Zeiss projector: Difference between revisions
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[[File:ZeissMark1.jpg|thumb|right|The Mark I projector installed in the Deutsches Museum in 1923 was the world's first planetarium projector.]] |
[[File:ZeissMark1.jpg|thumb|right|The Mark I projector installed in the Deutsches Museum in 1923 was the world's first planetarium projector.]] |
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[[File:ZeissPlanetariumProjector MontrealPlanetarium.jpg|thumb|right|Marks II through VI utilized two small spheres of lenses separated along a central axis.]] |
[[File:ZeissPlanetariumProjector MontrealPlanetarium.jpg|thumb|right|Marks II through VI utilized two small spheres of lenses separated along a central axis.]] |
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The first Zeiss Mark I projector (the first planetarium projector in the world) was installed in the [[Deutsches Museum]] in [[Munich]] in August, 1923.<ref name="chartrand">{{cite paper | author = Mark R. Chartrand | title = A Fifty Year Anniversary of a Two Thousand Year Dream - The History of the Planetarium | url = http://www.ips-planetarium.org/planetarian/articles/twothousandyr_dream.html | accessdate = 2008-08-22 }}</ref> It possessed a distinctive appearance, with a single sphere of projection lenses supported above a large, angled "planet cage". Marks II through VI were similar in appearance, using two spheres of star projectors separated along a central axis that contained projectors for the planets. Beginning with Mark VII, the central axis was eliminated and the two spheres were merged into a single, egg-shaped projection unit. |
The first Zeiss Mark I projector (the first planetarium projector in the world) was installed in the [[Deutsches Museum]] in [[Munich]] in August, 1923.<ref name="chartrand">{{cite paper | author = Mark R. Chartrand | title = A Fifty Year Anniversary of a Two Thousand Year Dream - The History of the Planetarium | url = http://www.ips-planetarium.org/planetarian/articles/twothousandyr_dream.html | accessdate = 2008-08-22 }}</ref> It possessed a distinctive appearance, with a single sphere of projection lenses supported above a large, angled "planet cage". Marks II through VI were similar in appearance, using two spheres of star projectors separated along a central axis that contained projectors for the planets. Beginning with Mark VII, the central axis was eliminated and the two spheres were merged into a single, egg-shaped projection unit. |
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The name "Zeiss projector" is often used for any type of star projector, even those not built by Zeiss.{{Citation needed}} Being extremely complex, a large Zeiss projector can cost millions of [[United States dollar|US dollars]]. |
The name "Zeiss projector" is often used for any type of star projector, even those not built by Zeiss.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} Being extremely complex, a large Zeiss projector can cost millions of [[United States dollar|US dollars]]. |
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==History of development and production== |
==History of development and production== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Carl-Zeiss-Planetarium}} |
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{{Commons category|Zeiss planetarium projectors}} |
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* [http://www.zeiss.de/C12567B00038CD75/?Open Zeiss Planetariums] |
* [http://www.zeiss.de/C12567B00038CD75/?Open Zeiss Planetariums] |
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Revision as of 13:43, 12 July 2011
A Zeiss projector is one of a line of planetarium projectors manufactured by the Carl Zeiss Company.
The first modern planetarium projectors were designed and built by Carl Zeiss Jena in 1924. Zeiss projectors are designed to sit in the middle of a dark, dome-covered room and project an accurate image of the stars and other astronomical objects on the dome. They are generally large, complicated, and imposing machines.
The first Zeiss Mark I projector (the first planetarium projector in the world) was installed in the Deutsches Museum in Munich in August, 1923.[1] It possessed a distinctive appearance, with a single sphere of projection lenses supported above a large, angled "planet cage". Marks II through VI were similar in appearance, using two spheres of star projectors separated along a central axis that contained projectors for the planets. Beginning with Mark VII, the central axis was eliminated and the two spheres were merged into a single, egg-shaped projection unit.
The name "Zeiss projector" is often used for any type of star projector, even those not built by Zeiss.[citation needed] Being extremely complex, a large Zeiss projector can cost millions of US dollars.
History of development and production
The Mark I was created in 1923-1924 and was the world's first modern planetarium projector.[1] The Mark II was developed during the 1930s jointly by Carl Zeiss AG factories in Jena (East Germany) and Oberkochen (West Germany).[2] Following WWII and the division of Germany, each factory developed its own line of projectors.[2] Marks III - VI were developed in Oberkochen (West Germany) from 1957–1989. Meanwhile, the East German facility in Jena developed the ZKP projector line.[2] The Mark VII was developed in 1993 and was the first joint project of the two Zeiss factories following German reunification.[2]
As of 2011[update], Zeiss currently manufactures three main models of planetarium projectors. The flagship Universarium models continue the "Mark" model designation and use a single "starball" design, where the fixed stars are projected from a single egg-shaped projector, and moving objects such as planets have their own independent projectors or are projected using a full-dome digital projection system. The Starmaster line of projectors are designed for smaller domes than the Universarium, but also use the single starball design. The Skymaster ZKP projectors are designed for the smallest domes and use a "dumbell" design similar to the Mark II-VI projectors, where two smaller starballs for the northern and southern hemispheres are connected by a truss containing projectors for planets and other moving objects.[3]
Planetariums that have featured a Zeiss projector
