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==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
Distribution of relief supplies began on July&nbsp;7.<ref name="JamaicaRW3"/> Isolated communities across Saint Andrew, Saint Thomas, and Portland Parishes received airlifted aid the following day.<ref>{{cite web|work=Government of Jamaica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=July 10, 2005|accessdate=November 24, 2015|title=Jamaica: Hurricane Dennis - News release #21|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/jamaica/jamaica-hurricane-dennis-news-release-21}}</ref> Residents in [[Cascade, Jamaica|Cascade]] required evacuation by airlift.<ref name="JO2">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Jamaica Observer]]|date=July 10, 2005|accessdate=November 26, 2015|title=Thousands marooned|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/83921_Thousands-marooned}}</ref> A previously defunct railway bridge in Portland Parish, not in use since the 1980s, was repaired and re-opened to enable travel after the Rio Grande bridge was damaged.<ref>{{cite web|work=Government of Jamaica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=July 12, 2015|accessdate=November 24, 2015|title=Jamaica: NWA to repair railway bridge in Portland|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/jamaica/jamaica-nwa-repair-railway-bridge-portland|location=Port Antonio, Jamaica}}</ref> Residents in the parish were also advised to temporarily boil or bleach water to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases due to contaminated supplies.<ref>{{cite web|work=Government of Jamaica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=July 14, 2005|accessdate=November 24, 2015|title=Jamaica: Residents of Portland advised to treat drinking water|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/jamaica/jamaica-residents-portland-advised-treat-drinking-water|location=Port Antonio, Jamaica}}</ref> The [[Salvation Army]] assisted with relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|work=Government of Jamaica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=July 15, 2005|accessdate=November 24, 2015|title=Jamaica: Food, beds and blankets being distributed to Hurricane victims in Portland|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/jamaica/jamaica-food-beds-and-blankets-being-distributed-hurricane-victims-portland|location=Port Antonio, Jamaica}}</ref> Although the Government of Jamaica indicated it would not request international assistance,<ref name="DenEmRpt"/> the [[Government of Cuba]] provided 11&nbsp;tons of supplies and Venezuela offered support.<ref name="JamaicaRW5"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Taneisha Davidson|newspaper=[[The Jamaica Observer]]|date=July 8, 2005|accessdate=November 24, 2015|title=Caricom, Venezuela, Cuba ready to help, says PM|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/83794_Caricom--Venezuela--Cuba-ready-to-help--says-PM}}</ref> Efforts to repair and restore damaged roadways reached J$405&nbsp;million (US$6.56&nbsp;million).<ref name="DenEmRpt"/>
Distribution of relief supplies began on July&nbsp;7.<ref name="JamaicaRW3"/> Isolated communities across Saint Andrew, Saint Thomas, and Portland Parishes received airlifted aid the following day.<ref>{{cite web|work=Government of Jamaica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=July 10, 2005|accessdate=November 24, 2015|title=Jamaica: Hurricane Dennis - News release #21|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/jamaica/jamaica-hurricane-dennis-news-release-21}}</ref> Residents in [[Cascade, Jamaica|Cascade]] required evacuation by airlift.<ref name="JO2">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Jamaica Observer]]|date=July 10, 2005|accessdate=November 26, 2015|title=Thousands marooned|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/83921_Thousands-marooned}}</ref> A previously defunct railway bridge in Portland Parish, not in use since the 1980s, was repaired and re-opened to enable travel after the Rio Grande bridge was damaged.<ref>{{cite web|work=Government of Jamaica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=July 12, 2015|accessdate=November 24, 2015|title=Jamaica: NWA to repair railway bridge in Portland|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/jamaica/jamaica-nwa-repair-railway-bridge-portland|location=Port Antonio, Jamaica}}</ref> Residents in the parish were also advised to temporarily boil or bleach water to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases due to contaminated supplies.<ref>{{cite web|work=Government of Jamaica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=July 14, 2005|accessdate=November 24, 2015|title=Jamaica: Residents of Portland advised to treat drinking water|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/jamaica/jamaica-residents-portland-advised-treat-drinking-water|location=Port Antonio, Jamaica}}</ref> The [[Salvation Army]] assisted with relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|work=Government of Jamaica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=July 15, 2005|accessdate=November 24, 2015|title=Jamaica: Food, beds and blankets being distributed to Hurricane victims in Portland|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/jamaica/jamaica-food-beds-and-blankets-being-distributed-hurricane-victims-portland|location=Port Antonio, Jamaica}}</ref> Although the Government of Jamaica indicated it would not request international assistance,<ref name="DenEmRpt"/> the [[Government of Cuba]] provided 11&nbsp;tons of supplies and Venezuela offered support.<ref name="JamaicaRW5"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Taneisha Davidson|newspaper=[[The Jamaica Observer]]|date=July 8, 2005|accessdate=November 24, 2015|title=Caricom, Venezuela, Cuba ready to help, says PM|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/83794_Caricom--Venezuela--Cuba-ready-to-help--says-PM}}</ref> Efforts to repair and restore damaged roadways reached J$405&nbsp;million (US$6.56&nbsp;million).<ref name="DenEmRpt"/> The [[Leader of the Opposition (Jamaica)|Leader of the Opposition]] party requested the Jamaican government release J$500&nbsp;million (US$8.1&nbsp;million) for immediate relief; however, Prime Minister [[P. J. Patterson]] rejected the proposal.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Jamaica Observer]]|date=July 14, 2005|accessdate=November 26, 2015|title=Gov't rejects Opposition's hurricane relief proposal|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/84148_Gov-t-rejects-Opposition-s-hurricane-relief-proposal}}</ref>


