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==Overview==
==Overview==
The Riddle homophobia scale was developed by [[Dorothy Riddle]] in 1973-74 while she was overseeing research for the [[American Psychological Association]] Task Force on Gays and Lesbians.<ref>[http://www.silgbtcenter.org/ Staten Island LGBT history] Staten Island LGBT Community Center, Accessed Dec. 19, 2010.</ref> The scale was distributed at talks and workshops but was not formally published for a long time; it is cited in the literature either as an (unpublished) conference presentation from 1985<ref>Riddle, D. I. (1985). Homophobia scale. ''Opening doors to understanding and acceptance: A facilitator’s guide for presenting workshops on lesbian and gay issues'', Workshop organized by Kathy Obear and Amy Reynolds, Boston. Unpublished essay.</ref> or as an article from 1994.<ref>Riddle, D., (1994). The Riddle scale. ''Alone no more: Developing a school support system for gay, lesbian and bisexual youth.'' St Paul: Minnesota State Department.</ref> At the time it was developed, Riddle's analysis was one of the first modern classifications of attitudes towards homosexuality, and stands out among many others that have been constructed<ref>Tinney, J. S. (1983). Interconnections. ''Interracial Books for Children Bulletin'', 14 (3-4). New York: Council on Interracial Books for Children.</ref><ref>Aguero, J. E., Bloch, L., and Byrne, D. (1984). The relationships among sexual beliefs, attitudes, experience, and homophobia. ''Journal of Homosexuality'', 10, 95-107.</ref><ref>McNaught, B. (1997). ''Now that I’m out, what do I do?'' New York: St. Martin’s Press.</ref><ref>Raja, S., and Stokes, J. P. (1998). Assessing attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: The Modern Homophobia Scale. ''Journal of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity'', 3, 113–134.</ref><ref>Mohr, J. J., and Rochlen, A. B. (1999). Measuring attitudes regarding bisexuality in lesbian, gay male, and heterosexual populations. ''Journal of Counseling Psychology'', 45, 353–369.</ref><ref>Wright, L. W., Adams, H. E., and Bernat J., (1999). Development and validation of the homophobia scale. ''Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,'' 21 (4), 337-347.</ref><ref>Mohr, J. J. (2002). Heterosexual identity and the heterosexual therapist: An identity perspective on sexual orientation dynamics in psychotherapy. ''The Counseling Psychologist'', 30, 532–566.</ref><ref>Worthington, R. L., Savoy, H. B., Dillon, F. R., and Vernaglia, E. R. (2002). Heterosexual identity development: A multidimensional model of individual and social identity. ''The Counseling Psychologist'', 30, 496–531.</ref><ref>Currie, M. R., Cunningham E.G., and Findlay, B. (2004). The short internalized homonegativity scale: Examination of the factorial structure of a new measure of internalized homophobia. ''Educational and Psychological Measurement'', 64(6), 103-1067.</ref><ref>Worthington, R. L., Dillon, F. R., and Becker-Schutte, A. M. (2005). Development, reliability, and validity of the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale for Heterosexuals (LGB-KASH). ''Journal of Counseling Psychology''. 52 (1), 104–118.</ref> by having been adopted at schools, universities and companies in stating anti-discrimination policies, in tolerance education and in professional training.<ref>Wall, V., (1995). ''Beyond tolerance: Gays, lesbians and bisexuals on campus. A handbook of structured experiences and exercises for training and development.'' American College Personnel Association.</ref>
The Riddle homophobia scale was developed by [[Dorothy Riddle]] in 1973–74 while she was overseeing research for the [[American Psychological Association]] Task Force on Gays and Lesbians.<ref>[http://www.silgbtcenter.org/ Staten Island LGBT history] Staten Island LGBT Community Center, Accessed Dec. 19, 2010.</ref> The scale was distributed at talks and workshops but was not formally published for a long time; it is cited in the literature either as an (unpublished) conference presentation from 1985<ref>Riddle, D. I. (1985). Homophobia scale. ''Opening doors to understanding and acceptance: A facilitator’s guide for presenting workshops on lesbian and gay issues'', Workshop organized by Kathy Obear and Amy Reynolds, Boston. Unpublished essay.</ref> or as an article from 1994.<ref>Riddle, D., (1994). The Riddle scale. ''Alone no more: Developing a school support system for gay, lesbian and bisexual youth.'' St Paul: Minnesota State Department.</ref> At the time it was developed, Riddle's analysis was one of the first modern classifications of attitudes towards homosexuality, and stands out among many others that have been constructed<ref>Tinney, J. S. (1983). Interconnections. ''Interracial Books for Children Bulletin'', 14 (3–4). New York: Council on Interracial Books for Children.</ref><ref>Aguero, J. E., Bloch, L., and Byrne, D. (1984). The relationships among sexual beliefs, attitudes, experience, and homophobia. ''Journal of Homosexuality'', 10, 95–107.</ref><ref>McNaught, B. (1997). ''Now that I’m out, what do I do?'' New York: St. Martin’s Press.</ref><ref>Raja, S., and Stokes, J. P. (1998). Assessing attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: The Modern Homophobia Scale. ''Journal of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity'', 3, 113–134.</ref><ref>Mohr, J. J., and Rochlen, A. B. (1999). Measuring attitudes regarding bisexuality in lesbian, gay male, and heterosexual populations. ''Journal of Counseling Psychology'', 45, 353–369.</ref><ref>Wright, L. W., Adams, H. E., and Bernat J., (1999). Development and validation of the homophobia scale. ''Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,'' 21 (4), 337–347.</ref><ref>Mohr, J. J. (2002). Heterosexual identity and the heterosexual therapist: An identity perspective on sexual orientation dynamics in psychotherapy. ''The Counseling Psychologist'', 30, 532–566.</ref><ref>Worthington, R. L., Savoy, H. B., Dillon, F. R., and Vernaglia, E. R. (2002). Heterosexual identity development: A multidimensional model of individual and social identity. ''The Counseling Psychologist'', 30, 496–531.</ref><ref>Currie, M. R., Cunningham E.G., and Findlay, B. (2004). The short internalized homonegativity scale: Examination of the factorial structure of a new measure of internalized homophobia. ''Educational and Psychological Measurement'', 64(6), 103–1067.</ref><ref>Worthington, R. L., Dillon, F. R., and Becker-Schutte, A. M. (2005). Development, reliability, and validity of the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale for Heterosexuals (LGB-KASH). ''Journal of Counseling Psychology''. 52 (1), 104–118.</ref> by having been adopted at schools, universities and companies in stating anti-discrimination policies, in tolerance education and in professional training.<ref>Wall, V., (1995). ''Beyond tolerance: Gays, lesbians and bisexuals on campus. A handbook of structured experiences and exercises for training and development.'' American College Personnel Association.</ref>


