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'''Docker''' is an [[open-source]] project that automates the deployment of [[application software|application]]s inside [[software container]]s, by providing an additional layer of abstraction and automation of [[operating-system-level virtualization]] on [[Linux]].<ref name="SYS-CON Media">
'''Docker''' is an [[open-source]] project that automates the deployment of [[application software|application]]s inside [[software container]]s, by providing an additional layer of abstraction and automation of [[operating-system-level virtualization]] on [[Linux]],[[Mac OS]] and [[Windows]].<ref name="SYS-CON Media">
{{cite web
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</ref> Docker uses resource isolation features of the [[Linux kernel]] such as [[cgroups]] and kernel [[Linux namespaces|namespaces]] to allow independent "containers" to run within a single Linux instance, avoiding the overhead of starting and maintaining [[virtual machine]]s.<ref>{{cite web
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| url = http://docker.readthedocs.org/en/v0.7.3/installation/kernel/
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| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20140821065734/http://docker.readthedocs.org/en/v0.7.3/installation/kernel/
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| title = Docker Documentation: Kernel Requirements
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| date = 2014-01-04 | accessdate = 2014-08-20 | archivedate = 2014-08-21
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| website = docker.readthedocs.org
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}}</ref>

The Linux kernel's support for namespaces mostly<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectatomic.io/blog/2014/09/yet-another-reason-containers-don-t-contain-kernel-keyrings/|title=Yet Another Reason Containers Don't Contain: Kernel Keyrings|author=Dan Walsh|work=projectatomic.io|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref> isolates an application's view of the operating environment, including process trees, network, user IDs and mounted file systems, while the kernel's cgroups provide resource isolation, including the CPU, memory, block I/O and network. Since version 0.9, Docker includes the '''{{Mono|libcontainer}}''' [[Library (computing)|library]] as its own way to directly use virtualization facilities provided by the Linux kernel, in addition to using abstracted virtualization interfaces via [[libvirt]], [[LXC]] (Linux Containers) and [[systemd-nspawn]].<ref name="zdnet-7000030397">{{cite web
| url = http://www.zdnet.com/docker-libcontainer-unifies-linux-container-powers-7000030397/
| title = Docker libcontainer unifies Linux container powers
| date = 2014-06-11 | accessdate = 2014-07-30
| author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols | publisher = [[ZDNet]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://github.com/docker/libcontainer/blob/master/README.md
| title = libcontainer - reference implementation for containers
| accessdate = 2014-07-30
| website = github.com
}}</ref><ref name="docker-blog-201403">{{cite web
| url = http://blog.docker.com/2014/03/docker-0-9-introducing-execution-drivers-and-libcontainer/
| title = Docker 0.9: Introducing execution drivers and libcontainer
| date = 2014-03-10 | accessdate = 2015-01-20
| website = docker.com
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}}</ref>


According to industry analyst firm 451 Research, "Docker is a tool that can package an application and its dependencies in a virtual container that can run on any Linux server. This helps enable flexibility and portability on where the application can run, whether [[On-premises software|on premises]], public cloud, private cloud, bare metal, etc."<ref name="Linux">{{cite web
According to industry analyst firm 451 Research, "Docker is a tool that can package an application and its dependencies in a virtual container that can run on any Linux server. This helps enable flexibility and portability on where the application can run, whether [[On-premises software|on premises]], public cloud, private cloud, bare metal, etc."<ref name="Linux">{{cite web
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}}</ref> Building on top of facilities provided by the [[Linux kernel]] (primarily cgroups and namespaces), a Docker container, unlike a virtual machine, does not require or include a separate operating system.<ref name="Linux" /> Instead, it relies on the kernel's functionality and uses resource isolation (CPU, memory, block I/O, network, etc.) and [[namespace isolation|separate namespaces]] to isolate the application's view of the operating system. Docker accesses the Linux kernel's virtualization features either directly using the {{Mono|libcontainer}} library, which is available since Docker&nbsp;0.9, or indirectly via {{Mono|[[libvirt]]}}, LXC ([[Linux Containers]]) or {{Mono|[[systemd-nspawn]]}}.<ref name="docker-blog-201403" /><ref name="infoq-201403">{{cite web

⚫
It uses resource isolation features of the [[Linux kernel]] such as [[cgroups]] and kernel [[Linux namespaces|namespaces]] to allow independent "containers" to run within a single Linux instance, avoiding the overhead of starting and maintaining [[virtual machine]]s.<ref>{{cite web
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| url = http://docker.readthedocs.org/en/v0.7.3/installation/kernel/
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| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20140821065734/http://docker.readthedocs.org/en/v0.7.3/installation/kernel/
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| title = Docker Documentation: Kernel Requirements
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| date = 2014-01-04 | accessdate = 2014-08-20 | archivedate = 2014-08-21
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| website = docker.readthedocs.org
⚫
}}</ref>