Planetarium | Zeiss Projector Model | Acquisition Date | End Date | Remarks | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adler Planetarium, Chicago, Illinois, USA | Mark II/III | 1930 | 1969 | Projector was converted from Mark II to Mark III from 1959–1961 | [4][5] |
Mark VI | 1969 | 2011 | Replaced with "Digital Starball" system from Global Immersion Ltd. | ||
Planetario Luis Enrique Erro, Mexico City, Mexico | Mark IV | 1964 | 2006 | It was the first planetarium in Mexico opened to general public and it is also one of the oldest in Latin America. | [6] |
Bangkok Planetarium, Bangkok, Thailand | Mark IV | 1964 | Present | [7] | |
Denki kagakukan, Osaka, Japan | Mark Ⅱ(No.23) | 1937 | 1989 | First Planetarium in Japan Preserved at Osaka Science Museum. |
|
Tonichi Tenmonkan, Tokyo, Japan | Mark Ⅱ(No.26) | 1938 | 25 May 1945 | Destroyed by Bombing of Tokyo | |
Gotoh Planetarium, Tokyo, Japan | Mark IV(No.1) | 1957 | 2001 | ||
Akashi Municipal Planetarium, Akashi, Japan | Universal(UPP)23/3 | 1960 | Present | The oldest projector which is operating in Japan. | |
Nagoya City Science Museum, Nagoya, Japan | Mark IV | 1962 | 2010 | Plans to be shifted to mark IX in 2011. | |
Fernbank Planetarium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Mark V | 1967/8? | Present | [8] | |
Hayden Planetarium, New York, New York, USA | Mark II | 1935 | 1960 | [9] | |
Mark IV | 1960 | 1973 | |||
Mark VI | 1973 | 1997 | |||
Mark IX | 1999 | Present | |||
Humboldt Planetarium, Caracas, Venezuela | Mark III (modified) | 1950 | Present | [10][11] | |
Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada | Mark Vs | 1967 | Present | [12] | |
Morehead Planetarium, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA | Mark II | 1949 | 1969 | [13] | |
Mark VI | 1969 | May 6, 2011 | |||
James S. McDonnell Planetarium, St. Louis, Missouri, USA | Mark IX | 2001 | Present | replaced an Evans & Sutherland Digistar | [14] |
Samuel Oschin Planetarium, Griffith Park Observatory, Los Angeles, California, USA | Mark IV | 1964 | 2006 | [citation needed] | |
Mark IX | 2006 | Present | |||
Strasenburgh Planetarium, Rochester, New York, USA | Mark VI | 1968 | Present | Originally cost $240,234 - in 1968 dollars. | [15] |
Planetario de Bogotá, Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia | Mark VI | 1969 | Present | [16] | |
Fiske Planetarium, Boulder, Colorado, USA | Mark VI | 1975 | Present | [17] | |
Planetario Universidad de Santiago, Santiago, Chile | Mark VI | 1972 | Present | [18][19] | |
Calouste Gulbenkian Planetarium, Lisbon, Portugal | UPP 23/4 | 1965 | 2004 | [20] | |
Mark IX | 2005 | Present | |||
Delafield Planetarium, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia, USA | Skymaster ZKP-3 | 2000 | Present | [21] | |
Charles Hayden Planetarium, Boston Museum of Science, Boston, MA, USA | Mark VI | 1970 | 2010 | [22] | |
Starmaster | 2011 | Present | [23] |
See also
References
- ^ a b Mark R. Chartrand. "A Fifty Year Anniversary of a Two Thousand Year Dream - The History of the Planetarium". Retrieved 2008-08-22.
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(help) - ^ a b c d Carl Zeiss AG. "Planetarium projector models since 1942". Retrieved 2008-08-22.
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(help) - ^ http://www.meditec.zeiss.com/c12567b00038cd75/Contents-Frame/cac4e6cebbf6059841256a76004ccf45
- ^ Glenn A. Walsh. "The Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum". Retrieved 2008-07-28.
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(help) - ^ Steve Johnson (2011-06-11). "Countdown to 'wow'". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2011-06-23.
- ^ Planetario Luis Enrique Erro (IPN). "Sitio oficial del Planetario Luis Enrique Erro del Instituo Politecnico Nacional" (Document). Instituto Politecnico Nacional.
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ignored (help). Template:Es icon - ^ Bangkok Planetarium. "ความเป็นมา (History)". Bangkok Planetarium official website. Bangkok Planetarium. Retrieved 2008-11-30.. Template:Th icon
- ^ Fernbank Science Center Planetarium. "Official website of the Fernbank Science Center". Retrieved 2009-07-16.
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(help) - ^ The New York Times (1999-08-11). "Updating City's Star System; Planetarium Introducing Mark IX for Outer Space". Retrieved 2008-10-07.
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(help) - ^ Humboldt Planetarium. "El Planetario - Reseña Histórica". Retrieved 2009-01-04.
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(help) - ^ Wikipedia es: Planetario Humboldt. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetario_Humboldt
- ^ The Manitoba Museum. "Planetarium General Information". Retrieved 2008-07-28.
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(help) - ^ The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "Morehead History". Retrieved 2008-07-28.
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(help) - ^ The St. Louis Science Center. "James S. McDonnell Planetarium". Retrieved 2008-08-01.
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(help) - ^ Strasenburgh. "RMSC Strasenburgh Planetarium - The Star Projector". Retrieved 2008-09-04.
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(help) - ^ http://www.planetariodebogota.gov.co/historia.php. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
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(help) - ^ http://fiske.colorado.edu/history.php. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
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(help) - ^ USACH. "Infraestructura Planetario USACH". Retrieved 2008-09-27.
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(help) - ^ Carl Zeiss Planetarium Division. "Planetario Universidad de Santiago". Retrieved 2008-09-27.
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(help) - ^ Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian. http://planetario.online.pt/. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
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(help) - ^ The Council of Independent Colleges. "Historic Campus Architecture Project: Bradley Observatory and Delafield Planetarium". Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ http://www.rainydaymagazine.com/RDM2011/Home/January/Week4/RDMHomeJan3111.htm
- ^ http://www.mos.org/media/docs/press/20110207Feb_11_Planetarium_Reopening_Release_FINAL_PDF.pdf