Battle of Sankt Michael

Battle of Sankt Michael
Part of the Napoleonic Wars
Date 25 May 1809 Location Sankt Michael in Obersteiermark, Austria Result French victory
Belligerents
First French Empire	Austrian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Paul Grenier	Franz Jellacic
Strength
12,000 to 15,000	8,000 to 9,000
Casualties and losses
670	6,573

In the Battle of Sankt Michael (or Sankt Michael-Leoben) on 25 May 1809, Paul Grenier's French corps crushed Franz Jellacic's division at Sankt Michael in Obersteiermark, Austria. Originally part of the Danube army of Archduke Charles, Jellacic's division was detached to the south before the Battle of Eckmuhl and later ordered to join the army of Archduke John at Graz. The corps of Grenier belonged to Eugène de Beauharnais' Army of Italy, which was in pursuit of Archduke John. The action occurred during the War of the Fifth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars.

Background

In the opening encounters of the 1809 war between France and Austria, Emperor Napoleon defeated Generalissimo Archduke Charles at the Battle of Eckmuhl on 22 April while Marshal André Masséna beat Feldmarschall-Leutnant Johann von Hiller at the Battle of Landshut on 21 April. Archduke Charles retreated through Regensberg (Ratisbon) to the Danube's north bank with the main army, while Hiller fell back to the east on the south bank with his own VI Armeekorps, Feldmarschall-Leutnant Archduke Louis' V Armeekorps, and Feldmarschall-Leutnant Michael von Kienmayer's II Reserve Armeekorps.

Battle of Sankt Michael, situation 25 May 1809

Feldmarschall-Leutnant Jellacic's division, which originally formed part of VI Armeekorps, had been detached to the south flank soon after the war began. During the battles of Eckmuhl and Landshut, Jellacic advanced from Salzburg to occupy Munich. After the Austrian retreat began, he was ordered to fall back on Salzburg. Accordingly, elements of Jellacic's command began assembling in Salzburg beginning on 29 April. Hiller fought the Battle of Ebersberg on 3 May, then joined Archduke Charles on the north bank of the Danube on 11 May. On 4 and 5 May, Jellacic fought a successful rearguard action at Lueg Pass, 40 km south of Salzburg. In the clash, a few hundred Hungarian regulars and Grenz infantry repulsed a brigade of pursuing Bavarians under the overall command of Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre.

In Italy, General of Cavalry Archduke John defeated Viceroy Eugène at the Battle of Sacile on 16 April. Eugène fell back to Verona where he gathered reinforcements until he was superior in numbers to his Austrian opponent. After hearing news that Archduke Charles was in retreat, Archduke John withdrew from his Adige River defenses on 1 May.

On 8 May, Eugène and John fought the Battle of Piave River and the Austrian retreat continued. John split his army, sending Feldmarschall-Leutnant Ignaz Gyulai along a southerly route to Ljubljana (Laybach), while taking his attenuated main body northeast to Villach. Sending General of Division Jacques MacDonald and 20,000 soldiers after Gyulai, Eugène followed John with 25,000 troops. As John's columns slipped away toward Klagenfurt and Graz, Eugene entered Villach on 20 May.

On 15 May, Jellacic held Salzburg with 10,200 troops and 16 artillery pieces of the Northern Division. His force included 2,880 poorly-trained Landwehr and only 60 cavalrymen. After receiving orders from John to join him at Graz, Jellacic evacuated Salzburg on 19 May. By this time his isolation had become dangerous. Eugène at Villach was only 130 km from Graz, while Jellacic at Salzburg was 200 km distant from Graz.

Battle

French order of battle

Paul Grenier

• Corps: General of Division Paul Grenier
  • Artillery: One 6-pdr foot battery, one 4-pdr horse battery
  • Division: General of Division Pierre François Durutte
    • Brigade: General of Brigade François Valentin
      • 22nd Light IR (2 bns), 23rd Light IR (4 bns)
    • Brigade: General of Brigade Joseph Marie Dessaix
      • 62nd Line IR (4 bns), 102nd Line IR (3 bns)
    • Attached: 6th Chasseurs à cheval Regiment (4 sqns)
  • Division: General of Division Jean Mathieu Seras
    • Brigade: General of Brigade Roussel
      • 1st Light IR (1 bn), 53rd Line IR (4 bns)
    • Brigade: General of Brigade Louis Gareau
      • 35th Line IR (1 bn), 42nd Line IR (1 bn), 106th Line IR (4 bns)
    • Attached: 9th Chasseurs à cheval Regiment (4 sqns)

Austrian order of battle

Franz Jellacic

• Northern Division: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Franz Jellacic
  • Brigade: General-Major Konstantin Ettinghausen
    • Esterhazy IR # 32 (3 bns, 2,700)
    • De Vaux IR # 45 (2 bns, 2,160)
  • Brigade: General-Major Ignaz Legisfeld
    • Warasdiner-Kreutzer Grenz IR # 5 (2 bns, 2,160)
    • Reuss IR # 55 (1 bn)
    • Archduke Charles IR # 3 (½ bn)
  • Attached:
    • Salzburger Landwehr (1 bn, 720)
    • O'Reilly Chevaulegers # 3 (1 sqn, 60 troopers)
    • 3-pdr brigade half-battery (4 cannons)

Key

• bn, bns = Battalion, battalions
• sqn, sqns = Squadron, squadrons
• IR = Infantry Regiment
• 3-pdr = Three-pounders were light cannons
• 4-pdr = Four-pounders were light cannons. French batteries included two 6-pouce (inch) howitzers.
• 6-pdr = Six-pounders were medium cannons. French batteries included two 6-inch howitzers.