⚫
Building on top of facilities provided by the [[Linux kernel]] (primarily cgroups and namespaces), a Docker container, unlike a virtual machine, does not require or include a separate operating system.<ref name="Linux" /> Instead, it relies on the kernel's functionality and uses resource isolation (CPU, memory, block I/O, network, etc.) and [[namespace isolation|separate namespaces]] to isolate the application's view of the operating system. Docker accesses the Linux kernel's virtualization features either directly using the {{Mono|libcontainer}} library, which is available since Docker&nbsp;0.9, or indirectly via {{Mono|[[libvirt]]}}, LXC ([[Linux Containers]]) or {{Mono|[[systemd-nspawn]]}}.<ref name="docker-blog-201403" /><ref name="infoq-201403">{{cite web
| last = Swan
| last = Swan
| first = Chris
| first = Chris
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=== Integration ===
=== Integration ===
Docker can be integrated into various infrastructure tools, including [[Amazon Web Services]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.docker.com/installation/amazon/ |title=Amazon EC2 - Docker Documentation |website=docs.docker.com |date= |accessdate=2014-10-18}}</ref> [[Ansible (software)|Ansible]],<ref>{{cite web|author=/ |url=https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/devel/library/cloud/docker |title=ansible/library/cloud/docker |publisher=[[GitHub]] |date= |accessdate=2014-01-20}}</ref> [[CFEngine]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.docker.com/examples/cfengine_process_management/|title=CFEngine |publisher=CFEngine |date= |accessdate=2014-06-06}}</ref> [[Chef (software)|Chef]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/thoward/docker-cookbook |title=thoward/docker-cookbook |publisher=GitHub |date= |accessdate=2014-01-20}}</ref> [[Google Cloud Platform]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Containers on Google Cloud Platform|url=https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/containers|publisher=Google Inc}}</ref> IBM [[Bluemix]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://developer.ibm.com/bluemix/2014/12/04/ibm-containers-beta-docker/ |title=Bluemix Launches IBM Containers Beta Based on Docker |publisher=IBM |date= 2014-12-04 |accessdate=2015-04-20}}</ref> [[Jelastic]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/12/prweb12361294.htm/ |title=Jelastic Announces Docker Integration to Provide the Most Advanced Orchestrated Application Delivery |publisher=PRWeb|date= |accessdate=2014-12-03}}</ref> [[Jenkins (software)|Jenkins]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/georgebashi/jenkins-docker-plugin |title=georgebashi/jenkins-docker-plugin |publisher=GitHub |date= |accessdate=2014-01-20}}</ref> [[Microsoft Azure]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.com/heres-how-microsoft-is-supporting-the-open-source-docker-container-model-7000030393/|title=Here's how Microsoft is supporting the open-source Docker container model|date=10 June 2014|work=ZDNet|accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref> [[OpenStack]] Nova,<ref>{{cite web|author=Stefano Maffulli&nbsp; June 7th, 2013 |url=http://www.openstack.org/blog/2013/06/openstack-community-weekly-newsletter-may-31-june-7/ |title=OpenStack Community Weekly Newsletter (May 31 – June 7) » The OpenStack Blog |publisher=Openstack.org |date=2013-06-07 |accessdate=2014-01-20}}</ref> [[OpenSVC]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.opensvc.com/virtualization.docker.html |title=OpenSVC Docker |publisher=OpenSVC |date= |accessdate=2014-05-29}}</ref> [[Puppet (software)|Puppet]],<ref>{{cite web | author = Gareth Rushgrove | url = http://forge.puppetlabs.com/garethr/docker | title = garethr/docker | publisher = Puppet Forge | date = | accessdate = 2014-01-20 }}</ref> [[Salt (software)|Salt]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.saltstack.com/ref/modules/all/salt.modules.dockerio.html#module-salt.modules.dockerio |title=saltstack/dockerio |accessdate=2014-01-20}}</ref> and [[Vagrant (software)|Vagrant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/philspitler/vagrant-docker |title=philspitler/vagrant-docker |publisher=GitHub |date= |accessdate=2014-01-20}}</ref>
Docker can be integrated into various infrastructure tools, including [[Amazon Web Services]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.docker.com/installation/amazon/ |title=Amazon EC2 - Docker Documentation |website=docs.docker.com |date= |accessdate=2014-10-18}}</ref> [[Ansible (software)|Ansible]],<ref>{{cite web|author=/ |url=https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/devel/library/cloud/docker |title=ansible/library/cloud/docker |publisher=[[GitHub]] |date= |accessdate=2014-01-20}}</ref> [[CFEngine]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.docker.com/examples/cfengine_process_management/|title=CFEngine |publisher=CFEngine |date= |accessdate=2014-06-06}}</ref> [[Chef (software)|Chef]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/thoward/docker-cookbook |title=thoward/docker-cookbook |publisher=GitHub |date= |accessdate=2014-01-20}}</ref> [[Google Cloud Platform]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Containers on Google Cloud Platform|url=https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/containers|publisher=Google Inc}}</ref> IBM [[Bluemix]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://developer.ibm.com/bluemix/2014/12/04/ibm-containers-beta-docker/ |title=Bluemix Launches IBM Containers Beta Based on Docker |publisher=IBM |date= 2014-12-04 |accessdate=2015-04-20}}</ref> [[Jelastic]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/12/prweb12361294.htm/ |title=Jelastic Announces Docker Integration to Provide the Most Advanced Orchestrated Application Delivery |publisher=PRWeb|date= |accessdate=2014-12-03}}</ref> [[Jenkins (software)|Jenkins]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/georgebashi/jenkins-docker-plugin |title=georgebashi/jenkins-docker-plugin |publisher=GitHub |date= |accessdate=2014-01-20}}</ref> [[Microsoft Azure]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/virtual-machines-docker-vm-extension/|title=The Docker Virtual Machine Extension for Linux on Azure|date=29 June 2015|publisher=Microsoft |accessdate=11 August 2015}}</ref> [[OpenStack]] Nova,<ref>{{cite web|author=Stefano Maffulli&nbsp; June 7th, 2013 |url=http://www.openstack.org/blog/2013/06/openstack-community-weekly-newsletter-may-31-june-7/ |title=OpenStack Community Weekly Newsletter (May 31 – June 7) » The OpenStack Blog |publisher=Openstack.org |date=2013-06-07 |accessdate=2014-01-20}}</ref> [[OpenSVC]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.opensvc.com/virtualization.docker.html |title=OpenSVC Docker |publisher=OpenSVC |date= |accessdate=2014-05-29}}</ref> [[Puppet (software)|Puppet]],<ref>{{cite web | author = Gareth Rushgrove | url = http://forge.puppetlabs.com/garethr/docker | title = garethr/docker | publisher = Puppet Forge | date = | accessdate = 2014-01-20 }}</ref> [[Salt (software)|Salt]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.saltstack.com/ref/modules/all/salt.modules.dockerio.html#module-salt.modules.dockerio |title=saltstack/dockerio |accessdate=2014-01-20}}</ref> and [[Vagrant (software)|Vagrant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/philspitler/vagrant-docker |title=philspitler/vagrant-docker |publisher=GitHub |date= |accessdate=2014-01-20}}</ref>


