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'''''Gephyrostegus''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[gephyrostegid]] [[reptiliomorph]] [[amphibian]]. It was a small animal of generally lizard-like build and presumably habit. It had large eyes and a large number of small, pointed teeth, indicating it was an active [[insectivore|insectivorious]] hunter. The remains have been found in [[Nyran]], [[Czech Republic]], dating from around 310 million years ago (upper [[Carboniferous]]).<ref>Jaeckel, O. (1902): Über ''Gephyrostegus bohemicus'', n.g. n.sp. ''Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft'' no 54: pp. 127–132.</ref>
'''''Gephyrostegus''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[gephyrostegid]] [[reptiliomorph]] [[amphibian]]. It was a small animal of generally lizard-like build and presumably habit. It had large eyes and a large number of small, pointed teeth, indicating it was an active [[insectivore|insectivorious]] hunter. The remains have been found in [[Nyran]], [[Czech Republic]], dating from around 310 million years ago (upper [[Carboniferous]]).<ref>Jaeckel, O. (1902): Über ''Gephyrostegus bohemicus'', n.g. n.sp. ''Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft'' no 54: pp. 127–132.</ref>


Originally thought to have been an [[Seymouriamorpha|seymouriamorph]]<ref name=BroughBrough>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1967.0006 | title = The Genus Gephyrostegus | author = Margaret C. Brough and J. Brough | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 252 | issue = 776 | date = June 1, 1967 | pages = 147–165 | jstor = 2416682}}</ref>, the phylogenetic position is uncertain, and now it belongs to the family [[Gephyrostegidae]], together with the genus ''[[Bruktererpeton]]''.<ref name=RCQ03>{{cite journal |last=Ruta |first=M. |coauthors=Coates, M.I.; and Quicke, D.L.J. |year=2003 |title=Early tetrapod relationships revisited |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=78 |pages=251–345 |doi=10.1017/S1464793102006103 |issue=2 |pmid=12803423}}</ref> Several phylogenetic studies indicate that ''Gephyrostegus'' is only distantly related to [[amniote]]s, more distantly than [[Diadectomorpha|diadectomorphs]], [[Lepospondyli|lepospondyls]] and seymouriamorphs were.<ref name=LR97>{{cite book |last=Laurin |first=M. |coauthors=and Reisz, R.R. |year=1997 |chapter=A new perspective on tetrapod phylogeny |title=Amniote Origins: Completing the Transition to Land |editors=Sumida, S.S. and Martin, K.L.M. (eds.) |publisher=Academic Press |pages=9–60 |isbn=0126764603, 9780126764604 }}</ref><ref name=LR99>{{cite journal |last=Laurin |first=M. |coauthors=and Reisz, R.R. |year=1999 |title=A new study of ''Solenodonsaurus janenschi'', and a reconsideration of amniote origins and stegocephalian evolution |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=36 |pages=1239–1255 |doi=10.1139/e99-036 |issue=8}}</ref><ref name=RCQ03 /><ref name=VallinLaurin>{{Cite journal|author=Grégoire Vallin and Michel Laurin |year=2004 |title=Cranial morphology and affinities of ''Microbrachis'', and a reappraisal of the phylogeny and lifestyle of the first amphibians|pages=56–72 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=24 |doi=10.1671/5.1|issue=1}}</ref><ref name=RC07>{{cite journal |last=Ruta |first=M. |coauthors=and Coates, M.I. |year=2007 |title=Dates, nodes and character conflict: addressing the lissamphibian origin problem |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=69–122 |doi=10.1017/S1477201906002008}}</ref>
Originally thought to have been an [[Seymouriamorpha|seymouriamorph]]<ref name=BroughBrough>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1967.0006 | title = The Genus Gephyrostegus | author = Margaret C. Brough and J. Brough | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 252 | issue = 776 | date = June 1, 1967 | pages = 147–165 | jstor = 2416682}}</ref>, the phylogenetic position is uncertain, and now it belongs to the family [[Gephyrostegidae]], together with the genus ''[[Bruktererpeton]]''.<ref name=RCQ03>{{cite journal |last=Ruta |first=M. |coauthors=Coates, M.I.; and Quicke, D.L.J. |year=2003 |title=Early tetrapod relationships revisited |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=78 |pages=251–345 |doi=10.1017/S1464793102006103 |issue=2 |pmid=12803423}}</ref> Several phylogenetic studies indicate that ''Gephyrostegus'' is only distantly related to [[amniote]]s, more distantly than [[Diadectomorpha|diadectomorphs]], [[Lepospondyli|lepospondyls]] and seymouriamorphs were.<ref name=LR97>{{cite book |last=Laurin |first=M. |coauthors=and Reisz, R.R. |year=1997 |chapter=A new perspective on tetrapod phylogeny |title=Amniote Origins: Completing the Transition to Land |editors=Sumida, S.S. and Martin, K.L.M. (eds.) |publisher=Academic Press |pages=9–60 |isbn=0-12-676460-3, 9780126764604 }}</ref><ref name=LR99>{{cite journal |last=Laurin |first=M. |coauthors=and Reisz, R.R. |year=1999 |title=A new study of ''Solenodonsaurus janenschi'', and a reconsideration of amniote origins and stegocephalian evolution |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=36 |pages=1239–1255 |doi=10.1139/e99-036 |issue=8}}</ref><ref name=RCQ03 /><ref name=VallinLaurin>{{Cite journal|author=Grégoire Vallin and Michel Laurin |year=2004 |title=Cranial morphology and affinities of ''Microbrachis'', and a reappraisal of the phylogeny and lifestyle of the first amphibians|pages=56–72 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=24 |doi=10.1671/5.1|issue=1}}</ref><ref name=RC07>{{cite journal |last=Ruta |first=M. |coauthors=and Coates, M.I. |year=2007 |title=Dates, nodes and character conflict: addressing the lissamphibian origin problem |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=69–122 |doi=10.1017/S1477201906002008}}</ref>


