting intention in a hypothetical primary.
- Among PS supporters
| Polling firm | Fieldwork date | Sample size |
Benoît Hamon | Manuel Valls | Najat Vallaud-Belkacem | Arnaud Montebourg | Stéphane Le Foll | Luc Carvounas | Olivier Faure | No response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:Génération.s, le mouvement/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Independent/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | ||||
| Odoxa | 29–30 Nov 2017 | 88 | 29% | 21% | 15% | 13% | 13% | 4% | 2% | 3% |
- Among left supporters
| Polling firm | Fieldwork date | Sample size |
Benoît Hamon | Manuel Valls | Najat Vallaud-Belkacem | Arnaud Montebourg | Stéphane Le Foll | Luc Carvounas | Olivier Faure | No response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:Génération.s, le mouvement/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Independent/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | ||||
| Odoxa | 29–30 Nov 2017 | 238 | 34% | 13% | 16% | 19% | 8% | 5% | 2% | 3% |
- Among all French
| Polling firm | Fieldwork date | Sample size |
Benoît Hamon | Manuel Valls | Najat Vallaud-Belkacem | Arnaud Montebourg | Stéphane Le Foll | Luc Carvounas | Olivier Faure | No response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:Génération.s, le mouvement/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Independent/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | ||||
| Odoxa | 29–30 Nov 2017 | 991 | 19% | 25% | 10% | 21% | 9% | 4% | 5% | 7% |
Non-candidates
- François Fillon, prime minister from 2007 to 2012 and candidate in the 2017 presidential election[15]
- Bruno Le Maire, Minister of Economy and Finance since 2017 and candidate in the 2016 primary of the right and centre[16]
- Philippe Poutou, candidate in the 2012 and 2017 presidential elections[17]
- Nicolas Sarkozy, president from 2007 to 2012 and candidate in the 2016 primary of the right and centre[18]
Opinion polling
First round
Approval ratings
The table below lists "political barometers" published by various polling organizations, which monitor the evolution of public opinion on the president, prime minister, and notable political personalities.
Ifop-Fiducial, in cooperation with Paris Match, CNews, and Sud Radio, publishes two polls each month: one on the popularity of the executive and the second on various political personalities, including Macron and Philippe. Only the first is listed in the table below.
| Polling firm |
Fieldwork date |
Sample size |
Emmanuel Macron | Édouard Philippe | Question wording | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class="unsortable" colspan="4" style="background:Template:La République En Marche!/meta/color;"| | class="unsortable" colspan="4" style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | ||||||||||
| Approve | Disapprove | No opinion | Net | Approve | Disapprove | No opinion | Net | ||||
| Elabe | 2–3 Jan 2018 | 1,001 | 42% | 50% | 8% | 8% | 37% | 48% | 15% | 11% | [a] |
| Harris | 26–28 Dec 2017 | 900 | 52% | 47% | 1% | 5% | 49% | 51% | 0% | 2% | [b] |