The Cloud Foundry Diego project integrates Docker into the [[Cloud Foundry]] [[Platform as a service|PaaS]].<ref>
The Cloud Foundry Diego project integrates Docker into the [[Cloud Foundry]] [[Platform as a service|PaaS]].<ref>

Revision as of 11:13, 11 August 2015

This article is about the virtualization software. For the desktop icon docker, see Dock (computing). For other uses, see Docker (disambiguation).
Docker
Original author(s)Solomon Hykes
Developer(s)Docker, Inc.
Initial release13 March 2013 (2013-03-13)
Stable release
1.7.0[1] / 16 June 2015; 9 years ago (2015-06-16)
Repository
Written inGo
Operating systemLinux
Platformx86-64 with modern Linux kernel
TypeOperating system-level virtualization
LicenseApache License 2.0
Websitewww.docker.com

Docker is an open-source project that automates the deployment of applications inside software containers, by providing an additional layer of abstraction and automation of operating-system-level virtualization on Linux,Mac OS and Windows.[2]

According to industry analyst firm 451 Research, "Docker is a tool that can package an application and its dependencies in a virtual container that can run on any Linux server. This helps enable flexibility and portability on where the application can run, whether on premises, public cloud, private cloud, bare metal, etc."[3]

Overview

Docker can use different interfaces to access virtualization features of the Linux kernel.[4]

Docker implements a high-level API to provide lightweight containers that run processes in isolation.[5]

