Greçë Memorandum: Difference between revisions
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The '''Gërçe Memorandum''' ({{lang-sq|Memorandumi i Gërçes}}) was a group of twelve requests for the establishment of an autonomous Albanian province within the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The Memorandum was jointly written by [[Ismail Qemali|Ismail Kemal bey Vlora]] and [[Luigj Gurakuqi]].<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010">{{cite book|author1=Ahmet Ersoy|author2=Macie J. Gorny|author3=Vangelis Kechriotis|title=Modernism: The Creation of Nation States|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8j-Uemo6SfoC&pg=PA235|accessdate=13 May 2013|date=30 October 2010|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-7326-61-5|page=235}}</ref> |
The '''Gërçe Memorandum''' ({{lang-sq|Memorandumi i Gërçes}}) was a group of twelve requests for the establishment of an autonomous Albanian province within the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The Memorandum was jointly written by [[Ismail Qemali|Ismail Kemal bey Vlora]] and [[Luigj Gurakuqi]].<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010">{{cite book|author1=Ahmet Ersoy|author2=Macie J. Gorny|author3=Vangelis Kechriotis|title=Modernism: The Creation of Nation States|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8j-Uemo6SfoC&pg=PA235|accessdate=13 May 2013|date=30 October 2010|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-7326-61-5|page=235}}</ref> |
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The leaders of the [[Albanian Revolt of 1911]] organized a meeting in the village of Gërçe-Triesh, then Gerče in Kingdom of Montenegro<ref name="Kacza2007">{{cite book|last=Kacza|first=Thomas|title=Zwischen Feudalismus und Stalinismus: albanische Geschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cH5pAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Trafo|isbn=978-3-89626-611-8|page=46|quote=Juni auf einer Versammlung in Gerça (Montenegro) verabschiedete.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Outline of the People's Republic of Albania|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_sBOAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=8 Nëntori|page=30|quote=The Albanian patriot headed by Ismail Qemal and a new figure, which w making a name in the movement, Luigj Gurakuqi (187! -1925), gathered at Gerca in Montenegro on June 2! 1911, sent a memorandum to the Turkish Governmea ...}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=186}}{{quote|On 23 June 1911, the Albanians gathered in the small village in Montenegro and drafted the Gerche Memorandum, also known as The Red Book.}}</ref> (Gërçe is located in present day Albania)<ref>[http://www.kelmend.info/pics/pdfs/touristicmapkelmend.pdf Tourist map of Kelmend region]</ref>{{better source}}. [[Ismail Qemali]], joined them and together they draw up "Gerče Memorandum" (sometimes referred to as "'''Red Book'''" because of the color of its covers<ref>{{cite book|last=Skendi|first=Stavro|title=The Albanian national awakening, 1878–1912|year=1967|publisher=Princeton University Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=QSyTToKtEOf-4QTLg4THAQ&ct=result&id=qmm4AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22red+book%22+albania+1911&q=%22%22red+book%22#search_anchor|accessdate=10 October 2011|page=417|quote=The Gerche memorandum, referred to often as "The Red Book" because of the color of its covers}}</ref> ) which addressed their requests both to [[Ottoman Empire]] and Europe (in particular to the Great Britain).<ref>{{harvnb|Treadway|1983|p=78}}</ref> This memorandum was signed by 22 Albanian chieftains, four from each tribe of [[Hoti (Albanians)|Hoti]], [[Grudë]] and [[Skrijelj]], five from [[Kastrati (tribe)|Kastrati]], three from [[Kelmend region|Kelmend]] and two from [[Shalë, Albania|Shalë]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=187}}{{quote| Twenty two Albanians signed the memorandum, including four each from the fises of Grude, Hoti and Skrel; five from Kastrati; three from Klement, and two from Shale}}</ref> |
The leaders of the [[Albanian Revolt of 1911]] organized a meeting in the village of Gërçe-Triesh, then Gerče in Kingdom of Montenegro<ref name="Kacza2007">{{cite book|last=Kacza|first=Thomas|title=Zwischen Feudalismus und Stalinismus: albanische Geschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cH5pAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Trafo|isbn=978-3-89626-611-8|page=46|quote=Juni auf einer Versammlung in Gerça (Montenegro) verabschiedete.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Outline of the People's Republic of Albania|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_sBOAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=8 Nëntori|page=30|quote=The Albanian patriot headed by Ismail Qemal and a new figure, which w making a name in the movement, Luigj Gurakuqi (187! -1925), gathered at Gerca in Montenegro on June 2! 1911, sent a memorandum to the Turkish Governmea ...}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=186}}{{quote|On 23 June 1911, the Albanians gathered in the small village in Montenegro and drafted the Gerche Memorandum, also known as The Red Book.}}</ref> (Gërçe is located in present day Albania)<ref>[http://www.kelmend.info/pics/pdfs/touristicmapkelmend.pdf Tourist map of Kelmend region]</ref>{{better source|date=August 2014}}. [[Ismail Qemali]], joined them and together they draw up "Gerče Memorandum" (sometimes referred to as "'''Red Book'''" because of the color of its covers<ref>{{cite book|last=Skendi|first=Stavro|title=The Albanian national awakening, 1878–1912|year=1967|publisher=Princeton University Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=QSyTToKtEOf-4QTLg4THAQ&ct=result&id=qmm4AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22red+book%22+albania+1911&q=%22%22red+book%22#search_anchor|accessdate=10 October 2011|page=417|quote=The Gerche memorandum, referred to often as "The Red Book" because of the color of its covers}}</ref> ) which addressed their requests both to [[Ottoman Empire]] and Europe (in particular to the Great Britain).<ref>{{harvnb|Treadway|1983|p=78}}</ref> This memorandum was signed by 22 Albanian chieftains, four from each tribe of [[Hoti (Albanians)|Hoti]], [[Grudë]] and [[Skrijelj]], five from [[Kastrati (tribe)|Kastrati]], three from [[Kelmend region|Kelmend]] and two from [[Shalë, Albania|Shalë]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=187}}{{quote| Twenty two Albanians signed the memorandum, including four each from the fises of Grude, Hoti and Skrel; five from Kastrati; three from Klement, and two from Shale}}</ref> |