| BVA | 18–19 Dec 2017 | 1,199 | 52% | 45% | 3% | 7% | 52% | 44% | 4% | 8% | [c] |
| Ifop | 8–16 Dec 2017 | 1,942 | 52% | 46% | 2% | 6% | 54% | 42% | 4% | 12% | [d] |
| Odoxa | 13–14 Dec 2017 | 1,028 | 54% | 46% | 0% | 8% | 57% | 42% | 1% | 15% | [e] |
| Viavoice | 11–13 Dec 2017 | 1,008 | 46% | 38% | 16% | 8% | 44% | ? | ? | ? | [f] |
| Ipsos | 8–9 Dec 2017 | 1,016 | 39% | 50% | 11% | 11% | 37% | 47% | 16% | 10% | [g] |
| Ifop-Fiducial | 1–2 Dec 2017 | 978 | 50% | 48% | 2% | 2% | 52% | 44% | 4% | 8% | [h] |
| YouGov | 29–30 Nov 2017 | 1,006 | 35% | 50% | 15% | 15% | 36% | 43% | 21% | 7% | [i] |
| Harris | 28–30 Nov 2017 | 937 | 46% | 53% | 1% | 7% | 48% | 52% | 0% | 4% | [b] |
| Elabe | 28–29 Nov 2017 | 1,001 | 40% | 54% | 6% | 14% | 39% | 47% | 14% | 8% | [a] |
| BVA | 27–28 Nov 2017 | 972 | 46% | 51% | 3% | 5% | 50% | 46% | 4% | 4% | [c] |
| Kantar Sofres | 23–27 Nov 2017 | 1,000 | 42% | 54% | 4% | 12% | 40% | 50% | 10% | 10% | [j] |
| Odoxa | 22–23 Nov 2017 | 1,009 | 45% | 55% | 0% | 10% | 46% | 53% | 1% | 7% | [e] |
| Ifop | 10–18 Nov 2017 | 1,964 | 46% | 52% | 2% | 6% | 49% | 45% | 6% | 4% | [d] |
| Ipsos | 10–11 Nov 2017 | 1,043 | 37% | 53% | 10% | 16% | 36% | 45% | 19% | 9% | [g] |
| Viavoice | 31 Oct–2 Nov 2017 | 1,002 | 40% | 46% | 14% | 6% | 40% | 37% | 23% | 3% | [f] |
| Elabe | 30–31 Oct 2017 | 1,152 | 38% | 56% | 6% | 18% | 38% | 53% | 9% | 15% | [a] |
| Ifop-Fiducial | 27–28 Oct 2017 | 1,004 | 44% | 55% | 1% | 11% | 50% | 46% | 4% | 4% | [h] |
| Kantar Sofres | 25–28 Oct 2017 | 983 | 38% | 57% | 5% | 19% | 36% | 54% | 10% | 18% | [j] |
| YouGov | 25–27 Oct 2017 | 1,034 | 32% | 55% | 13% | 23% | 32% | 46% | 23% | 14% | [i] |
| Harris | 24–26 Oct 2017 | 917 | 48% | 52% | 0% | 4% | 48% | 52% | 0% | 4% | [b] |
| BVA | 24–25 Oct 2017 | 1,193 | 42% | 56% | 2% | 14% | 44% | 50% | 6% | 6% | [c] |
| Ifop | 13–21 Oct 2017 | 1,938 | 42% | 56% | 2% | 14% | 47% | 47% | 6% | 0% | [d] |
| Odoxa | 18–19 Oct 2017 | 995 | 44% | 56% | 0% | 12% | 45% | 54% | 1% | 9% | [e] |
| Ipsos | 13–14 Oct 2017 | 957 | 34% | 54% | 12% | 20% | 33% | 49% | 18% | 16% | [g] |
| Elabe | 3–4 Oct 2017 | 1,001 | 40% | 54% | 6% | 14% | 36% | 50% | 14% | 14% | [a] |
| Kantar Sofres | 28 Sep–2 Oct 2017 | 1,000 | 39% | 56% | 5% | 17% | 37% | 52% | 11% | 15% | [j] |
| Ifop-Fiducial | 29–30 Sep 2017 | 1,003 | 44% | 55% | 1% | 11% | 52% | 46% | 2% | 6% | [h] |
| YouGov | 27–28 Sep 2017 | 1,002 | 32% | 56% | 12% | 24% | 34% | 47% | 19% | 13% | [i] |
| Harris | 26–28 Sep 2017 | 914 | 49% | 51% | 0% | 2% | 48% | 51% | 1% | 3% | [b] |
| BVA | 25–26 Sep 2017 | 1,092 | 45% | 51% | 4% | 6% | 48% | 46% | 6% | 2% | [c] |
| Ifop | 15–23 Sep 2017 | 1,989 | 45% | 53% | 2% | 8% | 48% | 46% | 6% | 2% | [d] |
| Odoxa | 13–14 Sep 2017 | 992 | 44% | 56% | 0% | 12% | 46% | 53% | 1% | 7% | [e] |
| Viavoice | 12–13 Sep 2017 | 1,007 | 38% | 47% | 15% | 9% | 40% | 40% | 20% | 0% | [f] |
| Ipsos | 8–9 Sep 2017 | 988 | 32% | 54% | 14% | 22% | 32% | 48% | 20% | 16% | [g] |
| Elabe | 5–6 Sep 2017 | 1,002 | 37% | 58% | 5% | 21% | 32% | 57% | 11% | 25% | [a] |