At 22&nbsp;cm snout-vent length, ''Gephyrostegus'' is one of the smallest (if not ''the'' smallest) advanced reptiliomorphs found. The type species is ''Gephyrostegus bohemicus'', the type of which is the specimen with its skull and scattered elements of the anterior postcranial skeleton preserved; another known specimen is an articulated postcranial skeleton, lacking only the tail and a few phalanges<ref name=Carroll1970 /><ref name=Carroll1972 />. Brough and Brough (1967) erected the species ''Gephyrostegus watsoni'' for a smaller, possibly juvenile individual, previously considered to be an individual of ''[[Diplovertebron]] punctatum''.<ref>Brough, M.C. and Brough J. (1967): The Genus ''Gephyrostegus''. ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]]''. Series B, Biological Sciences no 252 (776): pp. 147–165. {{doi|10.1098/rstb.1967.0006}}</ref> [[Robert L. Carroll|Carroll]] (1970, 1972) considered the holotype of ''Gephyrostegus watsoni'' to be a skeleton of an immature individual of ''G. bohemicus''.<ref name=Carroll1970 /><ref name=Carroll1972>Robert L. Carroll "Gephyrostegida, Solenodonsauridae" pp. 1-19 ''in'': Robert L. Carroll, Oskar Kuhn and L. P. Tatarinov (1972) ''Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie - Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology Part 5B - Batrachosauria (Anthracosauria) Gephyrostegida – Chroniosuchida'' Gustav Fischer Verlag - Stuttgart & Portland, 81 pp., ISBN 978-3-89937-022-5 [http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/07pala/eh5b.html web page]</ref> The skeleton of the smaller individual has few of the features characterizing the skeletons of larvae of [[Discosauriscidae|discosauriscid]] seymouriamorphs, and its morphology is overall very similar to that of adult specimens.<ref name=Carroll1970>{{Cite journal|author=R. L. Carroll |year=1970 |title=The ancestry of reptiles|pages=267–308 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=257 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1970.0026|issue=814}}</ref> Carroll (1970, 1972) states that while the skeleton of ''Gephyrostegus'' shows some adaptations for terrestrial life (e.g. in the specialization of the tarsus), it also retained some traits characteristic to aquatic non-amniote tetrapods, such the large size of the skull and the loose attachment of the vertebral elements, making it overall not as well adapted to the terrestrial environment as amniotes are. According to Carroll, ''Gephyrostegus'' probably spent a large proportion of its adult life on land, but it may be assumed that it retained aquatic reproductive habits<ref name=Carroll1970 /><ref name=Carroll1972 />.
At 22&nbsp;cm snout-vent length, ''Gephyrostegus'' is one of the smallest (if not ''the'' smallest) advanced reptiliomorphs found. The type species is ''Gephyrostegus bohemicus'', the type of which is the specimen with its skull and scattered elements of the anterior postcranial skeleton preserved; another known specimen is an articulated postcranial skeleton, lacking only the tail and a few phalanges<ref name=Carroll1970 /><ref name=Carroll1972 />. Brough and Brough (1967) erected the species ''Gephyrostegus watsoni'' for a smaller, possibly juvenile individual, previously considered to be an individual of ''[[Diplovertebron]] punctatum''.<ref>Brough, M.C. and Brough J. (1967): The Genus ''Gephyrostegus''. ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]]''. Series B, Biological Sciences no 252 (776): pp. 147–165. {{doi|10.1098/rstb.1967.0006}}</ref> [[Robert L. Carroll|Carroll]] (1970, 1972) considered the holotype of ''Gephyrostegus watsoni'' to be a skeleton of an immature individual of ''G. bohemicus''.<ref name=Carroll1970 /><ref name=Carroll1972>Robert L. Carroll "Gephyrostegida, Solenodonsauridae" pp. 1-19 ''in'': Robert L. Carroll, Oskar Kuhn and L. P. Tatarinov (1972) ''Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie - Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology Part 5B - Batrachosauria (Anthracosauria) Gephyrostegida – Chroniosuchida'' Gustav Fischer Verlag - Stuttgart & Portland, 81 pp., ISBN 978-3-89937-022-5 [http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/07pala/eh5b.html web page]</ref> The skeleton of the smaller individual has few of the features characterizing the skeletons of larvae of [[Discosauriscidae|discosauriscid]] seymouriamorphs, and its morphology is overall very similar to that of adult specimens.<ref name=Carroll1970>{{Cite journal|author=R. L. Carroll |year=1970 |title=The ancestry of reptiles|pages=267–308 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=257 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1970.0026|issue=814}}</ref> Carroll (1970, 1972) states that while the skeleton of ''Gephyrostegus'' shows some adaptations for terrestrial life (e.g. in the specialization of the tarsus), it also retained some traits characteristic to aquatic non-amniote tetrapods, such the large size of the skull and the loose attachment of the vertebral elements, making it overall not as well adapted to the terrestrial environment as amniotes are. According to Carroll, ''Gephyrostegus'' probably spent a large proportion of its adult life on land, but it may be assumed that it retained aquatic reproductive habits<ref name=Carroll1970 /><ref name=Carroll1972 />.