[[WINDALCO]] reported a loss of 10,000&nbsp;tons of aluminum due to flooding. Manufacturing companies reported J$18.3&nbsp;million (US$296,000) in losses, primarily from suspended operations. The long-term effects of Dennis were limited, with nearly every economic sector returning to normal within a few months. The only exceptions were exports of banana and coffee crops, both of which were still recovering from [[Hurricane Ivan]] in 2004. Overall implications to the nation's [[gross domestic product]] were negligible, merely flat-lining growth rather than causing decline. However, in combination with the effects of a drought early in 2005, [[inflation]] values required adjustment upwards from 9% to 14.3%<ref name="DenEmRpt"/>
[[WINDALCO]] reported a loss of 10,000&nbsp;tons of aluminum due to flooding. Manufacturing companies reported J$18.3&nbsp;million (US$296,000) in losses, primarily from suspended operations. The long-term effects of Dennis were limited, with nearly every economic sector returning to normal within a few months. The only exceptions were exports of banana and coffee crops, both of which were still recovering from [[Hurricane Ivan]] in 2004. Overall implications to the nation's [[gross domestic product]] were negligible, merely flat-lining growth rather than causing decline. However, in combination with the effects of a drought early in 2005, [[inflation]] values required adjustment upwards from 9% to 14.3%<ref name="DenEmRpt"/>

Revision as of 16:42, 26 November 2015

Hurricane Dennis
Category 3 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Dennis passing between Jamaica and Haiti on July 7
FormedJuly 7, 2005
(Outer bands begin impacting Jamaica)
DissipatedJuly 8, 2005
(Hurricane moves away from the nation)
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 115 mph (185 km/h)
Fatalities1 total
DamageAt least $34.5 million (2005 USD)
Areas affectedJamaica
Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

In early July 2005, Hurricane Dennis brushed Jamaica, bringing torrential rain and damaging floods to the island nation. One person was killed and damage amounted to US$34.5 million. Upwards of 24 in (610 mm) of rain fell in mountainous areas of Jamaica, resulting in widespread flash flooding.

Background and preparations

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On July 4, 2005, the National Hurricane Center classified a tropical depression near the Windward Islands. This system moved briskly to the west-northwest, becoming Tropical Storm Dennis the following day. Taking advantage of highly favorable environmental factors, such as low wind shear and high sea surface temperatures, Dennis rapidly intensified. By July 6, the system reached hurricane strength as it began traversing the Jamaica Channel. Around 18:00 UTC on July 7, the hurricane passed 30 mi (45 km) northeast of Port Antonio—60 mi (95 km) northeast of Kingston—with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h)—a Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. The system subsequently struck Cuba as a Category 4 twice before moving over the Gulf of Mexico. It ultimately moved inland over Florida as a Category 3 on July 10 and dissipated over the Great Lakes eight days later.[1]