| Ifop-Fiducial | 1–2 Sep 2017 | 1,003 | 46% | 54% | 0% | 8% | 52% | 46% | 2% | 6% | [h] |
| YouGov | 28–29 Aug 2017 | 1,003 | 30% | 54% | 15% | 24% | 32% | 47% | 21% | 15% | [i] |
| BVA | 28–29 Aug 2017 | 1,162 | 43% | 55% | 2% | 12% | 46% | 50% | 4% | 4% | [c] |
| Kantar Sofres | 24–28 Aug 2017 | 983 | 41% | 52% | 7% | 11% | 39% | 47% | 14% | 8% | [j] |
| Ifop | 25–26 Aug 2017 | 1,023 | 40% | 57% | 3% | 17% | 47% | 45% | 8% | 2% | [d] |
| Harris | 22–24 Aug 2017 | 942 | 46% | 54% | 0% | 8% | 44% | 56% | 0% | 12% | [b] |
| Elabe | 1–2 Aug 2017 | 1,000 | 40% | 55% | 5% | 15% | 37% | 51% | 12% | 14% | [a] |
| YouGov | 26–27 Jul 2017 | 1,003 | 36% | 49% | 14% | 13% | 37% | 42% | 21% | 5% | [i] |
| Harris | 25–27 Jul 2017 | 1,000 | 51% | 49% | 0% | 2% | 49% | 50% | 1% | 1% | [b] |
| Ipsos | 21–22 Jul 2017 | 1,022 | 42% | 42% | 16% | 0% | 41% | 36% | 23% | 5% | [g] |
| Ifop | 17–22 Jul 2017 | 1,947 | 54% | 43% | 3% | 11% | 56% | 37% | 7% | 19% | [d] |
| BVA | 17–18 Jul 2017 | 1,007 | 54% | 44% | 2% | 10% | 55% | 42% | 3% | 13% | [c] |
| Ifop-Fiducial | 7–8 Jul 2017 | 1,002 | 56% | 42% | 2% | 14% | 60% | 37% | 3% | 23% | [h] |
| Elabe | 4–5 Jul 2017 | 999 | 45% | 46% | 9% | 1% | 43% | 46% | 11% | 3% | [a] |
| YouGov | 28–30 Jun 2017 | 1,016 | 43% | 36% | 21% | 7% | 39% | 31% | 30% | 8% | [i] |
| Harris | 27–29 Jun 2017 | 941 | 59% | 41% | 0% | 18% | 58% | 42% | 0% | 16% | [b] |
| Viavoice | 23–26 Jun 2017 | 1,011 | 53% | 27% | 20% | 26% | 46% | 25% | 29% | 21% | [f] |
| Kantar Sofres | 22–26 Jun 2017 | 1,000 | 54% | 39% | 7% | 15% | 47% | 38% | 15% | 9% | [j] |
| Ipsos | 23–24 Jun 2017 | 1,058 | 45% | 27% | 28% | 18% | 39% | 24% | 37% | 15% | [g] |
| Ifop | 14–24 Jun 2017 | 1,883 | 64% | 35% | 1% | 29% | 64% | 32% | 4% | 32% | [d] |
| Odoxa | 21–22 Jun 2017 | 1,008 | 58% | 41% | 1% | 17% | 57% | 41% | 2% | 16% | [e] |
| BVA | 19–20 Jun 2017 | 1,187 | 59% | 39% | 2% | 20% | 57% | 38% | 5% | 19% | [c] |
| Ifop-Fiducial | 16–17 Jun 2017 | 980 | 60% | 38% | 2% | 22% | 61% | 36% | 3% | 25% | [h] |
| Elabe | 5–6 Jun 2017 | 1,001 | 45% | 45% | 10% | 0% | 38% | 46% | 16% | 8% | [a] |
| Kantar Sofres | 24–29 May 2017 | 1,000 | 57% | 38% | 5% | 19% | 49% | 36% | 15% | 13% | [j] |
| Harris | 23–26 May 2017 | 934 | 57% | 43% | 0% | 14% | 53% | 46% | 1% | 7% | [b] |
| YouGov | 24–25 May 2017 | 1,008 | 39% | 32% | 29% | 7% | 31% | 28% | 40% | 3% | [i] |
| Odoxa | 22–23 May 2017 | 1,014 | 58% | 41% | 1% | 17% | 55% | 43% | 2% | 12% | [e] |
| BVA | 22–23 May 2017 | 1,011 | 62% | 35% | 3% | 27% | 59% | 34% | 7% | 25% | [c] |
| Viavoice | 19–22 May 2017 | 1,006 | 49% | 30% | 21% | 19% | 33% | 25% | 42% | 8% | [f] |
| Ipsos | 19–20 May 2017 | 1,015 | 46% | 27% | 27% | 19% | 31% | 21% | 48% | 10% | [g] |
| Ifop-Fiducial | 19–20 May 2017 | 1,006 | 66% | 30% | 4% | 36% | 63% | 27% | 10% | 36% | [h] |
| Ifop | 19–20 May 2017 | 973 | 62% | 31% | 7% | 31% | 55% | 24% | 21% | 31% | [d] |
| Elabe | 16–17 May 2017 | 999 | 45% | 46% | 9% | 1% | 36% | 43% | 21% | 7% | [a] |
Graphical summary
The graphical summaries below exclude "no response", "no opinion", and "don't know".