In that respect, the scale has served the purpose that Riddle originally had in mind: she devised the scale to explicate the continuum of attitudes toward gays and lesbians and to assess the current and desired institutional culture of an organization or a work place.<ref>Peterkin, A. Risdon, C., (2003). ''Caring for lesbian and gay people: A clinical guide.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Inc.</ref>
In that respect, the scale has served the purpose that Riddle originally had in mind: she devised the scale to explicate the continuum of attitudes toward gays and lesbians and to assess the current and desired institutional culture of an organization or a work place.<ref>Peterkin, A. Risdon, C., (2003). ''Caring for lesbian and gay people: A clinical guide.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Inc.</ref>
Line 31: Line 31:


==Discussion==
==Discussion==
Riddle's analysis has been credited for pointing out that although 'tolerance' and 'acceptance' can be seen as positive attitudes, they should actually be treated as negative because they can mask underlying fear or hatred (somebody can tolerate a baby crying on an airplane while at the same time wishing that it would stop) or indicate that there is indeed something that we need to accept, and that we are the ones with the power to reject or to accept.<ref>Blumenfeld W. J. (2000). How homophobia hurts everyone. ''Readings for diversity and social justice''. New York: Routledge, 267-275.</ref><ref>Ollis, D., (2004). I’m just a home economics teacher. Does discipline background impact on teachers’ ability to affirm and include gender and sexual diversity in secondary school health education programs? ''AARE Conference'', Melbourne 2004</ref> This observation generalizes to attitude evaluations in other areas besides sexual orientation and is one of the strengths of Riddle's study.
Riddle's analysis has been credited for pointing out that although 'tolerance' and 'acceptance' can be seen as positive attitudes, they should actually be treated as negative because they can mask underlying fear or hatred (somebody can tolerate a baby crying on an airplane while at the same time wishing that it would stop) or indicate that there is indeed something that we need to accept, and that we are the ones with the power to reject or to accept.<ref>Blumenfeld W. J. (2000). How homophobia hurts everyone. ''Readings for diversity and social justice''. New York: Routledge, 267–275.</ref><ref>Ollis, D., (2004). I’m just a home economics teacher. Does discipline background impact on teachers’ ability to affirm and include gender and sexual diversity in secondary school health education programs? ''AARE Conference'', Melbourne 2004</ref> This observation generalizes to attitude evaluations in other areas besides sexual orientation and is one of the strengths of Riddle's study.