Revision as of 01:04, 8 May 2012

Gephyrostegus
Temporal range: Late Carboniferous
Life restoration of Gephyrostegus bohemicus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Order: †Gephyrostegida
Family: †Gephyrostegidae
Genus: †Gephyrostegus
Jaeckel, 1902
Type species
†Gephyrostegus bohemicus
Jaeckel, 1902

Gephyrostegus is an extinct genus of gephyrostegid reptiliomorph amphibian. It was a small animal of generally lizard-like build and presumably habit. It had large eyes and a large number of small, pointed teeth, indicating it was an active insectivorious hunter. The remains have been found in Nyran, Czech Republic, dating from around 310 million years ago (upper Carboniferous).[1]

Originally thought to have been an seymouriamorph[2], the phylogenetic position is uncertain, and now it belongs to the family Gephyrostegidae, together with the genus Bruktererpeton.[3] Several phylogenetic studies indicate that Gephyrostegus is only distantly related to amniotes, more distantly than diadectomorphs, lepospondyls and seymouriamorphs were.[4][5][3][6][7]

At 22 cm snout-vent length, Gephyrostegus is one of the smallest (if not the smallest) advanced reptiliomorphs found. The type species is Gephyrostegus bohemicus, the type of which is the specimen with its skull and scattered elements of the anterior postcranial skeleton preserved; another known specimen is an articulated postcranial skeleton, lacking only the tail and a few phalanges[8][9]. Brough and Brough (1967) erected the species Gephyrostegus watsoni for a smaller, possibly juvenile individual, previously considered to be an individual of Diplovertebron punctatum.[10] Carroll (1970, 1972) considered the holotype of Gephyrostegus watsoni to be a skeleton of an immature individual of G. bohemicus.[8][9] The skeleton of the smaller individual has few of the features characterizing the skeletons of larvae of discosauriscid seymouriamorphs, and its morphology is overall very similar to that of adult specimens.[8] Carroll (1970, 1972) states that while the skeleton of Gephyrostegus shows some adaptations for terrestrial life (e.g. in the specialization of the tarsus), it also retained some traits characteristic to aquatic non-amniote tetrapods, such the large size of the skull and the loose attachment of the vertebral elements, making it overall not as well adapted to the terrestrial environment as amniotes are. According to Carroll, Gephyrostegus probably spent a large proportion of its adult life on land, but it may be assumed that it retained aquatic reproductive habits[8][9].

Brough and Brough (1967) considered Solenodonsaurus to be a junior synonym of Gephyrostegus[2], but other authors consider them to be a separate genera. Some specimens classified by Brough and Brough (1967) as individuals of Gephyrostegus bohemicus were subsequently recognized as basal eureptilians; their "specimen I" became a holotype of Brouffia orientalis, while "specimen II" became a holotype of Coelostegus prothales[11].

References

  1. ^ Jaeckel, O. (1902): Über Gephyrostegus bohemicus, n.g. n.sp. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft no 54: pp. 127–132.
  2. ^ a b Margaret C. Brough and J. Brough (June 1, 1967). "The Genus Gephyrostegus". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 252 (776): 147–165. doi:10.1098/rstb.1967.0006. JSTOR 2416682.
  3. ^ a b Ruta, M. (2003). "Early tetrapod relationships revisited". Biological Reviews. 78 (2): 251–345. doi:10.1017/S1464793102006103. PMID 12803423. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Laurin, M. (1997). "A new perspective on tetrapod phylogeny". Amniote Origins: Completing the Transition to Land. Academic Press. pp. 9–60. ISBN 0-12-676460-3, 9780126764604. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Laurin, M. (1999). "A new study of Solenodonsaurus janenschi, and a reconsideration of amniote origins and stegocephalian evolution". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 36 (8): 1239–1255. doi:10.1139/e99-036. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Grégoire Vallin and Michel Laurin (2004). "Cranial morphology and affinities of Microbrachis, and a reappraisal of the phylogeny and lifestyle of the first amphibians". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (1): 56–72. doi:10.1671/5.1.
  7. ^ Ruta, M. (2007). "Dates, nodes and character conflict: addressing the lissamphibian origin problem". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 5 (1): 69–122. doi:10.1017/S1477201906002008. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ a b c d R. L. Carroll (1970). "The ancestry of reptiles". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 257 (814): 267–308. doi:10.1098/rstb.1970.0026.
  9. ^ a b c Robert L. Carroll "Gephyrostegida, Solenodonsauridae" pp. 1-19 in: Robert L. Carroll, Oskar Kuhn and L. P. Tatarinov (1972) Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie - Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology Part 5B - Batrachosauria (Anthracosauria) Gephyrostegida – Chroniosuchida Gustav Fischer Verlag - Stuttgart & Portland, 81 pp., ISBN 978-3-89937-022-5 web page
  10. ^ Brough, M.C. and Brough J. (1967): The Genus Gephyrostegus. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences no 252 (776): pp. 147–165. doi:10.1098/rstb.1967.0006
  11. ^ "Carboniferous Stem-Reptiles of the Family Romeriidae". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 143 (5): 321–363. 1972. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
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