Action

On the evening of 23 May, Jellacic's column marched into Mautern in Steiermark, 16 km northwest of Sankt Michael on the Mur River and 60 km northwest of Archduke John at Graz. At the same time, Eugène's main body reached Judenburg on the Mur, 33 km southwest of Sankt Michael, with elements only 20 km away. For his part, Archduke John warned Jellacic that Eugene was heading for Bruck an der Mur, 40 km north of Graz. The axes of advance for both Eugene and Jellacic intersected at Sankt Michael. At about this time, Eugene became aware of Jellacic's presence and ordered General of Division Grenier to force-march the two nearest divisions, those of Generals of Division Jean Mathieu Seras and Pierre François Durutte, to the northeast and intercept the Austrians. At some point, Jellacic sent away the bulk of the Salzburger Landwehr and most of his artillery, retaining only four cannons.

Sankt Michael in Obersteiermark from the south

Jellacic's advance guard arrived at Sankt Michael on the morning of 25 May, and by 9:00 am the bulk of his division had reached a location just to the north. However, Grenier's advance elements soon appeared to the southwest. Jellacic sent his 60 horsemen and General-Major Ignaz Legisfeld's light brigade to hold off the French on a ridge just west of the town. At 10:00 am, Seras attacked Legisfeld's line but his troops were driven back. Seras kept up the pressure and soon the Austrian division commander brought General-Major Konstantin Ettinghausen's approximately 5,000 soldiers into action. Jellacic anchored his left flank on the Mur and planted his right flank in the hills to the north. Durutte's division arrived in the afternoon, giving Grenier a superiority of about 15,000 to 8,000. Another authority gives the French numerical advantage as 12,000 to 9,000 troops.

Grenier prepared a two-division assault. He placed General of Brigade Louis Gareau's brigade of Seras in the first line. General of Brigade François Valentin of Durutte's division stood in the second line. Seras' second brigade under General of Brigade Roussel was sent through the hills to envelop Jellacic's right flank and cut the road leading back to Mautern. Durutte's remaining brigade, led by General of Brigade Joseph Marie Dessaix, was held in reserve by Grenier. The French commander also sent two battalions of the 62nd Line Infantry Regiment along the south bank of the Mur to turn the Austrian left flank.

With only one landwehr and one Grenzer battalion to face Roussel's envelopment, Jellacic withdrew one battalion of the Esterhazy Infantry Regiment from the center to shore up his right flank. Other troops had to be sent to face the threat from the 62nd Line. At 4:00 pm, Grenier's assault smashed the weakened Austrian center. Roussel also broke through on the flank to cut the road to the north. The Austrian fled in rout to the northeast along the Mur valley, closely pursued by the French. Grenier harried his beaten foes through Leoben, 7 km northeast, and Bruck an der Mur, 20 km northeast. At Bruck, Jellacic's survivors turned south, following the Mur valley to Graz. Only 2,000 of Jellacic's troops reached Graz the next day.

Result

Grenier wrecked the Northern Division. Instead of providing a substantial reinforcement to Archduke John, Jellacic brought in less than one-third of his command. The Austrians suffered 423 dead, 1,137 wounded, 4,963 captured, and 50 missing. French losses numbered 200 killed, 400 wounded, and 70 captured. Historian Digby Smith blames the disaster on the Austrian lack of cavalry, Jellacic's error in sending away most of his artillery, and Jellacic remaining in Salzburg too long. Austrian army historian Gunther E. Rothenberg calls Jellacic, "a remarkably unlucky and inept general." Archduke John retreated first to Körmend then to Győr, pursued by Eugène. The main French and Austrian armies fought the Battle of Raab on 14 June.

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

Printed materials

• Bowden, Scotty & Tarbox, Charlie. Armies on the Danube 1809. Arlington, Texas: Empire Games Press, 1980.
• Rothenberg, Gunther E. Napoleon's Great Adversaries, The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792-1814. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1982 ISBN 0-253-33969-3
• Schneid, Frederick C. Napoleon's Italian Campaigns: 1805-1815. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 2002. ISBN 0-275-96875-8
• Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998. ISBN 1-85367-276-9

External references

• French wikipedia, Louis Gareau
• French wikipedia, Liste des généraux de la Révolution et du Premier Empire