Although it deals mostly with adult attitudes towards difference, the model has been positioned in the cognitive developmental tradition of [[Jean_Piaget|Piaget]] and [[Lawrence_Kohlberg|Kohlberg's]] [[Kohlberg%27s_stages_of_moral_development|stages of moral development]].<ref>Hirscheld, S., (2001). Moving beyond the safety zone: A staff development approach to anti-heterosexist education. ''Fordham Urban Law Journal'', 29, 611-641.</ref>
Although it deals mostly with adult attitudes towards difference, the model has been positioned in the cognitive developmental tradition of [[Jean_Piaget|Piaget]] and [[Lawrence_Kohlberg|Kohlberg's]] [[Kohlberg%27s_stages_of_moral_development|stages of moral development]].<ref>Hirscheld, S., (2001). Moving beyond the safety zone: A staff development approach to anti-heterosexist education. ''Fordham Urban Law Journal'', 29, 611–641.</ref>


As a psychometric scale, the Riddle scale has been considered to have acceptable [[face validity]] but its exact [[Psychometrics#Key_concepts|psychometric properties]] are unknown.<ref>Finkel, M. J., Storaasli, R. D., Bandele, A., and Schaefer, V., (2003). Diversity training in graduate school: An exploratory evaluation of the safe zone project. ''Professional Psychology: Research and Practice'', 34, 555-561.</ref><ref>Tucker, E. W, and Potocky-Tripodi, M., (2006). Changing heterosexuals' attitudes toward homosexuals: A systematic review of the empirical literature. ''Research on Social Work Practice,'' 16 (2), 176-190.</ref>
As a psychometric scale, the Riddle scale has been considered to have acceptable [[face validity]] but its exact [[Psychometrics#Key_concepts|psychometric properties]] are unknown.<ref>Finkel, M. J., Storaasli, R. D., Bandele, A., and Schaefer, V., (2003). Diversity training in graduate school: An exploratory evaluation of the safe zone project. ''Professional Psychology: Research and Practice'', 34, 555–561.</ref><ref>Tucker, E. W, and Potocky-Tripodi, M., (2006). Changing heterosexuals' attitudes toward homosexuals: A systematic review of the empirical literature. ''Research on Social Work Practice,'' 16 (2), 176–190.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 12:39, 18 August 2011

Not to be confused with Richter scale.

The Riddle scale (also known as Riddle homophobia scale or Riddle scale of homophobia) is a psychometric scale that measures the degree to which a person is or is not homophobic. The scale is frequently used in tolerance education about anti-discriminatory attitudes regarding sexual orientation. It is named after its creator, psychologist Dorothy Riddle.

Overview

The Riddle homophobia scale was developed by Dorothy Riddle in 1973–74 while she was overseeing research for the American Psychological Association Task Force on Gays and Lesbians.[1] The scale was distributed at talks and workshops but was not formally published for a long time; it is cited in the literature either as an (unpublished) conference presentation from 1985[2] or as an article from 1994.[3] At the time it was developed, Riddle's analysis was one of the first modern classifications of attitudes towards homosexuality, and stands out among many others that have been constructed[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] by having been adopted at schools, universities and companies in stating anti-discrimination policies, in tolerance education and in professional training.[14]

In that respect, the scale has served the purpose that Riddle originally had in mind: she devised the scale to explicate the continuum of attitudes toward gays and lesbians and to assess the current and desired institutional culture of an organization or a work place.[15]

Level of measurement

The Riddle scale is an eight-term uni-dimensional Likert-type interval scale with nominal labels and no explicit zero point. Each term is associated with a set of attributes and beliefs; individuals are assigned a position on the scale based on the attributes they exhibit and beliefs they hold.

The scale is frequently divided into two parts, the 'homophobic levels of attitude' (first four terms) and the 'positive levels of attitude' (last four terms).[16]

The scale

  • Repulsion: Homosexuality is seen as a "crime against nature." Gays/lesbians are considered sick, crazy, immoral, sinful, wicked, etc. Anything is justified to change them: prison, hospitalization, behavior therapy, electroshock therapy, etc.
  • Pity: Represents heterosexual chauvinism. Heterosexuality is considered more mature and certainly to be preferred. It is believed that any possibility of "becoming straight" should be reinforced, and those who seem to be born "that way" should be pitied as less fortunate ("the poor dears").
  • Tolerance: Homosexuality is viewed as a phase of adolescent development that many people go through and most people "grow out of". Thus, lesbians/gays are less mature than "straights" and should be treated with the protectiveness and indulgence one uses with children who are still maturing. It is believed that lesbians/gays should not be given positions of authority because they are still working through their adolescent behavior.
  • Acceptance: Still implies that there is something to accept; the existing climate of discrimination is ignored. Characterized by such statements as "You're not lesbian to me, you're a person!" or "What you do in bed is your own business." or "That's fine with me as long as you don't flaunt it!"
  • Support: People at this level may be uncomfortable themselves, but they are aware of the homophobic climate and the irrational unfairness, and work to safeguard the rights of lesbians and gays.
  • Admiration: It is acknowledged that being lesbian/gay in our society takes strength. People at this level are willing to truly examine their homophobic attitudes, values, and behaviors.
  • Appreciation: The diversity of people is considered valuable and lesbians/gays are seen as a valid part of that diversity. People on this level are willing to combat homophobia in themselves and others.
  • Nurturance: Assumes that gay/lesbian people are indispensable in our society. People on this level view lesbians/gays with genuine affection and delight, and are willing to be their allies and advocates.