Late on July 5, the Government of Jamaica issued a hurricane watch for the nation as Dennis intensified over the eastern Caribbean. This was upgraded to a hurricane warning early on July 6. The warning remained in place for 48 hours as the hurricane brushed the island, being discontinued on July 8 as Dennis moved over northern Cuba and no longer posed a direct threat to Jamaica.[1]

Following the issuance of the hurricane warning, Jamaica's National Emergency Operations Center and Parish Emergency Operations Center were activated.[2] At the behest of Jamaica's Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management, the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency allocated resources to assist the nation following the passage of Dennis.[3] The Jamaican Red Cross also notified its branches of the storm,[4] placing personnel and volunteers on standby on July 7.[5] The Jamaica Defence Force Coast Guard assisted with evacuations of Pedro Bank and Morant Cays. Shelters prepped for opening by the evening of July 6 and Norman Manley International Airport ceased operations at 04:00 UTC (11:00 p.m. local time) and Sangster International Airport following soon thereafter.[2][6]

By July 7, 30 shelters opened across five parishes,[7] with at least 793 people using their services.[8] Some officials complained that residents refused to evacuate.[9] However, as the storm impacted the island this number dramatically increased to 6,000 people with shelters open in all parishes.[10] Approximately J$25 million (US$405,000) was made available for relief operations through the nation's Disaster Mitigation Programme. An additional J$20 million (US$324,000) was allocated for clearing drains in preparation for heavy rain.[11]

Impact

Hurricane Dennis intensifying between Jamaica and Cuba on July 7

Hurricane Dennis brought torrential rainfall to most of Jamaica, which already experienced above-average rainfall since April,[12] as it brushed the island to the northeast. Many places recorded over 300 mm (12 in) of rain,[1] with the highest totals occurring across the Blue Mountains; accumulations peaked at 24.54 in (623 mm) in Mavis Bank.[1] One-hour rainfall rates reached 2.6 in (65 mm) in this location with a twenty-four hour peak of 19.59 in (497.6 mm). The latter value equates to a 1-in-50 year event for the town and was 1,005% of the 30-year mean. Rainfall in Constant Spring reached 1-in-25 year levels.[12] Sustained winds in Montego Bay peaked at 69 mph (111 km/h), equivalent to a strong tropical storm.[1] Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston observed peak winds of 37 mph (60 km/h) with a gust to 45 mph (72 km/h). These winds downed trees and power lines, leaving roughly 100,000 customers without electricity; however, overall wind damage was minimal. Several homes and business lost their roofs.[12]

Saint Thomas Parish suffered widespread flooding as multiple rivers burst their banks. The first to flood was the Yallahs River.[6] The nearby Mundicot River prompted multiple evacuations in Yallahs while Johnson River flooded much of Seaforth.[13] Evacuations also took place in Bull Bay where graves were unearthered.[8][14] Overflow from tributaries of the Cane River inundated multiple villages, leaving many isolated.[13] One person drowned after being swept away in the Negro River; his body was recovered three days later.[15] Approximately 200 homes in the parish suffered inundation—including several illegally built structures which were destroyed—with residents reporting maximum flood depths of 10 ft (3.0 m). The community of Eight Miles remained under 4 ft (1.2 m) a day after the hurricane's passage. The severity of flooding was blamed on poor building and maintenance of retaining walls along gullies.[14]

Landslides in Portland Parish rendered roads impassible and damaged many homes.[13][16] A bridge spanning the Rio Grande, connecting eastern and western sides of the parish, was severely damaged.[16] The severed connection left 500 people temporarily isolated. Elsewhere along the river, three homes and two stores were swept away.[17] Agriculture sustained significant damage, with effects compounded by the quick succession of Dennis and Emily a week apart.[12] Along the Rio Grande, the entire banana crop was lost.[18] The two storms wrecked 626 ha (1,550 acres) of crops and killed 4,330 livestock, mostly chickens, at a cost of J$250 million (US$4.05 million).[19]

