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|romaji=Jiku Hougo
|romaji=Jiku Hougo
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'''{{IAST|Dharmarakṣa}}''' ({{zh|t=竺法護|p=Zhú Fǎhù}}) was one an early translator of [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhist]] Sūtras into [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. He is described in scriptural catalogues as [[Yuezhi]] in origin. His family lived at [[Dunhuang]], where he was born around 233 CE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=4}}</ref> At the age of eight, he became a novice and took the Indian monk named [[Zhu Gaozuo]] ({{zh|c=竺高座}}) as his teacher.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=24}}</ref>
'''{{IAST|Dharmarakṣa}}''' ({{zh|t=竺法護|p=Zhú Fǎhù}}) was one an early translator of [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhist]] Sūtras into [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. He is described in scriptural catalogues as [[Yuezhi]] in origin.
==Life==
His family lived at [[Dunhuang]], where he was born around 233 CE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=4}}</ref> At the age of eight, he became a novice and took the Indian monk named [[Zhu Gaozuo]] ({{zh|c=竺高座}}) as his teacher.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=24}}</ref>


As a young boy, Dhamaraksa was said to be extremely intelligent, and journeyed with his teacher to many countries in the Western Regions, where he learned [[Central Asian]] languages and scripts. He then traveled back to China with a quantity of Buddhist texts and translated them with the aid of numerous assistants and associates, both Chinese and foreign, from Parthians to Khotanese.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|pages=39-40}}</ref> One of his more prominent assistants was a Chinese upāsaka, Nie Chengyuan ({{zh|c=聶承遠}}), who served as a scribe and editor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Francis|title=The Silk Road: Two THousand Years in the Heart of Asia|date=2002|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|page=96}}</ref>
As a young boy, Dhamaraksa was said to be extremely intelligent, and journeyed with his teacher to many countries in the Western Regions, where he learned [[Central Asian]] languages and scripts. He then traveled back to China with a quantity of Buddhist texts and translated them with the aid of numerous assistants and associates, both Chinese and foreign, from Parthians to Khotanese.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|pages=39-40}}</ref> One of his more prominent assistants was a Chinese upāsaka, Nie Chengyuan ({{zh|c=聶承遠}}), who served as a scribe and editor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Francis|title=The Silk Road: Two THousand Years in the Heart of Asia|date=2002|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|page=96}}</ref>
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Dharmaraksa first began his translation career in [[Chang'an]] (present day [[Xi'an]]) in 266 CE, and later moved to [[Luoyang]], the capital of the newly formed [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Tranlsation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=34}}</ref> He was active in Dunhuang for some time as well, and alternated between the three locations. It was in Chang'an that he made the first known translation of the Lotus Sūtra and the Dasabhūmika Sūtra, two texts that later became definitive of Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhism in 286 CE and 302 CE, respectively.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|pages=32-33}}</ref> He died at the age of seventy-eight after a period of illness; the exact location of his death is still disputed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=28}}</ref>
Dharmaraksa first began his translation career in [[Chang'an]] (present day [[Xi'an]]) in 266 CE, and later moved to [[Luoyang]], the capital of the newly formed [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Tranlsation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=34}}</ref> He was active in Dunhuang for some time as well, and alternated between the three locations. It was in Chang'an that he made the first known translation of the Lotus Sūtra and the Dasabhūmika Sūtra, two texts that later became definitive of Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhism in 286 CE and 302 CE, respectively.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|pages=32-33}}</ref> He died at the age of seventy-eight after a period of illness; the exact location of his death is still disputed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=28}}</ref>


==Works==
Altogether, Dharmaraksa translated around 154 sūtras. Many of his works were greatly successful, widely circulating around northern China in the third century and becoming the subject of exegetical studies and scrutiny by Chinese monastics in the fourth century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=5}}</ref> His efforts in both translation and lecturing on sūtras are said to have converted many in China to Buddhism, and contributed to the development of Chang'an into a major center of Buddhism at the time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Tranlsation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=27}}</ref>
Altogether, Dharmaraksa translated around 154 sūtras. Many of his works were greatly successful, widely circulating around northern China in the third century and becoming the subject of exegetical studies and scrutiny by Chinese monastics in the fourth century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=5}}</ref> His efforts in both translation and lecturing on sūtras are said to have converted many in China to Buddhism, and contributed to the development of Chang'an into a major center of Buddhism at the time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Tranlsation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=27}}</ref>