Discussion

Riddle's analysis has been credited for pointing out that although 'tolerance' and 'acceptance' can be seen as positive attitudes, they should actually be treated as negative because they can mask underlying fear or hatred (somebody can tolerate a baby crying on an airplane while at the same time wishing that it would stop) or indicate that there is indeed something that we need to accept, and that we are the ones with the power to reject or to accept.[17][18] This observation generalizes to attitude evaluations in other areas besides sexual orientation and is one of the strengths of Riddle's study.

Although it deals mostly with adult attitudes towards difference, the model has been positioned in the cognitive developmental tradition of Piaget and Kohlberg's stages of moral development.[19]

As a psychometric scale, the Riddle scale has been considered to have acceptable face validity but its exact psychometric properties are unknown.[20][21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Staten Island LGBT history Staten Island LGBT Community Center, Accessed Dec. 19, 2010.
  2. ^ Riddle, D. I. (1985). Homophobia scale. Opening doors to understanding and acceptance: A facilitator’s guide for presenting workshops on lesbian and gay issues, Workshop organized by Kathy Obear and Amy Reynolds, Boston. Unpublished essay.
  3. ^ Riddle, D., (1994). The Riddle scale. Alone no more: Developing a school support system for gay, lesbian and bisexual youth. St Paul: Minnesota State Department.
  4. ^ Tinney, J. S. (1983). Interconnections. Interracial Books for Children Bulletin, 14 (3–4). New York: Council on Interracial Books for Children.
  5. ^ Aguero, J. E., Bloch, L., and Byrne, D. (1984). The relationships among sexual beliefs, attitudes, experience, and homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 10, 95–107.
  6. ^ McNaught, B. (1997). Now that I’m out, what do I do? New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  7. ^ Raja, S., and Stokes, J. P. (1998). Assessing attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: The Modern Homophobia Scale. Journal of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity, 3, 113–134.
  8. ^ Mohr, J. J., and Rochlen, A. B. (1999). Measuring attitudes regarding bisexuality in lesbian, gay male, and heterosexual populations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 353–369.
  9. ^ Wright, L. W., Adams, H. E., and Bernat J., (1999). Development and validation of the homophobia scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21 (4), 337–347.
  10. ^ Mohr, J. J. (2002). Heterosexual identity and the heterosexual therapist: An identity perspective on sexual orientation dynamics in psychotherapy. The Counseling Psychologist, 30, 532–566.
  11. ^ Worthington, R. L., Savoy, H. B., Dillon, F. R., and Vernaglia, E. R. (2002). Heterosexual identity development: A multidimensional model of individual and social identity. The Counseling Psychologist, 30, 496–531.
  12. ^ Currie, M. R., Cunningham E.G., and Findlay, B. (2004). The short internalized homonegativity scale: Examination of the factorial structure of a new measure of internalized homophobia. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(6), 103–1067.
  13. ^ Worthington, R. L., Dillon, F. R., and Becker-Schutte, A. M. (2005). Development, reliability, and validity of the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale for Heterosexuals (LGB-KASH). Journal of Counseling Psychology. 52 (1), 104–118.
  14. ^ Wall, V., (1995). Beyond tolerance: Gays, lesbians and bisexuals on campus. A handbook of structured experiences and exercises for training and development. American College Personnel Association.
  15. ^ Peterkin, A. Risdon, C., (2003). Caring for lesbian and gay people: A clinical guide. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Inc.
  16. ^ Clauss-Ehlers, C. S. (ed), (2010). Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology. New York: Springer.
  17. ^ Blumenfeld W. J. (2000). How homophobia hurts everyone. Readings for diversity and social justice. New York: Routledge, 267–275.
  18. ^ Ollis, D., (2004). I’m just a home economics teacher. Does discipline background impact on teachers’ ability to affirm and include gender and sexual diversity in secondary school health education programs? AARE Conference, Melbourne 2004
  19. ^ Hirscheld, S., (2001). Moving beyond the safety zone: A staff development approach to anti-heterosexist education. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 29, 611–641.
  20. ^ Finkel, M. J., Storaasli, R. D., Bandele, A., and Schaefer, V., (2003). Diversity training in graduate school: An exploratory evaluation of the safe zone project. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34, 555–561.
  21. ^ Tucker, E. W, and Potocky-Tripodi, M., (2006). Changing heterosexuals' attitudes toward homosexuals: A systematic review of the empirical literature. Research on Social Work Practice, 16 (2), 176–190.
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