Two homes along the Mamee River in Saint Andrew Parish were swept away while other residents in mountainous areas of the parish were stranded by landslides.[8] Multiple residents became trapped within Gordon Town and hazardous weather hampered their rescue.[13] A bridge in Mahoneyvale was destroyed.[20] During the pre-dawn hours of July 9, the Annotto, Pencar, and Motherford rivers burst their banks in Saint Mary Parish; more than 500 people relocated from their homes in Annotto Bay.[21] Flooding took place across much of Saint Catherine Parish with eight people requiring rescue.[10][22] The Cobrun Gully submerged several homes in Bushy Park.[23] Eastern areas of Clarendon Parish experienced significant flooding, with several communities cut-off or inundated. A sink hole in Halse Hall engulfed 35 homes.[24] An oil tank overflowed due to heavy rain at a Petrojam Refinery in Kingston Harbour resulting in a minor oil spill. Petrojam crews cleaned the spill within a day.[25][26] Some streets in downtown Kingston were flooded.[27] Effects in Trelawny Parish were relatively limited, with J$16 million (US$259,000) in agricultural damage.[28]

In all, an estimated 209,000 people were affected to varying degrees across 121 communities in the nation. Approximately 6,000 households—an estimated 22,000 people—reported need for assistance; the combined effects of Dennis and Emily left 49 homes destroyed and 391 damaged. Associated losses reached J$100 million (US$1.62 million) from Dennis. The agricultural industry sustained extensive losses, with 610 ha (1,500 acres) damaged and nearly 160,000 livestock, primarily chickens, killed.[12] The rapid succession of Dennis and Emily makes differentiating damage between them difficult. Collectively, the two storms wrought J$5.976 billion (US$96.87 million) in damage, primarily stemming from infrastructure,[12] of which at least J$2.128 billion (US$34.5 million) can be attributed to Dennis alone.[29][30]

Aftermath

Distribution of relief supplies began on July 7.[8] Isolated communities across Saint Andrew, Saint Thomas, and Portland Parishes received airlifted aid the following day.[31] Residents in Cascade required evacuation by airlift.[24] A previously defunct railway bridge in Portland Parish, not in use since the 1980s, was repaired and re-opened to enable travel after the Rio Grande bridge was damaged.[32] Residents in the parish were also advised to temporarily boil or bleach water to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases due to contaminated supplies.[33] The Salvation Army assisted with relief efforts.[34] Although the Government of Jamaica indicated it would not request international assistance,[12] the Government of Cuba provided 11 tons of supplies and Venezuela offered support.[25][35] Efforts to repair and restore damaged roadways reached J$405 million (US$6.56 million).[12] The Leader of the Opposition party requested the Jamaican government release J$500 million (US$8.1 million) for immediate relief; however, Prime Minister P. J. Patterson rejected the proposal.[36]