It uses resource isolation features of the Linux kernel such as cgroups and kernel namespaces to allow independent "containers" to run within a single Linux instance, avoiding the overhead of starting and maintaining virtual machines.[6]

Building on top of facilities provided by the Linux kernel (primarily cgroups and namespaces), a Docker container, unlike a virtual machine, does not require or include a separate operating system.[3] Instead, it relies on the kernel's functionality and uses resource isolation (CPU, memory, block I/O, network, etc.) and separate namespaces to isolate the application's view of the operating system. Docker accesses the Linux kernel's virtualization features either directly using the libcontainer library, which is available since Docker 0.9, or indirectly via libvirt, LXC (Linux Containers) or systemd-nspawn.[4][7]

By using containers, resources can be isolated, services restricted, and processes provisioned to have an almost completely private view of the operating system with their own process ID space, file system structure, and network interfaces. Multiple containers share the same kernel, but each container can be constrained to only use a defined amount of resources such as CPU, memory and I/O.

Using Docker to create and manage containers may simplify the creation of highly distributed systems, by allowing multiple applications, worker tasks and other processes to run autonomously on a single physical machine or across multiple virtual machines. This allows the deployment of nodes to be performed as the resources become available or when more nodes are needed, allowing a platform as a service (PaaS)-style of deployment and scaling for systems like Apache Cassandra, MongoDB or Riak. Docker also simplifies the creation and operation of task or workload queues and other distributed systems.[8][9]

Integration

Docker can be integrated into various infrastructure tools, including Amazon Web Services,[10] Ansible,[11] CFEngine,[12] Chef,[13] Google Cloud Platform,[14] IBM Bluemix,[15] Jelastic,[16] Jenkins,[17] Microsoft Azure,[18] OpenStack Nova,[19] OpenSVC,[20] Puppet,[21] Salt,[22] and Vagrant.[23]

The Cloud Foundry Diego project integrates Docker into the Cloud Foundry PaaS.[24]

The GearD project aims to integrate Docker into the Red Hat's OpenShift Origin PaaS.[25]

History

Solomon Hykes started Docker as an internal project within dotCloud, a platform as a service company,[26] with initial contributions by other dotCloud engineers including Andrea Luzzardi and Francois-Xavier Bourlet. Jeff Lindsay was also involved as an independent collaborator. Docker represents an evolution of dotCloud's proprietary technology, which itself built on earlier open-source projects such as Cloudlets.

Docker was released as open source in March 2013.[5] On March 13, 2014, with the release of version 0.9, Docker dropped LXC as the default execution environment and replaced it with its own libcontainer library written in the Go programming language.[27][7] As of April 13, 2015, the project had over 20,700 GitHub stars (making it the 20th most starred GitHub project), over 4,700 forks, and nearly 900 contributors.[28]

A May 2015 analysis showed the following organizations as main contributors to Docker: Red Hat (the biggest contributors, contributing even more than the Docker team itself), the Docker team, IBM, Google, Cisco Systems and Amadeus IT Group.[29]

