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Shqip(ë)tar (plural: Shqiptarët; Gheg Albanian: Shqyptar^[1]), is an Albanian language ethnonym (endonym), by which Albanians call themselves.^[2] They call their country Shqipëria (Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia).

History

During the Middle Ages, Albanians called their country Arbëria (Gheg: Arbënia) and referred to themselves as Arbëresh (Gheg: Arbënesh) while known to neighbouring peoples as Arbanasi, Arbanenses / Albaneses, Arvanites / Arbanites, Arnaut.^[3]

In the Ottoman era, Shqipëria and Shqiptarë gradually replaced the old endonyms, which were preserved in the Albanian diaspora, namely the Arbëreshë of Italy, the Arvanites of Greece, and the Arbanasi of Croatia.^[4]

Etymology

The newspaper *Sqipetari*, published by the Albanian community of Romania (1889)

Gustav Meyer derived Shqiptar from the Albanian verbs shqipoj ("to speak clearly") and shqiptoj ("to speak out, pronounce"), which are in turn derived from the Latin verb excipere, denoting people who speak the same language, similar to the ethno-linguistic dichotomies Sloven—Nemac and Deutsch—Wälsch.^[2] The word is first mentioned in the book Meshari (1555) of Gjon Buzuku.^[5]

Petar Skok suggested that the name originated from Scupi (Albanian: Shkupi), the capital of the Roman province of Dardania (today's Skopje); Albanian demonym Shkuptar (as in inhabitant of Skopje) changed to Shkiptar, and later to Shqiptar.

Maximilian Lambertz derived Shqiptar from the Albanian noun shqipe or shqiponjë (eagle). The eagle was a common heraldic symbol, for example the flag of Skanderbeg, whose family symbol was the black double-headed eagle, as displayed on the Albanian flag.^[6]

Non-Albanian usage

Use in Western Europe

Skipetar/s is a historical rendering of Shqiptar by some Western European authors^[who?] (Edith Durham) in use from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. ^[7]

Use in South Slavic languages

The Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian word Šiptar (Cyrillic: Шиптар) is considered derogatory by some Albanians when used by South Slavs, comparable to the Italian word "terrone". The official (and politically correct) term for Albanians in South Slavic languages is Albanac (plural: Albanci).

References

^ Fialuur i voghel Sccyp e ltinisct (Small Dictionary of Albanian and Latin), 1895, Shkodër
^ ^a ^b Mirdita, Zef (1969). "Iliri i etnogeneza Albanaca". Iz istorije Albanaca. Zbornik predavanja. Priručnik za nastavnike. Beograd: Zavod za izdavanje udžbenika Socijalističke Republike Srbije. pp. 13–14. {{cite conference}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
^ Noel Malcolm. Kosovo, a short history. London: Macmillan, 1998
^ Robert Elsie (2010), Historical Dictionary of Albania, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, vol. 75 (2 ed.), Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0810861886
^ Kristo Frashëri. Etnogjeneza e shqiptarëve - Vështrim historik 2013
^ Harry Hodgkison (2005). Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero. ISBN 1-85043-941-9.
^ Bardhyl Demiraj (2010). "Shqiptar–The generalization of this ethnic name in the XVIII century". Wir sind die Deinen: Studien zur albanischen Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an Martin Camaj (1925-1992) gewidmet. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 533–565. ISBN 9783447062213.

[1] Fialuur i voghel Sccyp e ltinisct (Small Dictionary of Albanian and Latin), 1895, Shkodër

[mirdita-2] Mirdita, Zef (1969). "Iliri i etnogeneza Albanaca". Iz istorije Albanaca. Zbornik predavanja. Priručnik za nastavnike. Beograd: Zavod za izdavanje udžbenika Socijalističke Republike Srbije. pp. 13–14. {{cite conference}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)

[3] Noel Malcolm. Kosovo, a short history. London: Macmillan, 1998

[4] Robert Elsie (2010), Historical Dictionary of Albania, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, vol. 75 (2 ed.), Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0810861886

[5] Kristo Frashëri. Etnogjeneza e shqiptarëve - Vështrim historik 2013

[6] Harry Hodgkison (2005). Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero. ISBN 1-85043-941-9.

[7] Bardhyl Demiraj (2010). "Shqiptar–The generalization of this ethnic name in the XVIII century". Wir sind die Deinen: Studien zur albanischen Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an Martin Camaj (1925-1992) gewidmet. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 533–565. ISBN 9783447062213.

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@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 ===Use in Western Europe===
-''Skipetar/s'' is a historical rendering or [[Exonym and endonym|exonym]] of the term ''Shqiptar'' by some Western European authors in use from the late 18th century to the early 20th century.
+''Skipetar/s'' is a historical rendering of ''Shqiptar'' by some Western European authors{{who}} ([[Edith Durham]]) in use from the late 18th century to the early 20th century.
 <ref>{{cite book | author=[[Bardhyl Demiraj]] | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bmIVOGu0WWEC&pg=PA533 | title=Wir sind die Deinen: Studien zur albanischen Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an Martin Camaj (1925-1992) gewidmet | publisher=[[Otto Harrassowitz Verlag]] | year=2010 | pages=533–565 | chapter=Shqiptar–The generalization of this ethnic name in the XVIII century | isbn=9783447062213}}</ref>