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Requests of memorandum included:<ref>{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=187}}{{quote|The demands included a guarantee of immunity from punishment for all Albanians, the recognition of "the national existence of Albanians",... selecting Albanian deputies ...according to the principle of proportional representation...Albanian language in ... schools, ... }}</ref> |
Requests of memorandum included:<ref>{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=187}}{{quote|The demands included a guarantee of immunity from punishment for all Albanians, the recognition of "the national existence of Albanians",... selecting Albanian deputies ...according to the principle of proportional representation...Albanian language in ... schools, ... }}</ref> |
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Revision as of 23:14, 1 August 2014
The Gërçe Memorandum (Template:Lang-sq) was a group of twelve requests for the establishment of an autonomous Albanian province within the Ottoman Empire. The Memorandum was jointly written by Ismail Kemal bey Vlora and Luigj Gurakuqi.[1]
The leaders of the Albanian Revolt of 1911 organized a meeting in the village of Gërçe-Triesh, then Gerče in Kingdom of Montenegro[2][3][4] (Gërçe is located in present day Albania)[5][better source needed]. Ismail Qemali, joined them and together they draw up "Gerče Memorandum" (sometimes referred to as "Red Book" because of the color of its covers[6] ) which addressed their requests both to Ottoman Empire and Europe (in particular to the Great Britain).[7] This memorandum was signed by 22 Albanian chieftains, four from each tribe of Hoti, Grudë and Skrijelj, five from Kastrati, three from Kelmend and two from Shalë.[8]
Requests of memorandum included:[9]
- General amnesty for all participants in the revolt
- Demand for recognition of the Albanian ethnicity
- Election of the deputies of Albanian ethnicity for the Ottoman Parliament according to the proportional system
- Albanian language in schools
- Governor and other appointed high officials have to know Albanian language and all other positions in the administration have to be reserved only for people of Albanian ethnicity
- Men who are ethnic Albanians to serve army only in Albania during the peacetime
- Confiscated arms to be returned
- All Albanian property damaged by Ottoman troops to be compensated
The Memorandum was submitted to the representatives of Great Powers in Cetinje, Montenegro.[10]
References
- ^ Ahmet Ersoy; Macie J. Gorny; Vangelis Kechriotis (30 October 2010). Modernism: The Creation of Nation States. Central European University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-963-7326-61-5. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
- ^ Kacza, Thomas (2007). Zwischen Feudalismus und Stalinismus: albanische Geschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. Trafo. p. 46. ISBN 978-3-89626-611-8.
Juni auf einer Versammlung in Gerça (Montenegro) verabschiedete.
- ^ An Outline of the People's Republic of Albania. 8 Nëntori. 1978. p. 30.
The Albanian patriot headed by Ismail Qemal and a new figure, which w making a name in the movement, Luigj Gurakuqi (187! -1925), gathered at Gerca in Montenegro on June 2! 1911, sent a memorandum to the Turkish Governmea ...
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 186
On 23 June 1911, the Albanians gathered in the small village in Montenegro and drafted the Gerche Memorandum, also known as The Red Book.
- ^ Tourist map of Kelmend region
- ^ Skendi, Stavro (1967). The Albanian national awakening, 1878–1912. Princeton University Press. p. 417. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
The Gerche memorandum, referred to often as "The Red Book" because of the color of its covers
- ^ Treadway 1983, p. 78
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 187
Twenty two Albanians signed the memorandum, including four each from the fises of Grude, Hoti and Skrel; five from Kastrati; three from Klement, and two from Shale
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 187
The demands included a guarantee of immunity from punishment for all Albanians, the recognition of "the national existence of Albanians",... selecting Albanian deputies ...according to the principle of proportional representation...Albanian language in ... schools, ...
- ^ Mikić, Đorđe (1983). Austro-Ugarska i Mladoturci: 1908-1912. Institut za istoriju u Banjaluci. p. 273.
У исто време су Албанци емигранти у Црној Гори, на челу са Исмаилом Кемалом и Луибијем Гуракућијем, образложили своје захтеве под називом »Меморандум из Герче« или »Црвена књига« и предали их представницима великих сила на Цетињу.
Sources
- Treadway, John D (1983), "The Malissori Uprising of 1911", The Falcon and Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908–1914, West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, ISBN 978-0-911198-65-2, OCLC 9299144, retrieved 10 October 2011
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