WINDALCO reported a loss of 10,000 tons of aluminum due to flooding. Manufacturing companies reported J$18.3 million (US$296,000) in losses, primarily from suspended operations. The long-term effects of Dennis were limited, with nearly every economic sector returning to normal within a few months. The only exceptions were exports of banana and coffee crops, both of which were still recovering from Hurricane Ivan in 2004. Overall implications to the nation's gross domestic product were negligible, merely flat-lining growth rather than causing decline. However, in combination with the effects of a drought early in 2005, inflation values required adjustment upwards from 9% to 14.3%[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Jack L. Beven (September 9, 2014). Hurricane Dennis (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Hurricane Dennis Advisory #1 - Hurricane Dennis threatens Jamaica". ReliefWeb. Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency. July 6, 2005. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  3. ^ "Jamaica: CDERA activates its Regional Response Mechanism". Barbados: ReliefWeb. Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency. July 6, 2005. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  4. ^ "Caribbean: Hurricane Dennis Information Bulletin No. 1". ReliefWeb. International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies. July 6, 2005. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  5. ^ "Jamaica Red Cross prepares on all levels for Hurricane Dennis". ReliefWeb. Jamaica Red Cross. July 7, 2005. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  6. ^ a b "Jamaica: Statement on hurricane Dennis the Most Hon. P.J. Patterson". Government of Jamaica. ReliefWeb. July 7, 2005. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  7. ^ "Jamaica: Gov't. prepared for hurricane Dennis - Agencies collaborating". Government of Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica: ReliefWeb. July 7, 2005. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d "Jamaica: Hurricane Dennis - News release #15". Government of Jamaica. ReliefWeb. July 7, 2005. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  9. ^ "Hurricane Dennis kills 10 in Cuba". BBC. July 9, 2005. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  10. ^ a b "Hurricane Dennis Sitrep #1 - Hurricane Dennis dumps torrential rain on Jamaica". ReliefWeb. Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency. July 8, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  11. ^ "Jamaica: Flood prone areas to be given special attention - Dr. Carby". Government of Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica: ReliefWeb. July 7, 2005. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Assessment of the Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact of Hurricanes Dennis and Emily on Jamaica (PDF) (Report). Planning Institute of Jamaica. August 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  13. ^ a b c d "Jamaica: Hurricane Dennis - News release #14". Government of Jamaica. ReliefWeb. July 7, 2005. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  14. ^ a b Erica Virtue (July 10, 2005). "Uprooted graves, lots of mud in St Thomas". The Jamaica Observer. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  15. ^ "Hurricane Dennis kills one in Jamaica, thousands still marooned". Montego Bay, Jamaica: ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. July 10, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  16. ^ a b "Jamaica: Dennis damaged farms, houses, roads in Portland". Government of Jamaica. Port Antonio, Jamaica: ReliefWeb. July 11, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  17. ^ Taneisha Davidson (July 10, 2005). "Portland badly affected". The Jamaica Observer. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  18. ^ Carl Gilchrist (July 12, 2005). "Another blow to bananas". The Jamaica Observer. Port Maria, Jamaica. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  19. ^ "Jamaica: Portland Farmers Lose $250 Million to Dennis and Emily". Government of Jamaica. Port Antonio, Jamaica: ReliefWeb. July 28, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  20. ^ "Jamaica: Hurricane Dennis - News release #13". Government of Jamaica. ReliefWeb. July 7, 2005. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  21. ^ Carl Gilchrist (July 9, 2005). "Three rivers flood Annotto Bay". The Jamaica Observer. Annotto Bay, Jamaica. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  22. ^ "UNICEF partners with Jamaica Red Cross in disaster relief to rescue children". ReliefWeb. Caribbean Red Cross Societies. July 18, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  23. ^ John Tavares (July 9, 2005). "St Catherine, Clarendon districts take battering from flood waters". The Jamaica Observer. Nightingale Grove, Jamaica. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  24. ^ a b "Thousands marooned". The Jamaica Observer. July 10, 2005. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  25. ^ a b "Jamaica: Hurricane Dennis - News release #18". Government of Jamaica. ReliefWeb. July 8, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  26. ^ "Oil spill blamed on heavy rains from Dennis". The Jamaica Observer. July 9, 2005. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  27. ^ Karyl Walker (July 8, 2005). "Flooded 11 Miles cuts off St Thomas, Kingston". The Jamaica Observer. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  28. ^ "Jamaica: Trelawny farmers lose $16 million in crops and livestock". Government of Jamaica. Ocho Rios, Jamaica: ReliefWeb. July 29, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  29. ^ Hurricane Dennis Damage Assessment (PDF) (Report). Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management. n.d. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  30. ^ "Jamaica: Resources to be reallocated to assist farmers". Government of Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica: ReliefWeb. July 27, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  31. ^ "Jamaica: Hurricane Dennis - News release #21". Government of Jamaica. ReliefWeb. July 10, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  32. ^ "Jamaica: NWA to repair railway bridge in Portland". Government of Jamaica. Port Antonio, Jamaica: ReliefWeb. July 12, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  33. ^ "Jamaica: Residents of Portland advised to treat drinking water". Government of Jamaica. Port Antonio, Jamaica: ReliefWeb. July 14, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  34. ^ "Jamaica: Food, beds and blankets being distributed to Hurricane victims in Portland". Government of Jamaica. Port Antonio, Jamaica: ReliefWeb. July 15, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  35. ^ Taneisha Davidson (July 8, 2005). "Caricom, Venezuela, Cuba ready to help, says PM". The Jamaica Observer. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  36. ^ "Gov't rejects Opposition's hurricane relief proposal". The Jamaica Observer. July 14, 2005. Retrieved November 26, 2015.

Template:Dennis series

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