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*''The Dasabhūmika-sūtra'' ({{zh|t=漸備一切智德經|p=Jiànbèi Yīqiè Zhìdé Jīng}})
*''The Dasabhūmika-sūtra'' ({{zh|t=漸備一切智德經|p=Jiànbèi Yīqiè Zhìdé Jīng}})
*''The Lalitavistara'' ({{zh|t=普曜經|p=Pǔyào Jīng}})
*''The Lalitavistara'' ({{zh|t=普曜經|p=Pǔyào Jīng}})



==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 09:19, 16 December 2014

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Dharmarakṣa
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese竺法護
Simplified Chinese竺法护
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhú Fǎhù
Korean name
Hangul축법호
Hanja竺法護
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationChuk Beop-ho
McCune–ReischauerCh'uk Pŏp-ho
Japanese name
Kanji竺法護
Kanaじく ほうご
Transcriptions
RomanizationJiku Hougo

Dharmarakṣa (Chinese: 竺法護; pinyin: Zhú Fǎhù) was one an early translator of Mahayana Buddhist Sūtras into Chinese. He is described in scriptural catalogues as Yuezhi in origin.

Life

His family lived at Dunhuang, where he was born around 233 CE.[1] At the age of eight, he became a novice and took the Indian monk named Zhu Gaozuo (Chinese: 竺高座) as his teacher.[2]

As a young boy, Dhamaraksa was said to be extremely intelligent, and journeyed with his teacher to many countries in the Western Regions, where he learned Central Asian languages and scripts. He then traveled back to China with a quantity of Buddhist texts and translated them with the aid of numerous assistants and associates, both Chinese and foreign, from Parthians to Khotanese.[3] One of his more prominent assistants was a Chinese upāsaka, Nie Chengyuan (Chinese: 聶承遠), who served as a scribe and editor.[4]

Dharmaraksa first began his translation career in Chang'an (present day Xi'an) in 266 CE, and later moved to Luoyang, the capital of the newly formed Jin Dynasty.[5] He was active in Dunhuang for some time as well, and alternated between the three locations. It was in Chang'an that he made the first known translation of the Lotus Sūtra and the Dasabhūmika Sūtra, two texts that later became definitive of Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhism in 286 CE and 302 CE, respectively.[6] He died at the age of seventy-eight after a period of illness; the exact location of his death is still disputed.[7]

Works

Altogether, Dharmaraksa translated around 154 sūtras. Many of his works were greatly successful, widely circulating around northern China in the third century and becoming the subject of exegetical studies and scrutiny by Chinese monastics in the fourth century.[8] His efforts in both translation and lecturing on sūtras are said to have converted many in China to Buddhism, and contributed to the development of Chang'an into a major center of Buddhism at the time.[9]

Some of his main works are:

  • The Saddharmapundarika Sūtra (Chinese: 正法華經; pinyin: Zhèng Fǎhuá Jīng)
  • The Panca Vimsati Sāhasrikā prajnā pāramita Sūtra (Chinese: 光贊般若波羅密經; pinyin: Guāngzàn Bānruòbōluómì Jīng)
  • The Dasabhūmika-sūtra (Chinese: 漸備一切智德經; pinyin: Jiànbèi Yīqiè Zhìdé Jīng)
  • The Lalitavistara (Chinese: 普曜經; pinyin: Pǔyào Jīng)

See also

References

  1. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 4.
  2. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 24.
  3. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. pp. 39–40.
  4. ^ Wood, Francis (2002). The Silk Road: Two THousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 96.
  5. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Tranlsation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 34.
  6. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. pp. 32–33.
  7. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 28.
  8. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 5.
  9. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Tranlsation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 27.

Bibliography

  • Boucher, Daniel (2006). Dharmaraksa and the Transmission of Buddhism to China, Asia Major Vol. 19, 13-37
  • Boucher, Daniel. Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Microform. 1996. Print.
  • Wood, Francis. The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002. Print.

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