- Emmanuel Macron
File:Baromètre politique Macron 2.png
- Édouard Philippe
File:Baromètre politique Philippe 2.png
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Faites-vous confiance ou pas confiance au Président de la République, Emmanuel MACRON, pour affronter efficacement les principaux problèmes qui se posent au pays ? Faites-vous confiance ou pas confiance au Premier ministre, Edouard PHILIPPE, pour affronter efficacement les principaux problèmes qui se posent au pays ?
- ^ a b c d e f g h Faites-vous tout à fait confiance, plutôt confiance, plutôt pas confiance ou pas du tout confiance à Emmanuel Macron / Edouard Philippe en tant que Président de la République / Premier ministre pour mener une bonne politique pour la France ?
- ^ a b c d e f g h Quelle opinion avez-vous d’… (1) Emmanuel Macron en tant que président de la République ?; (2) Edouard Philippe en tant que Premier ministre ?
- ^ a b c d e f g h Êtes-vous satisfait ou mécontent d’Emmanuel Macron comme Président de la République ? Êtes-vous satisfait ou mécontent d’Edouard Philippe comme Premier ministre ?
- ^ a b c d e f Diriez-vous qu’Emmanuel Macron est un bon Président de la République ? Diriez-vous qu’Edouard Philippe est un bon Premier ministre ?
- ^ a b c d e Avez-vous plutôt une bonne opinion ou plutôt une mauvaise opinion d’Emmanuel Macron, en tant que Président de la République ? Avez-vous plutôt une bonne opinion ou plutôt une mauvaise opinion d’Edouard Philippe, en tant que Premier Ministre ?
- ^ a b c d e f g Quel jugement portez-vous sur l'action d’Emmanuel Macron en tant que président de la République ? Quel jugement portez-vous sur l'action d’Edouard Philippe en tant que Premier ministre ?
- ^ a b c d e f g Approuvez-vous ou n’approuvez-vous pas l’action d’Emmanuel Macron comme Président de la République ? Approuvez-vous ou n’approuvez-vous pas l’action d’Edouard Philippe comme Premier ministre ?
- ^ a b c d e f g Quel jugement portez-vous sur l’action d'Emmanuel Macron comme Président de la République ? Quel jugement portez-vous sur l’action d'Edouard Philippe comme Premier Ministre ?
- ^ a b c d e f Faites-vous tout à fait confiance, plutôt confiance, plutôt pas confiance ou pas du tout confiance à ... pour résoudre les problèmes qui se posent en France actuellement ?
References
- ^ "Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 - Article 7". Légifrance. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ "Comment les dates de l'élection sont-elles choisies ?". Conseil constitutionnel présidentielle 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ "Concernant les parrainages, qu'est-ce qui a changé depuis 2012 ?". Conseil constitutionnel présidentielle 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ Lucas Burel; Paul Laubacher (29 October 2017). "Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, l'homme qui y croit encore". L'Obs. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ "Marine Le Pen : "Je suis la plus solide et la mieux placée" pour 2022". Europe 1. Agence France-Presse. 21 September 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ "La nouvelle vie de Marion Maréchal-Le Pen, loin de la politique". Europe 1. Maxence Lambrecq. 12 September 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ "Hamon lance son mouvement et quitte le PS". Les Échos. Agence France-Presse. 1 July 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ Marcelo Wesfreid (12 July 2017). "Jean-Luc Mélenchon se pose en premier opposant au gouvernement". Le Figaro. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ Sébastien Tronche (2 July 2017). "Richard Ferrand aux députés LREM : "l'objectif, c'est la réélection d'Emmanuel Macron en 2022"". Europe 1. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ Bruno Roger-Petit (26 June 2017). "Xavier Bertrand, dernier espoir de la droite avant Wauquiez". Challenges. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ Valérie Hacot (11 September 2017). "Avec son nouveau mouvement Libres!, Pécresse se fait le refuge des anti-Wauquiez". Le Parisien. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ Alain Duhamel (11 October 2017). "Laurent Wauquiez, le challenger de 2022". Libération. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ Myriam Encaoua (16 October 2017). "Anne Hidalgo : «Nous avons gagné les JO 2024 car nous sommes engagés dans l'écologie»". Le Parisien. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ "Législatives : François Hollande réconforte les socialistes battus". Le Parisien. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ Michaël Bloch (19 November 2017). "François Fillon : "La politique peut vous détruire"". Le Journal du Dimanche. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ Arthur Berdah (19 November 2017). "Bruno Le Maire exhorte Emmanuel Macron à se représenter en 2022". Le Figaro. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ Clarisse Martin (20 April 2017). "Philippe Poutou ne sera pas candidat à la présidentielle de 2022". RTL. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ "Nicolas Sarkozy : «J'abandonne la politique parce qu'on ne gagne pas assez d'argent»". La Dépêche du Midi. 11 August 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