Collaboration

  • On July 23, 2013, dotCloud, Inc., the commercial entity behind Docker, announced that former Gluster and Plaxo CEO Ben Golub had joined the company, citing Docker as the primary focus of the company going forward.[30]
  • On September 19, 2013, Red Hat and Docker announced a significant collaboration around Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and OpenShift.[31]
  • On January 22, 2014, Docker announced that it had completed a $15 million Series B venture capital round, led by Greylock Partners.[32]
  • On July 23, 2014, Docker acquired Orchard, makers of Fig.[33]
  • On September 16, 2014, Docker announced that it had completed a $40 M Series C round, led by Sequoia Capital.[34]
  • On October 15, 2014, Microsoft announced integration of the Docker engine into the next (2016) Windows Server release, and native support for the Docker client role in Windows.[35][36]
  • On December 4, 2014, IBM announced a strategic partnership with Docker that enables enterprises to more efficiently, quickly and cost-effectively build and run the next generation of applications on the IBM Cloud.[37]
  • On June 22, 2015, it was announced that Docker and numerous other companies are working on a new vendor- and operating-system-independent standard for software containers.[38][39]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Docker Changelog". docs.docker.com. Docker, Inc. 2015-06-16. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  2. ^ O'Gara, Maureen (26 July 2013). "Ben Golub, Who Sold Gluster to Red Hat, Now Running dotCloud". SYS-CON Media. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  3. ^ a b Noyes, Katherine (1 August 2013). "Docker: A 'Shipping Container' for Linux Code". Linux.com. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference docker-blog-201403 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b Avram, Abel (2013-03-27). "Docker: Automated and Consistent Software Deployments". InfoQ. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  6. ^ "Docker Documentation: Kernel Requirements". docker.readthedocs.org. 2014-01-04. Archived from the original on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
  7. ^ a b Swan, Chris (2014-03-13). "Docker drops LXC as default execution environment". InfoQ. Retrieved 2015-01-20.
  8. ^ Hall, Adron (31 July 2013). "OSCON : Conversations, Deployments, Architecture, Docker and the Future?". CloudAve. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  9. ^ Reeder, Travis (22 April 2014). "How Docker Helped Us Achieve the (Near) Impossible". Iron.io. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
  10. ^ "Amazon EC2 - Docker Documentation". docs.docker.com. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
  11. ^ /. "ansible/library/cloud/docker". GitHub. Retrieved 2014-01-20. {{cite web}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  12. ^ "CFEngine". CFEngine. Retrieved 2014-06-06.
  13. ^ "thoward/docker-cookbook". GitHub. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
  14. ^ "Containers on Google Cloud Platform". Google Inc.
  15. ^ "Bluemix Launches IBM Containers Beta Based on Docker". IBM. 2014-12-04. Retrieved 2015-04-20.
  16. ^ "Jelastic Announces Docker Integration to Provide the Most Advanced Orchestrated Application Delivery". PRWeb. Retrieved 2014-12-03.
  17. ^ "georgebashi/jenkins-docker-plugin". GitHub. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
  18. ^ "The Docker Virtual Machine Extension for Linux on Azure". Microsoft. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  19. ^ Stefano Maffulli  June 7th, 2013 (2013-06-07). "OpenStack Community Weekly Newsletter (May 31 – June 7) » The OpenStack Blog". Openstack.org. Retrieved 2014-01-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "OpenSVC Docker". OpenSVC. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  21. ^ Gareth Rushgrove. "garethr/docker". Puppet Forge. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
  22. ^ "saltstack/dockerio". Retrieved 2014-01-20.
  23. ^ "philspitler/vagrant-docker". GitHub. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
  24. ^ Whelan, Phil (2014-09-03). "Cloud Foundry: Diego Explained By Onsi Fakhouri". ActiveState. Retrieved 2015-04-20. Functionality is being added to enable end-users to push Docker images directly into a Cloud Foundry cluster running Diego.
  25. ^ Jackson, Joab (2014-04-16). "Red Hat to update Docker container tech for enterprises: Open source vendor plans to incorporate advanced Linux tools such as systemd and SELinux into Docker". Computerworld. Computerworld, Inc. Retrieved 2014-05-29. Red Hat has also started a second community project, called GearD, to integrate Docker into its PaaS (platform-as-a-service) hosting software, OpenShift Origin.
  26. ^ "One home for all your apps". dotCloud. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference zdnet-7000030397 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ "dotcloud/docker". GitHub. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
  29. ^ "Look who's helping build Docker -- besides Docker itself". InfoWorld. 2015-05-27.
  30. ^ Darrow, Barb (23 July 2013). "PaaS pioneer dotCloud gets new CEO in industry vet Ben Golub". GigaOM. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
  31. ^ "DotCloud Pivots And Wins Big With Docker, The Cloud Service Now Part Of Red Hat OpenShift". TechCrunch. 2013-09-19. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
  32. ^ Jordan Novet (January 21, 2014). "Docker's open-source bet pays off with $15M round". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  33. ^ Ben Kepes (July 23, 2014). "Docker Makes Its Move, Acquires Orchard In A Sign Of Things To Come". Forbes. Retrieved 2014-07-23.
  34. ^ Jack Clark and Peter Burrows (September 16, 2014). "Docker Said to Be Valued at $400 Million in Funding Round". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2014-09-16.
  35. ^ Mary Jo Foley (2014-10-15). "Docker container support coming to Microsoft's next Windows Server release". ZDNet. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
  36. ^ Scott Guthrie (October 15, 2014). "Docker and Microsoft: Integrating Docker with Windows Server and Microsoft Azure". Microsoft. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
  37. ^ "IBM and Docker Announce Strategic Partnership to Deliver Enterprise Applications in the Cloud and On Prem". IBM. 2014-12-04. Retrieved 2015-04-20.
  38. ^ Frederic Lardinois (2015-06-22). "Docker, CoreOS, Google, Microsoft, Amazon And Others Come Together To Develop Common Container Standard". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2015-08-08.
  39. ^ Shirley Siluk (2015-06-22). "Docker, Tech Giants Team on Open Container Project". cio-today.com. Retrieved 2015-08-08.
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